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Apollo Global Management, LLC
Company typePublic
NYSE: APO
ISINUS0376123065
US03768E1055 Edit this on Wikidata
IndustryAsset management
Founded1990
FounderLeon Black, John Hannan, Josh Harris, Marc Rowan, Craig Cogut, Arthur Bilger, Antony Ressler
HeadquartersSolow Building
New York City, USA
Key people
Leon Black, Marc Rowan, Josh Harris, Marc Spilker
ProductsPrivate equity funds, credit funds, real estate funds, alternative Investment, Leveraged buyouts, Growth capital, Venture capital
AUMIncrease $162.5 billion (2015)[1]
Total assetsIncrease $22.9 billion (2014)[2]
Websitewww.agm.com

Apollo Global Management, LLC is an American private equity firm, founded in 1990 by former Drexel Burnham Lambert banker Leon Black.[3] The firm specializes in leveraged buyout transactions and purchases of distressed securities involving corporate restructuring, special situations, and industry consolidations. Apollo is headquartered in New York City, and also has offices in Purchase, New York, Los Angeles, Houston, London, Frankfurt, Luxembourg, Singapore, Hong Kong and Mumbai.

As of August 2015, Apollo managed over US$162 billion of investor commitments across its private equity, credit and real estate funds and other investment vehicles making it one of the largest alternative investment management firms globally.[4] Among the most notable companies currently owned by Apollo are Claire's, Caesars Entertainment Corporation, Norwegian Cruise Line, Novitex Enterprise Solutions, and CORE Media Group (American Idol).[5][6]

History

History of private equity
and venture capital
Early history
(origins of modern private equity)
The 1980s
(leveraged buyout boom)
The 1990s
(leveraged buyout and the venture capital bubble)
The 2000s
(dot-com bubble to the credit crunch)
The 2010s
(expansion)
The 2020s
(COVID-19 recession)

Apollo, originally referred to as Apollo Advisors, was founded in 1990, on the heels of the collapse of Drexel Burnham Lambert in February 1990. It was founded by Leon Black, the former head of Drexel's mergers and acquisitions department, along with other Drexel alumni.[7] Among the most notable founders are John Hannan, Drexel's former co-director of international finance; Craig Cogut, a lawyer who worked with Drexel's high-yield division in Los Angeles; and Arthur Bilger, the former head of the corporate finance department. Other founding partners included Marc Rowan, Josh Harris and Michael Gross, who both worked under Black in the mergers and acquisitions department, and Antony Ressler, who worked as a senior vice president in Drexel's high yield department with responsibility for the new issue/syndicate desk.[8][9][10]

Less than six months after the collapse of Drexel, the founders of Apollo had already begun a series of ventures. Apollo Investment Fund L.P., the first of their private equity investment funds, was formed to make investments in distressed companies. Apollo's first fund raised approximately $400 million of investor commitments on the strength of Black's reputation as a prominent lieutenant of Michael Milken and key player in the buyout boom of the 1980s.[8] Lion Advisors was set up to provide investment services to Credit Lyonnais, which was seeking to profit from depressed prices in the high yield market.[11]

1990s

At the time of Apollo's founding, financing for new leveraged buyouts was minimal and Apollo turned instead to a strategy of distressed-to-control takeovers.[12][13] Apollo would purchase distressed securities which could be converted into a controlling interest in the equity of the company through a bankruptcy reorganization or other restructuring. Apollo used distressed debt as an entry point, enabling the firm to invest in such firms as Vail Resorts,[14] Walter Industries,[15][16] Culligan and Samsonite.[17]

Early on, Apollo made a name for itself by acquiring interests in companies that Drexel had helped finance by purchasing high-yield bonds from failed savings and loans and insurance companies. Apollo acquired several large portfolios of assets from the U.S. government's Resolution Trust Corporation.[18] One of Apollo's earliest and most successful deals involved the acquisition of Executive Life Insurance Company's bond portfolio. Using this vehicle, Apollo would purchase the Executive Life portfolio, generating tremendous profits when the value of high yield bonds recovered, but also resulting in a variety of state regulatory issues for Apollo and Credit Lyonnais over the purchase.[19] More than a decade after the purchase, in 2002, California Attorney General Bill Lockyer accused Apollo, Leon Black, and an investor group led by French bank Credit Lyonnais, of illegally acquiring the assets and bond portfolio of Executive Life Insurance Co. in 1991. According to the State of California, Lion allegedly violated a California law that prohibited foreign government-owned banks from owning California insurance companies.[20]

