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AMOLED used in Samsung Galaxy Note
Magnified image of the AMOLED screen on the Nexus One smartphone using the RGBG system of the PenTile matrix family

AMOLED (active-matrix organic light-emitting diode) is a display technology in mobile devices and television. OLED describes a specific type of thin-film-display technology in which organic compounds form the electroluminescent material, and active matrix refers to the technology behind the addressing of pixels.

As of 2008, AMOLED technology is used in mobile phones, media players and digital cameras,[1] and continues to make progress toward low-power, low-cost and large-size (for example, 40-inch) applications.[2][3][4][neutrality is disputed]

Design

Schematic of an active-matrix OLED display

An AMOLED display consists of an active matrix of OLED pixels generating light (luminescence) upon electrical activation that have been deposited or integrated onto a thin-film-transistor (TFT) array, which functions as a series of switches to control the current flowing to each individual pixel.[5]

Typically, this continuous current flow is controlled by at least two TFTs at each pixel (to trigger the luminescence), with one TFT to start and stop the charging of a storage capacitor and the second to provide a voltage source at the level needed to create a constant current to the pixel, thereby eliminating the need for the very high currents required for passive-matrix OLED operation.[6]

TFT backplane technology is crucial in the fabrication of AMOLED displays. in AMOLEDs, The two primary TFT backplane technologies, polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) and amorphous silicon (a-Si), are currently used offering the potential for directly fabricating the active-matrix backplanes at low temperatures (below 150 °C) onto flexible plastic substrates for producing flexible AMOLED displays.[7]

Future development

Manufacturers have developed in-cell touch panels, integrating the production of capacitive sensor arrays in the AMOLED module fabrication process. In-cell sensor AMOLED fabricators include AU Optronics and Samsung. Samsung has marketed its version of this technology as "Super AMOLED". Researchers at DuPont used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to optimize coating processes for a new solution-coated AMOLED display technology that is competitive in cost and performance with existing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology. Using custom modeling and analytic approaches, Samsung has developed short- and long-range film-thickness control and uniformity that is commercially viable at large glass sizes.[8]

Comparison to other technologies

AMOLED displays provide higher refresh rates than passive-matrix,[not specific enough to verify] often reducing the response time to less than a millisecond, and they consume significantly less power.[9] This advantage makes active-matrix OLEDs well-suited for portable electronics, where power consumption is critical to battery life.

The amount of power the display consumes varies significantly depending on the color and brightness shown. As an example, one commercial QVGA OLED display consumes 0.3 watts while showing white text on a black background, but more than 0.7 watts showing black text on a white background, while an LCD may consume only a constant 0.35 watts regardless of what is being shown on screen.[10] Because the black pixels actually turn off, AMOLED also has contrast ratios that are significantly better than LCD. [citation needed]

AMOLED displays may be difficult to view in direct sunlight compared with LCDs because of their reduced maximum brightness.[11] Samsung's Super AMOLED technology addresses this issue by reducing the size of gaps between layers of the screen.[12][13] Additionally, PenTile technology is often used for a higher resolution display while requiring fewer subpixels than needed otherwise, sometimes resulting in a display less sharp and more grainy than a non-pentile display with the same resolution.

The organic materials used in AMOLED displays are very prone to degradation over a relatively short period of time, resulting in color shifts as one color fades faster than another, image persistence, or burn-in.[14][15]

Current demand for AMOLED screens is high, and, due to supply shortages of the Samsung-produced displays, certain models of HTC smartphones have been changed to use next-generation LCD displays from the Samsung-Sony joint-venture SLCD in the future.[16]

Flagship smartphones sold as of 2011–12 use either Super AMOLED or IPS panel premium LCD. Super AMOLED displays, such as the one on the Galaxy Nexus and Samsung Galaxy S III have often been compared to IPS panel premium LCDs, found in the iPhone 4S, HTC One X, and Nexus 4.[17][18][19] For example, according to ABI Research the AMOLED display found in the Motorola Moto X draws just 92mA during bright conditions and 68mA while dim.[20] On the other hand, compared with the IPS, the yield rate of AMOLED is low, the cost is also higher.

Marketing terms

Super AMOLED

Super AMOLED is Samsung's term for an AMOLED display with an integrated digitizer: the layer that detects touch is integrated into the screen, rather than overlaid on top of it. According to Samsung, Super AMOLED reflects one-fifth as much sunlight compared to the first generation AMOLED.[21][22] The display technology itself is not changed. Super AMOLED is part of the Pentile matrix family, sometimes abbreviated as SAMOLED.

