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Art Nouveau religious buildings

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Art Nouveau temples are churches, chapels, synagogues, and mosques built in the style known as Art Nouveau in French and English languages (also Modern Style or Glasgow style in the latter one), Jugendstil in Germany and Nordic countries, Secessionsstil in countries of former Austro-Hungary, Modernisme in Catalan or Modern in Russian. As National Romantic style is also referred to Art Nouveau, churches of that style are also listed here, as well as some temples not of pure Art Nouveau style but with distinctive Art Nouveau features.

Modernisme churches of Catalonia

The only churches that are designated UNESCO World Heritage List sites are works of Antoni Gaudí:[1] Sagrada Família basilica in Barcelona (1882–) that is still under construction and Church of Colònia Güell in Santa Coloma de Cervelló, province of Barcelona, that Gaudí along with Francesc Berenguer i Mestres and Joan Rubió left unfinished in 1914.

Sagrada Família is not pure Art Nouveau: its construction started before the movement incepted with a Neo-Gothic design by Francisco de Paula del Villar, of which only the crypt was built. Francisco de Paula del Villar resigned in 1883 and the project was rebuilt by Gaudí.

Sagrada Família was a vague inspiration[2] for the construction of Sanctuary of Maria Magdalena [ca] by José Sala Sala  [es] in Novelda of the Catalan-speaking Valencian Community. Though the construction started in 1918 and finished in 1946, this church is regarded as a valuable monument of Valencian Art Nouveau.[2]

Another example of a Modernisme church in Catalonia is the Carmen church [ca] (1911-1913) in Barcelona by Josep Maria Pericas [ca], an example of modernisme church by a Catalan architect in another part of Spain – the Christ church [es] (1910-1912) in the Province of Teruel by Pau Monguió i Segura [ca].

Art Nouveau temples of France

The church of Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre in Paris (1894-1904) was designed by architect Anatole de Baudot with stained glass windows executed by Jac Galland according to the design of Ernest-Pascal Blanchard, bronze interior sculptures by Pierre Roche, and ceramic tiles by Alexandre Bigot. The reinforced concrete structure followed a system developed by the engineer Paul Cottancin.

Another Art Nouveau religious building in Paris is Agoudas Hakehilos Synagogue (1913-1914) by Hector Guimard, who was not only the architects, but also created furnishings (luminaires, chandeliers, brackets, and benches), as well as the stylized vegetal decorations and the cast iron railings.

An Art Nouveau artist Eugène Grasset designed mosaics and stained glass windows (done by Félix Gaudin) for Saint-Étienne church [fr] (1890-1895) in Briare, Centre-Val de Loire.

Art Nouveau churches of the British Empire

The only actually built church of the pioneer of Glasgow style Charles Rennie Mackintosh and is the Queen's Cross Church (1898-1899) in Glasgow. An Art Nouveau design[3] by Bradshaw and Gass had a former Methodist church (1905) in Liverpool now hosting the Grand Central Hall, Hotel, and Grand Bazaar Food Hall.

Churches that have Art Nouveau features are:

Jugendstil churches of the German Empire and Switzerland

Churches with both Jugendstil exterior and interior are the Luther church in Wiesbaden, Hesse (1908-1911) [6] by Friedrich Pützer and Protestant Church in Wilnsdorf, North Rhine-Westphalia (1911-1913) by Gustav Mucke. Luther church in Wiesbaden is considered "a harmoniously composed Gesamtkunstwerk of German Protestant culture".[7]

Another notable Jugenstil church is St. Paul's Church (1902-1905) in Bern, built by Swiss architect Karl Moser with stained glass windows by Max Laeuger and considered as one of the best examples of Art Nouveau in the country.[8][9] Before that artists worked on the construction of the Neo-Romanesque St. Paul's Church (1898-1901) in Basel featuring relief work on the church exterior above the main entrance by sculptor Carl Burckhardt , mosaics on the inner front wall by Heinrich Altherr and stained glass windows by Max Laeuger.[10]

Jugendstil elements of Tabor Church in Rahnsdorf, Berlin Albert Klingner are an altarpiece depicting the Transfiguration of Jesus (1911) and a tableau of the Four Evangelists John, Luke, Mark, and Matthew accompanied by scenes from the Old Testament.[11]

Jugendstil churches were built not only in Europe but also in German colonies in Africa and Asia. Lutheran church in Qingdao, China by Curt Rothkegel is fully Jugendstil while Christ Church in Windhoek by Gottlieb Redecker is a mix of Neo-Romanesque, Jugendstil and Gothic revival.[12]

Secession temples of Cisleithania (Austria)

Many well-known Vienna Secession artists were occupied in the construction of Kirche am Steinhof (1903-1907) in Vienna: Otto Wagner was the architect, mosaics and stained glass windows were designed by Koloman Moser and Rudolf Jettmar and made by Leopold Forstner, sculptural angels were made by Othmar Schimkowitz.[13] Leopold Forstner also created stained glass windows for St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery Church (1911-1913), also in Vienna, built to designs by the architect Max Hegele.