AREA Property Partners logo

In 1993, Apollo Real Estate Advisers was founded in collaboration with William Mack to seek opportunities in the U.S. property markets.[21] Apollo Real Estate Investment Fund, L.P., the first in a family of real estate "opportunity funds" was closed in April 1993 with $500 million of investor commitments. In 2000, Apollo exited the partnership, which continued to operate as Apollo Real Estate Advisers until changing its name to AREA Property Partners, effective January 15, 2009. That firm is owned and controlled by its remaining principals, who include William Mack, Lee Neibart, William Benjamin, John Jacobsson, Stuart Koenig and Richard Mack.[22] Apollo Real Estate Investment Fund, L.P., the first in a family of real estate "opportunity funds" was closed in April 1993 with $500 million of investor commitments. As of 2008, the firm was investing out of three funds: Apollo Real Estate Investment Fund V, Apollo European Real Estate Fund II and Apollo Value Enhancement Fund VII. In 2004, Apollo Real Estate acquired the Value Enhancement Funds family of investment vehicles to broaden its offerings in the "value-added" segment of the real estate investment spectrum. Apollo also operates a real estate mezzanine lending program and real estate securities hedge fund called Claros Real Estate Securities Fund, L.P.[23]

In 1995, Apollo raised its third private equity fund, Apollo Investment Fund III with $1.5 billion of investor commitments from investors that included CalPERS and the General Motors pension fund.[24][25] Unlike its first two funds and later funds, Fund III would ultimately prove only an average performer for private equity funds of its vintage. Among the investments made in Fund III (invested through 1998) were: Alliance Imaging, Allied Waste Industries, Breuners Home Furnishings, Levitz Furniture,[26] Communications Corporation of America,[27] Dominick's, Ralphs (acquired Apollo's Food-4-Less),[28] Move.com, NRT Incorporated,[29] Pillowtex Corporation,[30] Telemundo[31] and WMC Mortgage Corporation.[32]

Apollo invested in AMC in 2001 and would buy out the company in 2004

Also in 1995, Apollo founding partner Craig Cogut left the firm to found a smaller competitor Pegasus Capital Advisors. Since inception Pegasus has raised $1.8 billion in four private equity funds focused on investments in middle-market companies in financial distress. In 1997, Apollo co-founder Tony Ressler founded Ares Management as the successor to its Lion Advisors business which would manage collateralized debt obligation vehicles.[33]

In 1998, Apollo raised its fourth private equity fund, Apollo Investment Fund IV, with $3.6 billion of investor commitments.[24] Among the investments made in Fund IV (invested through 2001) were: Allied Waste Industries,[34] AMC Entertainment,[35] Berlitz International,[36] Clark Retail Enterprises,[37] Corporate Express (Buhrmann), Encompass Services Corporation, National Financial Partners, Pacer International,[38] Rent-A-Center, Resolution Performance Products, Resolution Specialty Materials, Sirius Satellite Radio, SkyTerra Communications, United Rentals and Wyndham Worldwide.[39]

2000-2005

Apollo's headquarters in the Solow Building at 9 West 57th Street in New York City, formerly occupied by Tyco

Apollo deployed its fourth fund during the booming markets of the late 1990s, only to experience difficulties with the collapse of the Internet bubble and the onset of the recession. Amid the turmoil of collapsing markets, Apollo was able to raise its fifth private equity fund in 2001, Apollo Investment Fund V, with $3.7 billion of investor commitments, roughly the same amount raised as for its previous fund.[24] Among the investments made in Fund V (invested through 2006) were Affinion Group, AMC Entertainment, Berry Plastics, Cablecom, Compass Minerals, General Nutrition Centers (GNC), Goodman Global, Hexion Specialty Chemicals (Borden), Intelsat, Linens ‘n Things, Metals USA, Nalco Investment Holdings, Sourcecorp, Spectrasite Communications, and Unity Media.

Meanwhile, Ares continued to grow through the late 1990s, and profited significantly from investments made after the collapse of the high yield market in 2000 and 2001. Although technically, the founders of Ares had completed a spin out with the formation of the firm in 1997, they had maintained a close relationship with Apollo over its first five years and operated as the West Coast affiliate of Apollo. By 2002, when Ares raised its first corporate opportunities fund, the firm announced that it was more formally separating itself from its former parent company.[40] The timing of this separation also coincided with Apollo's legal difficulties with the State of California over its purchase of Executive Life Insurance Company in 1991.

Following the spin-off of Ares in 2002, Apollo developed two new affiliates to continue its investment activities in the capital markets. The first of these new affiliates, founded in 2003, was Apollo Distressed Investment Fund (DIF) Management a credit opportunity investment vehicle.[41] The following year, in April 2004, Apollo raised $930 million through an initial public offering (IPO) for a listed business development company, Apollo Investment Corporation (Nasdaq: AINV)). Apollo Investment Corporation was formed to invest primarily in middle-market companies in the form of mezzanine debt and senior secured loans, as well as by making certain direct equity investments in companies. The Company also invests in the securities of public companies.[42][43]

2005-2010

Caesars Palace, acquired as part of Apollo's LBO of Harrah's Entertainment

The 2005 - 2007 period marked a boom period in private equity with new "largest buyout" records set and surpassed several times in an 18-month window from the beginning of 2006 through the middle of 2007.[44] Apollo was among the most active investors in leveraged buyout transactions during this period. Although Apollo was involved in a number of notable and large buyouts, the firm largely avoided the very largest transactions of this period. Among Apollo's most notable investments during this period included Harrah's Entertainment, a leading US gaming and casino company; Norwegian Cruise Line, the cruise line operator; Claire's Stores, the retailer of costume jewelry; and Realogy, the real estate franchisor that owns Coldwell Banker, Century 21 and Sotheby's International Realty.[45]