For the Samsung Galaxy S III, which reverted to Super AMOLED instead of the pixelation-free conventional RGB (non-PenTile) Super AMOLED Plus of its predecessor Samsung Galaxy S II, the S III's larger screen size encourages users to hold the phone further from their face to obscure the PenTile effect.[23]

Super AMOLED Advanced

Super AMOLED advanced is a term marketed by Motorola to describe a brighter display than Super AMOLED screens, but also a higher resolution — qHD or 960 × 540 for Super AMOLED Advanced than WVGA or 800 × 480 for Super AMOLED and 25% more energy efficient. Super AMOLED Advanced features PenTile, which sharpens subpixels in between pixels to make a higher resolution display, but by doing this, some picture quality is lost.[24] This display type is used on the Motorola Droid RAZR and HTC One S.[25]

Super AMOLED Plus

File:Samsung Galaxy S II in hand.jpg
The Samsung Galaxy S II, with a Super AMOLED Plus screen

Super AMOLED Plus, first introduced with the Samsung Galaxy S II and Samsung Droid Charge smartphones, is a branding from Samsung where the PenTile RGBG pixel matrix (2 subpixels) used in Super AMOLED displays has been replaced with a traditional RGB RGB (3 subpixels) arrangement typically used in LCD displays. This variant of AMOLED is brighter and therefore more energy efficient than Super AMOLED displays[26] and produces a sharper, less grainy image because of the increased number of subpixels. In comparison to AMOLED and Super AMOLED displays, they are even more energy efficient and brighter. However, Samsung cited screen life and costs by not using Plus on the Galaxy S II's successor, the Samsung Galaxy S III.[18]

HD Super AMOLED

Galaxy Note II subpixels representation, based on 400X image of the Note II display[27]
The Galaxy Nexus, with an HD Super AMOLED screen[28]

HD Super AMOLED is a branding from Samsung for an HD-resolution (>1280×720) Super AMOLED display. The first device to use it was the Samsung Galaxy Note. The Galaxy Nexus and the Galaxy S III both implement the HD Super AMOLED with a PenTile RGBG-matrix (2 subpixels/pixel), while the Galaxy Note II uses an RBG matrix (3 subpixels/pixel) but not in the standard 3 stripe arrangement.[27]

HD Super AMOLED Plus

A variant of the Samsung Galaxy S3 using Tizen OS 1 was benchmarked using a non-pentile HD Super AMOLED Plus screen in 2012.[29]

Full HD Super AMOLED

As featured on the Samsung Galaxy S4[30] and Samsung Galaxy Note 3, this display has a 1920x1080 resolution that is better known as 1080p. It has the broadest color gamut of any mobile display of up to 97% of the Adobe RGB color space, hence making it a wide-gamut display.[31][32]

Quad HD Super AMOLED

Quad HD Super AMOLED technology was first used by a company named AU Optronics[33] in April 2014.[34] After AU Optronics[33] released their phone which used a Quad HD Super AMOLED screen, other companies such as Samsung[35] released phones utilizing the technology such as the Samsung Galaxy S5 LTE-A and Samsung Galaxy S6.[36]

Retina AMOLED

Retina AMOLED is a brand of AMOLED displays made by Apple Inc only used in Apple Watch

Future

Future displays exhibited from 2011 to 2013 by Samsung have shown flexible, 3D, unbreakable, transparent Super AMOLED Plus displays using very high resolutions and in varying sizes for phones. These unreleased prototypes use a polymer as a substrate removing the need for glass cover, a metal backing, and touch matrix, combining them into one integrated layer.[37]

So far, Samsung plans on branding the newer displays as Youm.[38]

Also planned for the future are 3D stereoscopic displays that use eye tracking (via stereoscopic front-facing cameras) to provide full resolution 3D visuals.

Comparison

Below is a mapping table of marketing terms versus resolutions and sub-pixel types. Note how the pixel density relates to choices of sub-pixel type.

