Arctium
| Burdock | |
|---|---|
| |
| Arctium tomentosum | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Tribe: | Cardueae |
| Subtribe: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | Arctium L. 1753 not Lam. 1779 |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Arctium is a genus of biennial plants commonly known as burdock, family Asteraceae.[2] Native to Europe and Asia, several species have been widely introduced worldwide.[3]
Description
Plants of the genus Arctium have dark green leaves that can grow up to 70 cm (28 in) long. They are generally large, coarse and ovate, with the lower ones being heart-shaped. They are woolly underneath. The leafstalks are generally hollow. Arctium species generally flower from July through to October. Burdock flowers provide essential pollen and nectar for honeybees around August when clover is on the wane and before the goldenrod starts to bloom.[4]
The roots of burdock, among other plants, are eaten by the larva of the ghost moth (Hepialus humuli). The plant is used as a food plant by other Lepidoptera including brown-tail, Coleophora paripennella, Coleophora peribenanderi, the Gothic, lime-speck pug and scalloped hazel.
The prickly heads of these plants (burrs) are noted for easily catching on to fur and clothing. In England, some birdwatchers have reported that birds have become entangled in the burrs leading to a slow death, as they are unable to free themselves.[5] Burdock's clinging properties, in addition to thus providing an excellent mechanism for seed dispersal,[3] led to the invention of the hook and loop fastener.[6]
A large number of species have been placed in genus Arctium at one time or another, but most of them are now classified in the related genus Cousinia. The precise limits between Arctium and Cousinia are hard to define; there is an exact correlation between their molecular phylogeny. The burdocks are sometimes confused with the cockleburs (genus Xanthium) and rhubarb (genus Rheum).
Uses
Food and drink
The taproot of young burdock plants can be harvested and eaten as a root vegetable. While generally out of favour in modern European cuisine, it remains popular in Asia. Arctium lappa is known as niúbàng (牛蒡) in Chinese, which was borrowed into Japanese as gobō, and is still eaten in both countries. In Korean burdock root is called u-eong (우엉) and sold as tong u-eong (통우엉), or "whole burdock". Plants are cultivated for their slender roots, which can grow about one metre long and two centimetres across. Burdock root is very crisp and has a sweet, mild, and pungent flavour with a little muddy harshness that can be reduced by soaking julienned or shredded roots in water for five to ten minutes.
Immature flower stalks may also be harvested in late spring, before flowers appear; their taste resembles that of artichoke, to which the burdock is related. The stalks are thoroughly peeled, and either eaten raw, or boiled in salt water.[7] Leaves are also eaten in spring in Japan when a plant is young and leaves are soft. Some A. lappa cultivars are specialized for this purpose. A popular Japanese dish is kinpira gobō (金平牛蒡), julienned or shredded burdock root and carrot, braised with soy sauce, sugar, mirin and/or sake, and sesame oil. Another is burdock makizushi (sushi filled with pickled burdock root; the burdock root is often artificially coloured orange to resemble a carrot).
In the second half of the 20th century, burdock achieved international recognition for its culinary use due to the increasing popularity of the macrobiotic diet, which advocates its consumption. It contains a fair amount of dietary fiber (GDF, 6 g per 100 g), calcium, potassium, amino acids,[8] and is low in calories. It contains a polyphenol oxidase,[9] which causes its darkened surface and muddy harshness by forming tannin-iron complexes. Burdock root's harshness harmonizes well with pork in miso soup (tonjiru) and with Japanese-style pilaf (takikomi gohan).
Dandelion and burdock is today a soft drink that has long been popular in the United Kingdom, which has its origins in hedgerow mead commonly drunk in the mediæval period.[10] Burdock is believed to be a galactagogue, a substance that increases lactation, but it is sometimes recommended to be avoided during pregnancy based on animal studies that show components of burdock to cause uterus stimulation.[11]
In Europe, burdock root was used as a bittering agent in beer before the widespread adoption of hops for this purpose.
Traditional medicine
Folk herbalists considered dried burdock to be a diuretic, diaphoretic, and a blood purifying agent.[citation needed] The seeds of A. lappa are used in traditional Chinese medicine under the name niubangzi (Chinese: 牛蒡子; pinyin: niúbángzi; some dictionaries list the Chinese as just Chinese: 牛蒡; pinyin: niúbàng).[12]
Burdock is a traditional medicinal herb used for many ailments. Burdock root oil extract, also called bur oil, is used in Europe as a scalp treatment.[13]
Adverse effects
The green, above-ground portions may cause contact dermatitis in individual with allergies as the plant contains lactones.[14]
Symbolism
In Turkish Anatolia, the burdock plant was believed to ward off the evil eye, and as such is often woven into kilims for protection. With its many flowers, the plant also symbolizes abundance.[15]
Burdock and velcro
After taking his dog for a walk one day in the late 1940s (1948), George de Mestral, a Swiss inventor, became curious about the seeds of the burdock plant that had attached themselves to his clothes and to the dog's fur. Under a microscope, he looked closely at the hook system that the seeds use to hitchhike on passing animals aiding seed dispersal, and he realized that the same approach could be used to join other things together. His work led to the development of the hook and loop fastener, which was initially sold under the Velcro brand name.[6]
"Black from dust but still alive and red in the center. It reminded me of Hadji Murad. It makes me want to write. It asserts life to the end, and alone in the midst of the whole field, somehow or other had asserted it."