In August 2006, Apollo launched a $2 billion publicly traded private equity vehicle in Europe, AP Alternative Assets (ENXTAM:AAA).[43] The IPO of this new vehicle followed in the footsteps of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, which raised $5 billion for its KKR Private Equity Investors vehicle in May 2006.[46] Apollo initially attempted to raise $2.5 billion for the public vehicle, but fell short when it offered the shares in June, raising only $1.5 billion. Apollo raised an additional $500 million via private placements in the weeks following that sale.[47]

As the private equity industry expanded through 2006 and 2007, several of the largest private equity firms, most notably The Blackstone Group and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, announced plans to realize value from their firms through the sale of shares in the public equity markets. Apollo Management chose a slightly different path, by completing a private placement of shares in its management company in July 2007. By pursuing a private placement rather than a public offering, Apollo would be able to avoid much of the public scrutiny applied to Blackstone and KKR.[43][48] In November 2007, Apollo was able to realize additional value from the sale of a 9% ownership interest in its management company to the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA).[49] Ultimately, in April 2008, Apollo would file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)[50] to permit some holders of its privately traded stock to sell their shares on the New York Stock Exchange and in March 2011, Apollo completed its initial public offering (NYSE: APO).[51] In 2008, the firm opened an office in India, marking their first push into Asia.[52]

Apollo lost its investment in retailer Linens 'n Things with the company's 2008 bankruptcy[53]

As the deterioration of the financial markets worsened into 2008, Apollo saw several of its investments come under pressure. Apollo's 2005 investment in the struggling US retailer, Linens 'n Things suffered from a significant debt burden and softening consumer demand. In May 2008, Linens was forced to file for bankruptcy protection, one of several high profile retail bankruptcies in 2008, costing Apollo all of its $365 million investment in the company.[53][54] At the same time, Apollo's investment in Claire's, Realogy and Harrah's Entertainment came under pressure.[45] Apollo would respond actively to its investment difficulties seeking to exchange a portion of the existing debt at Harrah's and Realogy to more favorable securities.[55] At Claire's, Apollo exercised its "PIK toggle" option to shut off cash interest payments to its bondholders and issue more debt instead, in order to provide the company with additional financial flexibility.[56]

In December 2008, Apollo completed fundraising for its latest fund, Apollo Investment Fund VII with approximately $14.7 billion of investor commitments.[57] Apollo had been targeting $15 billion, but had been in fundraising for more than 16 months, with the bulk of the capital raised in 2007.[58]

In December 2009, it was announced that Apollo would acquire Cedar Fair Entertainment Company shares and the company would be become private underneath the management group.[59] The deal includes a cash payment of $635 million and assumed debt which gives the transaction a value of $2.4 billion.[60] It was later announced in April 2010 that the deal was pulled due to poor shareholder response.[61]

2010-2015

In March 2012 it made a second attempt to acquire an amusement park operator with a $225.7 million offer for Great Wolf Resorts.[62]

In November 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies sold their education division ("McGraw-Hill Education") to Apollo Global Management, in a deal totaling $2.5 billion.[63]

On 11 March 2013, Apollo Global Management made the only bid for the snacks business of Hostess Brands, including Twinkies, for $410 million.[64]

In December 2013, Apollo bought a portfolio of Irish home loans from Lloyds Bank for €307m, less than half their nominal £610m (€367m) value.[clarification needed] The shares were bought by an Apollo Global Management subsidiary, Tanager Limited. The portfolio made a £33m loss last year.[65]

On 16 January 2014, The Financial Times reported Apollo will buy CEC Entertainment, the parent of Chuck E. Cheese's, for about $1 billion.[66]

In June 2015, Apollo Global Management made a successful offer of around $1.03 billion in cash to privatise OM Group.[67] Also that month, Apollo won the bidding during an auction for Saint-Gobain’s Verallia glass bottle manufacturing unit for a rumoured fee of around 2.95 billion.[68]

Operations

Apollo is operated by its managing partners, Leon Black, Joshua Harris and Marc Rowan and a team of more than 250 investment professionals, as of March 31, 2013. The firm's headquarters are located in the Solow Building at 9 West 57th Street[69] in New York City, and the firm operates additional offices in Purchase, New York, Los Angeles, Houston, London, Frankfurt, Luxembourg, Singapore, Hong Kong and Mumbai[50]

Apollo’s executive committee includes: Leon Black, chairman and chief executive officer; Josh Harris, senior managing director; Marc Rowan, senior managing director; and Marc Spilker who was hired as President in November 2010.[70]

Apollo operates three business lines in an integrated manner:

  • Private equity—The private equity business is the cornerstone of Apollo's investment activities. Apollo invests through a variety of private equity strategies, most notably leveraged buyouts and distressed buyouts and debt investments. This business operates primarily through the firm's family of private equity investment funds (See: Investment funds)[50]
  • Credit—Apollo invests through a variety of credit strategies to complement its core private equity business. Apollo invests through a variety of investment vehicles including mezzanine funds, hedge funds, European non-performing loan funds and senior credit opportunity funds.[71]
  • Real Estate—Apollo Global Real Estate (AGRE) was established in 2008 to build upon Apollo's history of investing in real estate-related sectors such as hotels and lodging, leisure and logistics. AGRE manages a number of debt and equity-oriented real estate investment funds.[71]

Investment vehicles

Private equity funds

Apollo has historically relied primarily on private equity funds, pools of committed capital from pension funds, insurance companies, endowments, fund of funds, high-net-worth individuals, family offices, sovereign wealth funds and other institutional investors. Since 2014, Apollo has begun investing its eighth private equity fund, Apollo Investment Fund VIII, which raised approximately $18 billion of investor commitments, making it the largest private equity fund raised since the financial crisis.[72] Since inception in 1990, Apollo has raised a total of eight private equity funds, including:[24]

Fund Vintage
Year		 Committed
Capital ($m)
Apollo Investment Fund VIII 2014 $18,400
Apollo Investment Fund VII[58] 2008 $14,700
Apollo Investment Fund VI 2005 $10,200
Apollo Investment Fund V 2001 $3,700
Apollo Investment Fund IV 1998 $3,600
Apollo Investment Fund III 1995 $1,500
Apollo Investment Fund II 1992 $500
Apollo Investment Fund I 1990 $400

Apollo Investment Corporation

Apollo Global Management
Company typePublic company (Nasdaq: AINV)
ISINUS0376123065
US03768E1055 Edit this on Wikidata
Founded2004
FounderJosh Harris Edit this on Wikidata
Headquarters
United States Edit this on Wikidata
RevenueIncreaseUS$404M (FY 2010)[73]
IncreaseUS$263M (FY 2010)[73]
Total assetsIncreaseUS$3.47B (FY 2010)[74]
Total equityIncreaseUS$1.77B (FY 2010)[74]
Websitewww.apolloic.com

Apollo Investment Corporation is a US-domiciled publicly traded private equity closed-end fund and an affiliate of Apollo. AIC was formed to invest primarily in middle-market companies in the form of mezzanine debt and senior secured loans, as well as by making certain direct equity investments in companies. The Company also invests in the securities of public companies.[42][43]

AIC is structured as a business development company, a type of publicly traded private equity vehicle that is designed to generate interest income and long term capital appreciation. AIC historically has not invested in companies controlled by Apollo's private equity funds.[75]

AP Alternative Assets

Apollo Global Management
Company typePublic company (Euronext: AAA)
ISINUS0376123065
US03768E1055 Edit this on Wikidata
Founded2004
FounderJosh Harris Edit this on Wikidata
Headquarters
United States Edit this on Wikidata
Websitewww.apolloalternativeassets.com

AP Alternative Assets (Euronext: AAA) is a Guernsey-domiciled publicly traded private equity closed-end limited partnership, managed by Apollo Alternative Assets, an affiliate of Apollo Management. AAA was formed to invest alongside Apollo's main private equity funds and hedge funds.[42][43]

AAA was launched in August 2006, shortly after Kohlberg Kravis Roberts completed an initial public offering for its $5 billion for its KKR Private Equity Investors vehicle in May 2006.[43][46] Apollo raised a total of $2 billion for AAA including the vehicle's $1.5 billion IPO and a subsequent private placement.[47]

AAA's investment portfolio is made up of a mix of private equity and capital markets investments:[76]

Portfolio investments

Apollo has been an active private equity investor through the mid-2000s buyout boom. The following is a list of Apollo's most recent and currently active private equity investments. The bulk of these investments are held in Apollo Investment Fund V, VI and VII.