Term Resolution Size (inches) PPI Pixel Layout Used in
AMOLED 240×320 2.6 154 RGBG PenTile Nokia N85
AMOLED Capacitive Touchscreen 640×360 3.2 229 RGBG PenTile Nokia C6-01
Super AMOLED 3.5 210 RGBG PenTile Nokia N8
4.0 184 RGB S-Stripe Nokia 808 PureView
800×480 4.0 233 RGBG PenTile Samsung Galaxy S
960×540 4.3 256 RGB S-Stripe Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini
1280×768 4.5 332 RGBG PenTile Nokia Lumia 1020
Super AMOLED Plus 800×480 4.3 (4.27) 218 RGB stripe Samsung Galaxy S II
Super AMOLED Advanced 960×540 4.3 256 RGBG PenTile Motorola Droid RAZR
HD Super AMOLED 1280×800 5.3 (5.29) 285 RGBG PenTile Samsung Galaxy Note
1280×720 5.0 295 RGB S-Stripe BlackBerry Z30

Samsung Galaxy E7

4.7 (4.65) 316 RGBG PenTile Samsung Galaxy Nexus
4.7 (4.65) 316 RGB S-Stripe Moto X (1st generation)
4.8 306 RGBG PenTile Samsung Galaxy S III
5.6 (5.55) 267 RGB S-Stripe Samsung Galaxy Note II
5.6 (5.55) 267 RGB S-Stripe Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Neo
HD Super AMOLED Plus 1280×800 7.7 197 RGB stripe Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.7
Full HD Super AMOLED 1920×1080 5.5 441 RGBG PenTile Meizu MX5
5.0 (4.99) 441 Samsung Galaxy S4
5.2 423 Motorola Moto X (2nd gen)
5.1 432 Samsung Galaxy S5
5.7 388 Samsung Galaxy Note 3
WQHD Super AMOLED 2560×1440 5.1 577 RGBG PenTile Samsung Galaxy S6
5.7 515 Samsung Galaxy Note 4

Samsung Galaxy Note 5

Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge+

WQXGA Super AMOLED 2560×1600 8.4 359 RGBG PenTile Samsung Galaxy Tab S 8.4
10.5 287 RGB S-Stripe Samsung Galaxy Tab S 10.5

Uses

Commercial devices using AMOLED include:[citation needed]

Phones
Tablets
Portable music players
Games consoles
Music production hardware
Digital cameras

