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Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria

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Archduke Rainer Joseph
Born(1783-09-30)30 September 1783
Pisa, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Died16 January 1853(1853-01-16) (aged 69)
Bolzano, Austrian Empire
Burial
Bolzano Cathedral
SpousePrincess Elisabeth of Savoy
IssueAdelaide, Queen of Sardinia
Leopold Ludwig
Rainer Ferdinand
Names
Rainer Joseph Johann Michael Franz Hieronymus
HouseHouse of Habsburg-Lorraine
FatherLeopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
MotherMaria Luisa of Spain

Rainer Joseph of Austria (30 September 1783 – 16 January 1853) was a Viceroy of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia from 1818 to 1848. He was also an Archduke of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungary and Bohemia.

Biography

Rainer was a son of Emperor Leopold II and Empress Maria Luisa, and was thus a younger brother of Emperor Franz I.

Although Rainer suffered from a mild form of epilepsy, this did not visibly interfere with his military career.[1]

Rainer served as Viceroy of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia from 1818 to 1848. The position made Rainer and his wife the head of the Austrian court at Milan. Rainer politics were increasingly unpopular, the Italians resented him for their lack of political freedom and for collecting revenues with so little benefit to them.

Throughout the 1840s, the political situation worsened to such an extent that in 1847, Metternich resurrected his 1817 plans for an Italian chancellery by sending his right-hand man count Charles-Louis de Ficquelmont to Milan as acting Chancellor of Lombardy–Venetia to restore the Austrian rule while taking over Northern Italy's administration. But only a few months later, Ficquelmont was recall to Vienna to assume the leadership of the Council of war as the Revolutions of 1848 started.

Archduke Rainer's mistakes as well as the lack of understanding between Rainer and Feldmarschall Graf Radetzky, were blamed for the disasters of the Italian Revolution of 1848.[2]

Marriage and children

He married at Prague on 28 May 1820 Princess Elisabeth of Savoy (13 April 1800 – 25 December 1856). She was the sister of the Prince of Carignano, who would in 1831 become King of Sardinia as King Charles Albert. She was also a granddaughter of the late former Duke of the Baltic principality of Courland.

Children included:

  • Maria Karolina (6 February 1821 – 23 Jan 1844) – unmarried, no issue
  • Adelaide (3 June 1822 – 20 January 1855) – wife of Victor Emmanuel II, from 1849 king of Sardinia
  • Leopold Ludwig (6 June 1823 – 24 May 1898) – Oberkommandant der Marine ('High Commander of the Navy') from 1864 to 1868
  • Ernst Karl (8 August 1824 – 4 April 1899), Feldmarschalleutnant
  • Sigismund Leopold (7 January 1826 – 15 December 1891), Feldmarschalleutnant
  • Rainer Ferdinand (11 January 1827 – 27 January 1913) – Austrian Minister President 1859–61;[3][4] his visit to the Hotel Greif in Wels is commemorated by a wall plaque there.
  • Heinrich Anton (9 May 1828 – 30 November 1891), Feldmarschalleutnant
  • Maximilian Karl (16 January 1830 – 16 March 1839)

The Revolution of 1848 forced Rainer and Elisabeth from the court at Milan; when the insurrection was quelled, Radetzky was named Rainer's successor as Viceroy. Although his children, except Adelheid, are buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna, he and his wife are buried at the Maria Himmelfahrtskirche in Bolzano.

Through his daughter Adelaide, Rainer is an ancestor of the entire royal family of Italy which reigned from 1861 to 1946.

Ancestry

Family of Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria
16. Charles V, Duke of Lorraine
8. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine
17. Eleonora Maria Josefa of Austria
Queen Dowager of Poland-Lithuania
4. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
18. Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
9. Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans
19. Countess Palatine Elizabeth Charlotte of Simmern
2. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
20. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
10. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
21. Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg
5. Maria Theresa of Austria
Queen of Hungary & Bohemia
22. Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
11. Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
23. Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen
1. Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria
24. Louis, Dauphin of France
12. Philip V of Spain
25. Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria
6. Charles III of Spain
26. Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma
13. Elisabeth Farnese
27. Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg
3. Maria Luisa of Spain
28. Augustus II of Poland
Elector of Saxony
14. Augustus III of Poland
Elector of Saxony
29. Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
7. Maria Amalia of Saxony
30. Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor
15. Maria Josepha of Austria
31. Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

  • 30 September 1783 – 11 August 1783 His Royal Highness Archduke Ranier Joseph of Austria
  • 11 August 1804 – 16 January 1853 His Imperial & Royal Highness Archduke Ranier Joseph of Austria

Notes

  1. ^ George R. Marek, The Eagles Die. Franz Joseph, Elisabeth, and Their Austria, pp. 41–42. New York: Harper & Row, 1974. This mild form of epilepsy was also suffered by Archduke Karl and his son, Archduke Albrecht, both of whom were able military commanders.
  2. ^ Joan Haslip, The Crown of Mexico, pp. 22, 89, 109. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.
  3. ^ Robert Adolf Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918, pp. 328, 331. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.
  4. ^ Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs. The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph, pp. 122–123. New York: Grove Press, 1994.
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