Investment Year Company Description Ref.
Berry Plastics 2006 In June 2006, Apollo and Graham Partners announced the acquisition of Berry Plastics Corporation, a maker of plastic containers, for $2.25 billion from Goldman Sachs Capital Partners and JPMorgan Partners. [77]
Claire's 2007 In March 2007, Apollo announced the $3.1 billion leveraged buyout of costume jewelry retailer, Claire’s Stores. In 2008, Claire's experienced financial difficulty amid the slump in consumer spending. [78][79]
Countrywide plc 2007 In May 2007, Apollo acquired Countrywide plc, the leading provider of residential property related services in the UK, formerly known as Hambro Countrywide (1988) and Countrywide Assured Group (1998) for $1.05 billion (not related to Countrywide Financial). [80]
CEVA Logistics 2006 In August 2006, TNT N.V. announced that it had agreed to the sale of its logistics division to Apollo for $1.9 billion. The business was re-branded as CEVA in November 2007. [81]
Debt investments 2008-2009 Since the beginning of 2008, Apollo has been a significant acquiror of senior secured loans from investment banks and other financial institutions. In April 2008, Apollo, TPG Capital and The Blackstone Group completed the acquisition of $12.5 billion of bank loans from Citigroup. The portfolio comprised primarily senior secured leveraged loans that had been made to finance leveraged buyout transactions at the peak of the market. Citigroup had been unable to syndicate the loans before the onset of the credit crunch. The loans were reported to have been sold in the "mid-80 cents on the dollar" relative to face value. In late 2008, it was reported that Apollo had received margin calls associated with the financing of its purchase of certain loan portfolios as the price of the loans decreased. [82][83][84]
Great Wolf Resorts 2012 In March 2012 Apollo announced plans to acquire the resorts chain for $703 million. Reports indicated the chain had not turned a profit since 2008. [85]
Harrah's Entertainment 2006 On December 19, 2006, Apollo and TPG Capital announced an agreement to acquire the gaming company for $27.4 billion, including the assumption of existing debt. [86]
Hexion Specialty Chemicals 2005 Hexion was formed in 2005 through the merger of Borden Chemical, Inc., Resolution Performance Products LLC, and Resolution Specialty Materials LLC, and the acquisition of Bakelite AG. Hexion announced in July 2007 that it was acquiring Huntsman Corporation, a major specialty chemicals company, in a $6.5 billion leveraged buyout. Hexion announced in June 2008 it would refuse to close the deal, prompting a series of legal actions. The transaction was officially terminated on December 14 after a settlement between Hexion and Huntsman, wherein they were required to pay Huntsman $1 billion to drop fraud charges that would have potentially sent the CEO of Apollo to prison. [87][88]
Jacuzzi Brands 2006 In October 2006, Apollo announced a $990 million leveraged buyout of Jacuzzi Brands, the manufacturer of whirlpool baths. [89]
McGraw-Hill Education 2012 In November 2012, McGraw Hill announced that it had agreed to the sale of its education division to Apollo for $2.5 billion. [90]
Momentive Performance Materials 2006 In June 2006, Apollo acquired General Electric's Advanced Materials (Silicones & Quartz) business in a deal valued at approximately $3.8 billion. [91]
Noranda Aluminum 2007 In April 2007, Apollo acquired the US aluminum business of the mining company Xstrata for $1.15 billion. The aluminum business, Noranda Aluminum, includes a primary smelter and three rolling mills in Tennessee, North Carolina and Arkansas along with other operations. [92]
Norwegian Cruise Line 2008 In January 2008, Apollo completed a $1 billion investment in the cruise line operator to support a recapitalization of the company's balance sheet. [93]
Oceania Cruises 2007 In February, 2007, Apollo acquired the luxury cruise line and provided additional capital to fund the expansion of the company with the purchase of two new cruise ships. [94][95]
Realogy: 2006 In December 2006, Apollo announced an $8.5 billion buyout of the real estate franchisor that owns Coldwell Banker, Century 21 and Sotheby’s International Realty. The transaction closed in April 2007 and was delisted from the New York Stock Exchange. As the housing market crash accelerated in 2008, Realogy faced financial pressures relating to its debt load. In November 2008, Realogy launched an exchange offer for a portion of its debt to provide additional flexibility, prompting a lawsuit from Carl Icahn. [55][96][97][98]
Regent Seven Seas Cruises 2008 In February 2008, Apollo purchased the luxury cruise line from Carlson Companies for $1 billion. Following the purchase, Apollo made public their plans to order a new ship for Regent. [99]
Rexnord 2006 In May 2006, Apollo announced the acquisition of the manufacturer of precision motion technology products, primarily focused on power transmission, from private equity firm The Carlyle Group for $1.825 billion. [89][100]
Smart & Final 2007 In February 2007, Apollo announced the acquisition of the Smart & Final chain of warehouse style food and supply stores. In June 2007, Smart & Final completed the acquisition of the Henry's Marketplace chain of "farmers market" style food retailers from Wild Oats Markets as part of that company's acquisition by Whole Foods Market. In 2011, the Henry's chain was merged with Sprouts Farmers Market, which, like the Henry's markets, had been founded by Henry Boney. [101][102]

[103] [104]

Vantium Management 2008 In May 2008, Apollo invested in Vantium, a company that buys residential mortgage assets as part of a strategy to profit from the housing market crash. [105]
Verso Paper 2006 In 2006, Apollo acquired International Paper's coated and supercalendered paper business for $1.4 billion, renaming the business, Verso Paper. Verso has been the second largest producer for the North American magazine publishing and catalog/commercial print markets. In May 2008, Verso was able to complete an initial public offering of stock. [106][107]
Novitex Enterprise Solutions 2013 In 2013, Apollo acquired Pitney Bowes Management Services (PBMS) for $400 million. From PBMS, Apollo formed Novitex Enterprise Solutions. Novitex is a document outsourcing provider that manages business-critical services for over 500 companies across ten industries. Many of its clients are Fortune 500 companies. [108][109]
Thai Ornament Resorts 2016 In January 2016, Apollo and Pool Trust announced the acquisition of Thai Ornament Resorts, an upscale destination resort developing firm, for $75.8 million from Tri-Cities Partnership and The Pool Trust.[110]

Other investments include Connections Academy and Unity Media GMBH.