–Russian author Leo Tolstoy, in his journal (July, 1896) of a tiny shoot of burdock he saw in a ploughed field
Serbian and Croatian languages use the same word, čičak, for burdock and velcro;[16] Turkish does the same with the name pitrak, while in the Polish language rzep means both burr and velcro. The German word for burdock is Klette and velcro is Klettverschluss (= burdock fastener). In Norwegian burdock is borre and velcro borrelås which translates to burdock lock.
Species
- Accepted species[1]
- Arctium atlanticum (Pomel) H.Lindb. - Algeria, Morocco
- Arctium debrayi Senay - France, Belgium
- Arctium lappa L. - much of Europe + Asia; naturalized in North America, Australia, New Zealand
- Arctium leiobardanum Juz. & C.serg. ex Stepanov - Siberia
- Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. - Europe + southwestern Asia; naturalized in North and South America, Australia, New Zealand
- Arctium nemorosum Lej. - Europe, Caucasus, Greenland
- Arctium neumani (Rouy) Rouy - central + eastern Europe
- Arctium nothum (Ruhmer) J.Weiss - central + eastern Europe
- Arctium palladini (Marcow.) R.E.Fr. & Söderb. - Turkey, Iran, Caucasus
- Arctium palladinii Grossh. - Iran, Caucasus
- Arctium platylepis (Boiss. & Bal.) Sosn. ex Grossh. - Turkey, Iran, Caucasus
- Arctium pseudarctium (Bornm.) Duist. - Afghanistan, Tajikistan
- Arctium sardaimionense Rassulova & B.A.Sharipova - Tajikistan
- Arctium scanicum (Rouy) Rouy - France, Belgium
- Arctium tomentosum Mill. - northern and eastern Europe, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, Siberia, Xinjiang; naturalized in North America
References
- ^ a b Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 816
- ^ a b "Arctium". Flora of North America. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
- ^ "Don't Cut Your Burdock Down!". Vermont: Calidonia Spirits. August 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Chapter Begins Burdock Removal Project". Greater Bozeman, MT: Sacajawea Audubon Society. August 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ a b Strauss, Steven D. (December 2001). The Big Idea: How Business Innovators Get Great Ideas to Market. Kaplan Business. pp. 15-pp.18. ISBN 0-7931-4837-5. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
- ^ Szczawinski, A.F.; Turner, N.J. (1978). Edible Garden Weeds of Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences.
- ^ nikkeibp.co.jp
- ^ Extraction, Partial Characterization, and Inhibition Patterns of Polyphenol Oxidase from Burdock (Arctium lappa). Mie S. Lee-Kim, Eun S. Hwang and Kyung H. Kim, Enzymatic Browning and Its Prevention, Chapter 21, pp. 267–276, doi:10.1021/bk-1995-0600.ch021
- ^ "Mead Recipes: Dandelion and Burdock Beer". Dyfed Lloyd Evans. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Burdock (Arctium lappa): MedlinePlus Supplements". Nlm.nih.gov. 20 July 2010. Archived from the original on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Chen, WC; Hsu, YJ; Lee, MC; Li, HS; Ho, CS; Huang, CC; Chen, FA (2017). "Effect of burdock extract on physical performance and physiological fatigue in mice". J Vet Med Sci. 79 (10): 1698–1706. doi:10.1292/jvms.17-0345. PMC 5658563. PMID 28890521.
- ^ Balch, Phyllis A. (1 January 2002). Prescription for Herbal Healing. Penguin. ISBN 9780895298690.
- ^ Calapai, G; Miroddi, M; Minciullo, PL; Caputi, AP; Gangemi, S; Schmidt, RJ (July 2014). "Contact dermatitis as an adverse reaction to some topically used European herbal medicinal products - part 1: Achillea millefolium-Curcuma longa". Contact dermatitis. 71 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1111/cod.12222. PMID 24621152.
- ^ Erbek, Güran (1998). Kilim Catalogue No. 1. May Selçuk A. S. Edition=1st. pp. 4–30.
- ^ "čičak (Hrvatski jezični portal)" (in Croatian). Novi Liber. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
External links