References

  1. ^ Lee, Hyunkoo; Park, Insun; Kwak, Jeonghun; Yoon, Do Y.; Kallmann, Changhee Lee (2010). "Improvement of electron injection in inverted bottom-emission blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes using zinc oxide nanoparticles". Applied Physics Letters. 96: 153306. doi:10.1063/1.3400224.
  2. ^ Kim, Yang Wan; Kwak, Won Kyu; Lee, Jae Yong; Choi, Wong Sik; Lee, Ki Yong; Kim, Sung Chul; Yoo, Eui Jin (2009). "40 Inch FHD AM-OLED Display with IR Drop Compensation Pixel Circuit". SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. 40: 85. doi:10.1889/1.3256930.
  3. ^ Lee, Myung Ho; Seop, Song Myoung; Kim, Jong Soo; Hwang, Jung Ho; Shin, Hye Jin; Cho, Sang Kyun; Min, Kyoung Wook; Kwak, Won Kyu; Jung, Sun I; Kim, Chang Soo; Choi, Woong Sik; Kim, Sung Cheol; Yoo, Eu Jin (2009). "Development of 31-Inch Full-HD AMOLED TV Using LTPS-TFT and RGB FMM". SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. 40: 802. doi:10.1889/1.3256911.
  4. ^ Hamer, John W.; Arnold, Andrew D.; Boroson, Michael L.; Itoh, Masahiro; Hatwar, Tukaram K.; Helber, Margaret J.; Miwa, Koichi; Levey, Charles I.; Long, Michael; Ludwicki, John E.; Scheirer, David C.; Spindler, Jeffrey P.; Van Slyke, Steven A. (2008). "System design for a wide-color-gamut TV-sized AMOLED display". Journal of the Society for Information Display. 16: 3. doi:10.1889/1.2835033.
  5. ^ "Introduction to OLED Displays – Design Guide for Active Matrix OLED (AMOLED) Displays" (PDF). 4D Systems. 2008-05-22. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
  6. ^ Lin, Chih-Lung; Chen, Yung-Chih. "A Novel LTPS-TFT Pixel Circuit Compensating for TFT Threshold-Voltage Shift and OLED Degradation for AMOLED". IEEE Electron Device Letters. 28: 129. doi:10.1109/LED.2006.889523.
  7. ^ Sarma, Kalluri R.; Chanley, Charles; Dodd, Sonia R.; Roush, Jared; Schmidt, John; Srdanov, Gordana; Stevenson, Matthew; Wessel, Ralf; Innocenzo, Jeffrey; Yu, Gang; O'Regan, Marie B.; MacDonald, W. A.; Eveson, R.; Long, Ke; Gleskova, Helena; Wagner, Sigurd; Sturm, James C. (2003). "Active-matrix OLED using 150°C a-Si TFT backplane built on flexible plastic substrate (Proceedings Paper)". SPIE Proceedings. 5080: 180. doi:10.1117/12.497638. [1]
  8. ^ Reid Chesterfield, Andrew Johnson, Charlie Lang, Matthew Stainer, and Jonathan Ziebarth, "Solution-Coating Technology for AMOLED Displays", Information Display Magazine, January 2011.
  9. ^ Suyko, Alan. "Oleds Ready For The Mainstream." Electronics News (2009): 20. Associates Programs Source Plus. Web. 9 Dec. 2011.
  10. ^ Mian Dong; Choi, Y.-S.K; Lin Zhong (July 2009). "Power modeling of graphical user interfaces on OLED displays". Design Automation Conference, 2009. DAC '09. 46th ACM/IEEE. IEEE: 652–657.
  11. ^ Tim CarmodyEmail Author. "How Super AMOLED displays work". Wired.com. Retrieved 2012-10-10. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  12. ^ "What Are The Benefits Of Using The Super AMOLED Display In My SGH-t959 (Vibrant) Phone?". Samsung. 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2010-09-07.
  13. ^ "Big is beautiful". The Age. 2010-08-12. Archived from the original on 29 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Ashtiani, Shahin J.; Reza Chaji, G.; Nathan, Arokia. "AMOLED Pixel Circuit With Electronic Compensation of Luminance Degradation". Journal of Display Technology. 38: 36. doi:10.1109/JDT.2006.890711.
  15. ^ US 7352345, Chun-huai Li, "Driving apparatus and method for light emitting diode display", issued 2008-04-01 
  16. ^ [2] Construction of new production facilities in 2011 will increase the production of AMOLED screens to cope with demand. Cite error: The named reference "Auto21-13" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  17. ^ http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/amoled-vs-lcd-which-screen-is-best-for-your-phone/
  18. ^ a b http://www.androidpit.com/super-amoled-vs-retina-display
  19. ^ http://techcrunch.com/2012/11/02/nexus-4-review-not-exactly-perfect-but-close-enough-for-me/
  20. ^ Google/Motorola Mobility Display a Bright Efficient Future, ABI Research
  21. ^ "Samsung Smartphones | Technology". Samsung.com. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  22. ^ "Super AMOLED". Oled-info.com. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  23. ^ Sakr, Sharif (25 March 2012). "Samsung Galaxy S III review". Engadget. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  24. ^ "Super AMOLED Advanced". Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  25. ^ "DROID RAZR – Thinnest 4G LTE Android Smartphone – Motorola Mobility LLC. USA". Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  26. ^ "http://www.oled-info.com/super-amoled-plus". OLED-Info. Retrieved 23 August 2011. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  27. ^ a b "Galaxy Note 2: Display hat keine PenTile-Matrix | BestBoyZ". Bestboyz.de. 2012-08-30. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  28. ^ "Galaxy Nexus – Android 4. 0 Smartphone – SAMSUNG UK – OVERVIEW" (in Ukrainian). Samsung.com. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  29. ^ http://www.engadget.com/2012/09/22/wifi-alliance-certificate-teases-tizen-flavored-galaxy-s3/
  30. ^ http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/galaxys4/lifetask.html#
  31. ^ http://sammyhub.com/2013/06/10/ul-certifies-samsungs-full-hd-amoled-display/
  32. ^ http://www.displaymate.com/Galaxy_S4_ShootOut_1.htm
  33. ^ a b AU Optronics#Products
  34. ^ http://www.androidauthority.com/quad-hd-amoled-au-optronics-367542/
  35. ^ Samsung
  36. ^ Samsung Galaxy S6
  37. ^ http://www.engadget.com/2011/12/05/samsung-teases-flexible-transparent-display-in-concept-video/
  38. ^ http://www.engadget.com/2013/01/09/samsung-names-flexible-oled-display-series-youm-shows-prototype/
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