Notable Art Nouveau frescoes can be found in Peter and Paul Basilica in Prague, made by František Urban and his wife Marie Urbanová-Zahradnická.

Famous Czech painter Alphonse Mucha created stained glass windows for St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague. Though created in the 1930s, when Art Nouveau has already faded, his style remained unchanged.

Some Art Nouveau features can be found in the interior of Jubilee Synagogue in Prague.

Szecesszió temples of the Kingdom of Hungary

The pioneer and prophet of the Szecesszió (Secession in Hungarian), the architect Ödön Lechner[14] created several churches as well. His Saint Ladislaus church in Kőbánya [hu] (1894-1899) is regarded as eclectic with Szecesszió features, while Blue Church (1909-1913) in Pozsony (present-day Bratislava) is truly Szecesszió.

Lechner's disciples Marcell Komor [hu] and Dezső Jakab were commissioned to build the Synagogue in Szabadka (now Subotica, Serbia) in 1901–1903. Included into the List of 100 Most Endangered Sites in the World, it has undergone a full restoration completed in 2018.[15]

Another notable Hungarian architect was Károly Kós. His Roman Catholic churches in Zebegény, Hungary (1908–09) and Cluj-Napoca, Romania (1913–1914) are regarded at National Romantic.[16] Similar to his style the Fasori Reformed Church [hu](1911-1913) by Aladár Árkay was built in Budapest. The church in Zebegény was painted by Aladár Körösfői-Kriesch, the founder of Gödöllő Art Colony.

National Romantic churches in Grand Duchy of Finland

Several dozens of National Romantic churches were built in Grand Duchy of Finland. Some of the largest are the Cathedral in Tampere (1902-1907) and the Kallio Church (1908-1912) in Helsinki, both designed by Lars Sonck. The cathedral is famous for its frescoes, painted by the symbolist Hugo Simberg, featuring versions of The Wounded Angel and The Garden of Death. The altar-piece, representing the future resurrection of people of all races, was painted by Magnus Enckell. Sonck's St Michael's Church in Turku (1894-1905) has Gothic Revival exterior but features National Romantic interior.

Josef Stenbäck was the architect of more than a dozen National Romantic churches throughout the Grand Duchy, e.g. Karuna Church (1908–1910). Three of the churches are now at the territory of Russia.[nb 1]

A notable example of wooden Art Nouveau church is Oulujoki Church (1907–1908) in Oulu by Victor J. Sucksdorff[17]

National Romantic churches in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark

Churches with National Romantic altars in Sweden are Engelbrekt Church in Stockholm (1910-1914) and wooden Kiruna Church (1909-1912, the altar by Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke). St. John's Church (1903-1906) in Malmö and Masthugg Church (1907-1914) in Gothenburg are also notable. In Denmark, Swedish Gustaf's Church (1908-1911) in Copenhagen can be noted.

In Norway, the example of a stone and brick National Romantic church is Lademoen Church (1903–05) in Trondheim. Neo-Gothic church in Skien (1894) features Art Nouveau stained glass windows. Other examples of churches built in a mix of Neo-Gothic and National Romantic styles are Fagerborg Church and Vålerenga Church (both - in Oslo).

Temples of Modern Style in the Russian Empire

See also: Art Nouveau architecture in Russia § Art Nouveau and Russian Revival style

Most Art Nouveau churches in Russian Empire are also related to Russian Revival style. One of the most notable is Marfo-Mariinsky Convent in Moscow, katholikon of which was commissioned by Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna (born near Darmstadt that was the center of Jugendstil at the time) and built by Alexey Shchusev in 1908-1912. He also built many other churches with similar features, e.g. the Trinity Cathedral of Lavra (1906-1912) in Pochayiv featuring mosaics and paintings by Nicholas Roerich, churches in Natalyevka estate [ru] (1911-1913), at the sight [ru] of the Battle of Kulikovo (1913—1917).

Another church with mosaics by Nicholas Roerich is the Church of the Holy Spirit (1903–06) in Talashkino art colony by Sergey Malyutin.[18] The other art colony of Russia, Abramtsevo Colony, was known for its use of maiolica. In religious buildings in can be found at the Resurrection church (1908–11) in Vichuga.