Affiliated businesses

From its inception, Apollo built as part of a network of affiliated businesses focusing on private equity and a variety of distressed investment strategies.

Lion Advisors

Lion Advisors (or Lion Capital), which was founded at the same time as Apollo in 1990, focused on investment management and consulting services to foreign institutional accounts targeting investments in public and private high yield debt securities in the US. In 1992, Lion entered into a more formal arrangement to manage the $3 billion high-yield portfolio for Credit Lyonnais which together with a consortium of other international investors provided the capital for Lion's investment activities. The Lion business would ultimately be replaced by Ares Management.[111]

Ares Management

Main article: Ares Management
Apollo Global Management
Company typePrivate
ISINUS0376123065
US03768E1055 Edit this on Wikidata
Founded1997, 2002 (independent)
FounderJosh Harris Edit this on Wikidata
Headquarters
United States Edit this on Wikidata
Websitewww.aresmgmt.com

Ares Management, founded in 1997, was initially established to manage a $1.2 billion market value collateralized debt obligation vehicle. Ares would grow to manage a family of collateralized loan obligation (CLO) vehicles that would invest in capital markets-based securities including senior bank loans and high-yield and mezzanine debt. Ares was founded by Antony Ressler and John H. Kissick, both partners at Apollo as well as Bennett Rosenthal, who joined the group from the global leveraged finance group at Merrill Lynch.[112]

Ares I and II which were raised were structured as market value CLOs. Ares III though Ares X were structured as cash flow CLOs. In 2002, Ares completed a spinout from Apollo management. Although technically, the founders of Ares had completed a spinout with the formation of the firm in 1997, they had maintained a close relationship with Apollo over its first five years and operated as the West Coast affiliate of Apollo. Shortly thereafter, Ares completed fundraising for Ares Corporate Opportunities Fund, a special situations investment fund with $750 million of capital under management.[111][112]

In 2004, Ares debuted a publicly traded business development company, Ares Capital Corporation (NASDAQ:ARCC).[113] In 2006, Ares raised a $2.1 billion successor special situations fund (Ares Corporate Opportunities Fund II).[112]

