List of model organisms

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Escherichia coli is a gram-negative prokaryotic model organism
Drosophila melanogaster, one of the most famous subjects for experiments

This is a list of model organisms used in scientific research.

Viruses

Prokaryotes

Sporulating Bacillus subtilis

Eukaryotes

Protists

Fungi

Plants

Arabidopsis thaliana
Lemna gibba
Physcomitrella patens

Animals

Invertebrates

Caenorhabditis elegans

Vertebrates

Laboratory mice
  • Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), used to study regeneration and developmental processes
  • Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata, used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict
  • Carolina anole (Anolis carolinensis), used to study reptile genomics
  • Cat (Felis sylvestris catus) - used in neurophysiological research.
  • Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) - used for developmental studies, as it is an amniote and excellent for micromanipulation (e.g. tissue grafting) and over-expression of gene products.
  • Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) - formerly used in polio research.
  • Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) - an important respiratory and cardiovascular model, also contributed to the discovery of classical conditioning.
  • Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) - first used to study kala-azar (leishmaniasis).
  • Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) - used by Robert Koch and other early bacteriologists as a host for bacterial infections, hence a byword for "laboratory animal" even though less commonly used today.
  • Little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus)- used to prove echolocation exists in bats in 1930s and also used in experiments predicting microbat behavior as it is a reliable species that has typical features of a temperate bat species.
  • Medaka (Oryzias latipes, or Japanese ricefish) - an important model in developmental biology, and has the advantage of being much sturdier than the traditional zebrafish.
  • Mouse (Mus musculus) - the classic model vertebrate. Many inbred strains exist, as well as lines selected for particular traits, often of ethological or medical interest, e.g. body size, obesity, muscularity, voluntary wheel-running behavior.[34] (Quantitative genetics, Molecular evolution, Genomics)
  • Naked mole-rat, (Heterocephalus glaber), studied for their characteristic pain insensitivity, thermoregulation, cancer resistance, eusociality, and longevity.
  • Nothobranchius furzeri is studied because of their extreme short-lifespan in research on aging, disease and evolution.
  • Pigeon (Columba livia domestica), studied extensively for cognitive science and animal intelligence
  • Poecilia reticulata, the guppy, used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict
  • Rat (Rattus norvegicus) - particularly useful as a toxicology model; also particularly useful as a neurological model and source of primary cell cultures, owing to the larger size of organs and suborganellar structures relative to the mouse. (Molecular evolution, Genomics)
  • Rhesus macaque (or rhesus monkey) (Macaca mulatta) - used for studies on infectious disease and cognition.
  • Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) - spinal cord research
  • Takifugu (Takifugu rubripes, a pufferfish) - has a small genome with little junk DNA.
  • Three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), a fish used to study ethology and behavioral ecology.
  • Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) - eggs and embryos from these frogs are used in developmental biology, cell biology, toxicology, and neuroscience[35][36]
  • Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) - used in the study of the song system of songbirds and the study of non-mammalian auditory systems.
  • Zebrafish (Danio rerio, a freshwater fish) - has a nearly transparent body during early development, which provides unique visual access to the animal's internal anatomy. Zebrafish are used to study development, toxicology and toxicopathology,[37] specific gene function and roles of signaling pathways.

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