While the former churches are Orthodox, there were numerous Old Believers churches built throughout the Empire as the restriction to build them was withdrawn in 1905. Two churches were built by Ilya Bondarenko in Moscow. Franz (Fyodor) Schechtel built an Old Believers chapel at the upper floor of the house of tycoon Stepan Ryabushinsky.

As Saint Petersburg was situated close to the border with Grand Duchy of Finland, there was a strong influence of its National Romantic style on local Art Nouveau Architecture, to temples as well. In Russian National Romantic style is called Severny modern literally meaning "Northern Art Nouveau". Though the Saint Petersburg Mosque (1909-1920) by Nikolai Vasilyev has Iranian architecture, some of its features are clearly National Romantic.[19][20][21]

Art Nouveau churches of the United States

Several churches and chapels in the United States have interior details crafted by Louis Comfort Tiffany:

Tiffany's chief designer for ecclesiastical windows was Frederick Wilson.[22] He also designed windows for at least five other firms. Notable examples can be found e.g. in Naval Academy Chapel in Annapolis.

Louis Comfort Tiffany also designed the whole interior for the Tiffany Chapel, first installed for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago and now on public display at the Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art in Winter Park, Florida.[23]

A notable mix of the Prairie School and Art Nouveau styles is the Church of St. Bernard (1905–1914) by John Jager in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

Notes

  1. ^ Namely in Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast, Zelenogorsk, Saint Petersburg and Melnikovo, Leningrad Oblast

References

  1. ^ https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/320/multiple=1&unique_number=364 Official List of the UNESCO Site "Works of Antoni Gaudí" (1994, 2005)
  2. ^ a b "Art Nouveau European Route: Buenos Aires". www.artnouveau.eu.
  3. ^ Pollard, Richard; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2006). The Buildings of England - Lancashire: Liverpool and the south-west. Yale University Press. p. 285.
  4. ^ "Watts Chapel". Guildford Council. Archived from the original on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
  5. ^ [1] ST MATTHEW'S CHURCH - Historic Environment Scotland
  6. ^ Bökenkötter, Heike (30 December 2010). "Kirchenraum mit orientalischem Charme" (in German). Frankfurter Rundschau. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  7. ^ Dienst, Karl (2003). "Kirchenraum mit orientalischem Charme" (PDF). Umbruch (in German). ekkw.de. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  8. ^ "Pauluskirche Bern". Gody Hofmann. Retrieved 2012-02-11.(in German)
  9. ^ Matthew Teller (4 May 2010). The Rough Guide to Switzerland. Rough Guides Ltd. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-84836-471-4. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  10. ^ "Paulus Church, Basel, Switzerland". All About Switzerland. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
  11. ^ Sibylle Badstübner-Gröger, Michael Bollé, Ralph Paschke et al., Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler / Georg Dehio: 22 vols., revis. and ext. new ed. by Dehio-Vereinigung, Berlin and Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 22000, vol. 8: Berlin, p. 240. ISBN 3-422-03071-9.
  12. ^ "Namibia Tourist Attractions and Sightseeing". World Guides. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  13. ^ Beller, Steven (2006). A Concise History of Austria. Cambridge University Press. pp. 173. ISBN 9780521478861.
  14. ^ "The "Coup de Fouet" magazine, vol. 23 (2014), pp. 2–35" (PDF).
  15. ^ "The "Coup de Fouet" magazine, vol. 31 (2019), pp. 60–69" (PDF).
  16. ^ "The "Coup de Fouet" magazine, vol. 8 (2014), pp. 37–41" (PDF).
  17. ^ Ylimaula, Anna-Maija (2008). "Pyhän Hengen kirkko". In Schali, Kirsi (ed.). On riemu, kun saan tulla – Oulujoen kirkko 100 vuotta. Oulujoki parish. pp. 93–101. ISBN 978-952-99248-3-7.
  18. ^ Journal of UralNIIProject RAASN — 2014. — № 2. — p. 27—32. — ISSN 2074-2932 (in Russian)
  19. ^ Vityzeva V.A. Saint Petersburg Mosque — a monument of National Romanticism in Saint Petersburg // History of Saint Petersburg. — SPb., 2002. — № 1. (in Russian)
  20. ^ [2] Saint Petersburg Mosque — Citywalls.ru (An architecture website of Saint Petersburg, in Russian)
  21. ^ Kirikov, Boris (2017). Architecture of Art Nouveau in Saint Petersburg. Public buildings. Book 2 (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Kolo. pp. 485–514. ISBN 978-5-4462-0083-2.
  22. ^ "About Tiffany Windows". ASC Tiffany. Foundation for the Preservation of 20 Arlington Street. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
  23. ^ "Tiffany's Rare 1893 Chapel Opens at the Morse Museum". Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art. 1999. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
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