References

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  3. ^ Leon D. Black. Business Week Snapshot
  4. ^ Overview
  5. ^ Deal Maker’s 3-Day Tally: $37 Billion. New York Times, 2006
  6. ^ [1]
  7. ^ Drexel Divided on Settlement. New York Times, December 17, 1988
  8. ^ a b Ex-Drexel Executives Arrange Aid for Fruit of the Loom, August 24, 1990
  9. ^ Changes at Drexel Continue. New York Times, March 11, 1989
  10. ^ Drexel's Uncertain Future. New York Times, October 15, 1989
  11. ^ Bailing Out France's Biggest Bank. New York Times, January 26, 1995
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  13. ^ HYLTON, RICHARD D. Corporate Bond Defaults Up Sharply in '89 New York Times, January 11, 1990.
  14. ^ Apollo dissolves Vail Resorts stake. Deseret News (Salt Lake City), Oct 1, 2004
  15. ^ Company News; Walter Industries' Bondholders in Accord. New York Times, April 9, 1994
  16. ^ Settlement For Walter Industries And Creditors. New York Times, October 21, 1994
  17. ^ E-II Revamps Debt Plan To Offset Offer by Icahn. New York Times, May 22, 1993.
  18. ^ Washington Hopes 'Vulture' Investors Will Buy Bad Assets. New York Times, February 10, 2009
  19. ^ European Group Pressing Its Offer for Executive Life, April 13, 1991
  20. ^ Executive Life Indictments Brought. Wall Street Journal, December 18, 2003 Archived 2006-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ He Made Real Estate a Science: William L. Mack, W’61. Wharton School of Business Alumni Magazine, Spring 2007
  22. ^ AREA Property Partners Press Release
  23. ^ Apollo Real Estate Advisors closes Apollo Value Enhancement Fund VII with USD758m. Hedge Week, July 8, 2008
  24. ^ a b c d Double trouble. The Deal, July 18, 2008 Archived 2010-11-11 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Leon Black: Wall Street's Dr. No. Business Week, July 29, 1996
  26. ^ Levitz Furniture Gets Boost from Financier Leon Black. Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News, July, 1996
  27. ^ Communications Corporation of America Profile. Business Week
  28. ^ Yucaipa will stack up hefty debt load if it buys Ralphs. Los Angeles Business Journal, August 22, 1994 Archived 2007-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ HFS-Apollo in Real Estate Brokerage Venture. New York Times, August 13, 1997
  30. ^ Pillowtex to Acquire Fieldcrest for $400 Million. New York Times, September 12, 1997
  31. ^ Telemundo Plan Backed. New York Times, July 21, 1994
  32. ^ Weyerhaeuser Mortgage Company sale closes. Business Wire, May 22, 1997
  33. ^ Pegasus Capital Advisors > Craig Cogut Profile (company website). Also: Craig Cogut's Professional Profile (Founder of Pegasus Capital Advisors). Archived 2012-07-30 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ A trash hauler is buying a much bigger rival, a type of deal that makes Wall Street a bit nervous. New York Times, March 9, 1999
  35. ^ For a Theater Chain, A Revival May Be Near. New York Times, January 27, 2002
  36. ^ Apollo Takes 20% Stake In Berlitz For $100 Million. New York Times, October 8, 1998
  37. ^ Apollo Affiliate Is Acquiring Clark's Store Operations. New York Times, May 14, 1999
  38. ^ Neptune Orient To Sell North American Train Network. New York Times, March 18, 1999
  39. ^ Wyndham Receives $1 Billion From Investor Group. New York Times, July 1, 1999
  40. ^ Fitch Assigns Ares Management CDO Asset Manager Ratings[dead link‍]. Business Wire, February 25, 2003
  41. ^ Apollo raising distressed-debt fund[dead link‍]. The Deal, June 5, 2003
  42. ^ a b c Fabrikant, Geraldine. "Private Firms Use Closed-End Funds To Tap the Market." New York Times, April 17, 2004.
  43. ^ a b c d e f Sorkin, Andrew Ross. "Equity Firm Is Seen Ready to Sell a Stake to Investors." New York Times, April 5, 2007.
  44. ^ Samuelson, Robert J. "The Private Equity Boom". The Washington Post, March 15, 2007.
  45. ^ a b In Private Equity, the Limits of Apollo’s Power. New York Times, December 7, 2008
  46. ^ a b Timmons, Heather. "Opening Private Equity's Door, at Least a Crack, to Public Investors." New York Times, May 4, 2006.
  47. ^ a b Apollo equity fund IPO falls short of its target. International Herald Tribune, June 9, 2006
  48. ^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross and De La Merced, Michael J. "Buyout Firm Said to Seek a Private Market Offering." New York Times, July 18, 2007.
  49. ^ Apollo chief says sold nine percent of firm to Abu Dhabi. Reuters, November 7, 2007
  50. ^ a b c Apollo Global Management, Llc, Form S-1, Securities And Exchange Commission, April 8, 2008
  51. ^ de la Merced, Michael J. "Apollo Struggles to Keep Debt From Sinking Linens 'n Things." New York Times, April 14, 2008.
  52. ^ Forget slowdown, PEs still heading to India. The Economic Times, August 8, 2008
  53. ^ a b Bankruptcy Protection for Retailer. New York Times, May 3, 2008
  54. ^ Apollo Struggles to Keep Debt From Sinking Linens 'n Things. New York Times, April 14, 2008
  55. ^ a b An End Run Around Realogy’s Lenders. New York Times, November 27, 2008
  56. ^ PIK and Roll: Companies Seize On Perks of Loose Lending . Wall Street Journal, May 19, 2008
  57. ^ "Apollo First-Quarter Profit Rises 76% as Holdings Gain". Bloomberg.
  58. ^ a b Apollo Closes Buyout Fund Near $15 Billion Target. Wall Street Journal, January 23, 2009. Most recently, Apollo acquired Cedar Fair L.P. for about $650 million dollars cash. The company had seen profits plummet in the recent recession. Net income dropped more than $45 million from last year, and Cedar Fair was forced to sell. Apollo acquired more than 1.5 billion dollars of debt.
  59. ^ Press Releases :: Cedar Fair Entertainment Company
  60. ^ "Coastal Business: Charleston Port activity studied". The Sun News. 2009-12-31. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-01. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  61. ^ "Cedar Fair: Takeover not happening". The Seattle Times. 6 April 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  62. ^ de la Merced, Michael J. "Private Equity Firms Duel Over Water Park Operator." New York Times DealBook, April 8, 2012.
  63. ^ "McGraw-Hill Sells Education Unit to Apollo - WSJ.com". The Wall Street Journal.
  64. ^ Kosman, Josh. "Leon Black's Apollo Global new owner of Twinkies, other Hostess snack brands". New York Post. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  65. ^ "Equity firm Apollo buys $419.4m (€307m) of Irish home loans from Lloyds". Irish Independent. 6 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  66. ^ "Chuck E. Cheese sold in near-bn deal - FT.com". Reuters.
  67. ^ Ankit Ajmera (1 June 2015). "OM Group to be taken private by Apollo Global in $1.03 billion deal". Reuters. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  68. ^ Andrew Callus (7 June 2015). "Apollo wins auction for St-Gobain's Verallia". Reuters. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  69. ^ Business People; Taking Tyco's View. New York Times, February 29, 2004
  70. ^ International Alternative Investment Review
  71. ^ a b Amendment No. 8 to Form S-1
  72. ^ Greg Roumeliotis (January 9, 2014). "Apollo raises largest PE fund since financial crisis". Reuters.
  73. ^ a b Apollo Investment (AINV) annual SEC income statement filing via Wikinvest.
  74. ^ a b Apollo Investment (AINV) annual SEC balance sheet filing via Wikinvest.
  75. ^ Apollo Investment Corporation: Portfolio Companies (company website)
  76. ^ Apollo Alternative Assets: Investment Strategy (company website Archived 2009-01-29 at the Wayback Machine
  77. ^ Berry Plastics to Be Sold Again. Reuters, June 29, 2006
  78. ^ Costume Jewelry Retailer Agrees to a Takeover. New York Times, March 21, 2007
  79. ^ Wave of Bankruptcy Filings Expected From Retailers in Wake of Holidays. Wall Street Journal, JANUARY 12, 2009
  80. ^ Apollo Sweetens Countrywide PLC Bid. Wall Street Journal, April 13, 2007
  81. ^ Dutch Postal Deal. Associated Press, August 24, 2006
  82. ^ Citi Is Said to Be Near Deal to Sell $12.5 Billion of Loans. New York Times, April 9, 2008
  83. ^ Apollo, GSO Debt Funds Have Faced Margin Call Issues. Wall Street Journal, November 12, 2008
  84. ^ Black: Apollo's debt bets were ‘a little early’. Private Equity Online, January 23, 2009
  85. ^ Ahmed, Azam (March 13, 2012). "Apollo to Acquire Water Park Operator for $703 Million". The New York Times.
  86. ^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross. "Harrah's Is Said to Be in Talks to Accept $16.7 Billion Buyout." New York Times, December 18, 2006.
  87. ^ Manufacturer of Chemicals Agrees to Bid From Apollo. New York Times, July 13, 2007
  88. ^ Huntsman Settles With Apollo, New York Times, December 14, 2008
  89. ^ a b Jacuzzi Brands Is Going Private. Reuters, October 12, 2006
  90. ^ [2]. New York Times, November 26, 2012
  91. ^ Apollo Management to buy GE Advanced Materials Business. AltAssets, September 18, 2006 Archived 2008-06-08 at the Wayback Machine
  92. ^ Mine Company Sells U.S. Unit. New York Times, April 12, 2007
  93. ^ Closes $1 Billion Investment by Apollo. Reuters, January 7, 2008
  94. ^ Oceania Cruises sold to new owners. USA Today, February 27, 2007 Archived 2007-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
  95. ^ Oceania Cruises Closes A Transaction With Apollo Management: Completes $850 Million Strategic Partnership. Oceania Cruises press release, April 30, 2007 Archived 2008-12-05 at the Wayback Machine
  96. ^ Latest Deal in Real Estate for $9 Billion. New York Times, December 18, 2006
  97. ^ "Apollo Management, L.P. Completes Acquisition Of Realogy Corporation". Realogy. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
  98. ^ Icahn Sues Real Estate Company Over Debt. New York Times, December 2, 2008
  99. ^ Apollo to buy cruise company Regent Seven Seas Cruises. AltAssets, December 12, 2007 Archived 2008-12-02 at the Wayback Machine
  100. ^ Carlyle to sell Rexnord Corporation to Apollo for $1.8bn. AltAssets, May 25, 2006 Archived 2008-03-07 at the Wayback Machine
  101. ^ Smart & Final sells to Apollo Management affiliate in $813.9M deal. Los Angeles Business, February 20, 2007
  102. ^ Whole Foods Deal. Bloomberg, June 21, 2007
  103. ^ Hamstra, Mark (16 February 2011). "Apollo Combines Sprouts, Henry's". Supermarket News. Penton Media, Inc. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  104. ^ Crabtree, Penni (27 February 2011). "Merger of Henry's, Sprouts is latest in Boney family's retail saga". SignOn San Diego. The San Diego Union-Tribune, LLC. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  105. ^ Apollo Management Invests in Buyer of Mortgage Assets. New York Times, May 28, 2008
  106. ^ Verso Paper turns a page with IPO; President & CEO Mike Jackson credits a foundation document, focused strategies, and talented employees for company's success. Paper360, Oct, 2008
  107. ^ Verso Paper Sets I.P.O. Range. New York Times, April 29, 2008
  108. ^ Apollo Global Management to Acquire Management Services Business from Pitney Bowes. Pitney Bowes Inc, July 30, 2013
  109. ^ Pitney Bowes Management Services Becomes Novitex Enterprise Solutions
  110. ^ http://www.novica.com/itemdetail/?pid=264122
  111. ^ a b Ares Enhanced Loan Investment Strategy IR, Ltd. Prospectus. September 22, 2008 Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine
  112. ^ a b c Ares Management to Take New Fund Public. Los Angeles Times, April 22, 2004
  113. ^ Ares Capital IPO Raises $165 Million. Los Angeles Times, October 06, 2004

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