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*In the 1920s and 1930s, beginning in the 1927-28 season, the Senators, [[Boston Bruins]], [[Montreal Maroons]], [[Chicago Blackhawks]], [[Detroit Cougars]], and [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] had a barber’s pole variation in their jerseys. Meanwhile, the [[New York Americans]], wore “basically . . . the United States flag as a jersey.” The style endured, but in the 1938-39 season, the Blackhawks were the last to have a barber pole jersey in the traditional sense. The Hawks retired their barber-pole at the end of the 1954-55 season.<ref name="Canadiens"/>
*In the 1920s and 1930s, beginning in the 1927-28 season, the Senators, [[Boston Bruins]], [[Montreal Maroons]], [[Chicago Blackhawks]], [[Detroit Cougars]], and [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] had a barber’s pole variation in their jerseys. Meanwhile, the [[New York Americans]], wore “basically . . . the United States flag as a jersey.” The style endured, but in the 1938-39 season, the Blackhawks were the last to have a barber pole jersey in the traditional sense. The Hawks retired their barber-pole at the end of the 1954-55 season.<ref name="Canadiens"/>
*In junior ranks, the [[Chicoutimi Sagueneens]] and the [[Ottawa 67's]] used them in the [[Quebec Major Junior Hockey League]] (QMJHL). See also [[Seattle Metropolitans]].
*In junior ranks, the [[Chicoutimi Sagueneens]] and the [[Ottawa 67's]] used them in the [[Quebec Major Junior Hockey League]] (QMJHL). See also [[Seattle Metropolitans]].
*The style remained dormant until the [[National Hockey League 75th anniversary]]. [[Internet Radio]] commentator Scotty Wazz described them as “more traditional than tacky” when they were temporarily revived.<ref name="Canadiens"/> See [[NHL uniform]] and [[Throwback uniform]].
*The style remained dormant until the [[National Hockey League 75th anniversary]]. [[Internet Radio]] commentator Scotty Wazz, drawing from his personal experiences with [[Male_genitalia|poles]] and all things [[Dildos|cylindrical]], described them as “more traditional than tacky” when they were temporarily revived.<ref name="Canadiens"/> See [[NHL uniform]] and [[Throwback uniform]].


===Knots===
===Knots===

Revision as of 04:10, 7 December 2010

Barber pole, ca. 1938, North Carolina Museum of History
Barber shop in Torquay, Devon, with red and white pole

A barber's pole is a type of sign used by barbers to signify the place or shop where they perform their craft. The trade sign is, by a tradition dating back to the Middle Ages, a staff or pole with a helix of colored stripes (usually red, white, and blue in the United States; often red and white in other countries). The pole may be stationary or may revolve, often with the aid of an electric motor.[1][2]

A "barber's pole" with a helical stripe is a familiar sight, and is used as a secondary metaphor to describe objects in many other contexts. For example, if the shaft or tower of a lighthouse has been painted with a helical stripe as a daymark, the lighthouse could be described as having been painted in "barber's pole" colors.

Origin in barbering and surgery

Antique red and blue striped pole in Pottstown, Pennsylvania

The origin of the red and white barber pole is associated with the service of bloodletting and was historically a representation of bloody bandages wrapped around a pole.[2] During medieval times, barbers performed surgery on customers, as well as tooth extractions. The original pole had a brass wash basin at the top (representing the vessel in which leeches were kept) and bottom (representing the basin that received the blood). The pole itself represents the staff that the patient gripped during the procedure to encourage blood flow

Barbers, being medieval surgeons, would be present at the birth of a child, and were there to cut the umbilical cord—a red (artery) and blue (vein) on a pale colour umbilical cord was passed to the parents by the barber after the umbilical cord had been cut, and this blue/red/pale tube or pole became the Barber's pole, and the symbol of the pole represents a freshly cut umbilical cord.

Others opine that the red, white and blue format in the United States may be an homage to the colours of the flag.[2]

At the Council of Tours in 1163, the clergy was banned from the practice of surgery.[3] From then, physicians were clearly separated from the surgeons and barbers. Later, the role of the barbers was defined by the College de Saint Come et Saint Damien, established by Jean Pitard in Paris circa 1210,[4] as academic surgeons of the long robe and barber surgeons of the short robe.

After the formation of the United Barber Surgeon's Company in England, a statute required the barber to use a blue and white pole and the surgeon to use a red pole. In France, surgeons used a red pole with a basin attached to identify their offices. Blue often appears on poles in the United States, possibly as an homage to its national colours. Another more fanciful interpretation of these barber pole colours is that red represents arterial blood, blue is symbolic of venous blood, and white depicts the bandage.

Prior to 1950, there were four manufacturers of barber poles in the United States. In 1950, William Marvy of St. Paul, Minnesota, started manufacturing barber poles. Marvy made his 50,000th barber pole in 1967, and, by 2010, over 82,000 had been produced.[5] The William Marvy Company is now the sole manufacturer of barber poles in North America, and sells only 500 per year (compared to 5,100 in the 1960s).[6] In recent years, the sale of spinning barber poles has dropped considerably, since few barber shops are opening, and many jurisdictions prohibit moving signs. Koken of St. Louis, Missouri, manufactured barber equipment such as chairs and assorted poles in the 19th century.

As early as 1905, use of the poles was reported to be "diminishing" in the United States.[7]

There are locales where use of barber poles on barber shops is required by local ordinance.[8]

In Forest Grove, Oregon, the "World's Tallest Barber Shop Pole" measures 70 feet (21 m).[9] See also fifth President of Liberia and 4th Chief Justice of Liberia Edward James Roye for the tallest pole in Western Indiana.

The consistent use of this symbol for advertising was analogous to an apothecary's [[Show globe], a tobacconist's Cigar store indian and a pawn broker's three gold balls.

Use in prostitution

In some parts of Asia, a red, white and blue barber pole is used as a symbol for a brothel. While prostitution is illegal in many parts of Asia, laws against it are often not enforced to the degree that all public solicitations for it are eliminated. The barber's pole is used as a euphemistic way of advertising a brothel, thus reducing the likelihood of police intervention.

In South Korea, barber's poles are used both for actual barbershops and for brothels.[10] Brothels disguised as barbershops, referred to as 이발소 (ilbalso) or 이용실 (iyongsil), are more likely to use two poles next to each other, often spinning in opposite directions, though the use of a single pole for the same reason is also quite common.[11] Actual barbershops, or 미용실 (miyongsil), are more likely to be hair salons; to avoid confusion, they will name usually use a pole that shows a picture of a woman with flowing hair on it with the words hair salon written on the pole.

Optical illusion

See also: Barberpole illusion
A software rendering of a spinning barber pole

A spinning barber pole is the basis for the motion perception optical illusion, in which the stripes appear to be traveling down or up the length of the pole,[12] rather than around it.[13]

As one psychological expert noted, while making a metaphor to an auditory illusion:

The counterclockwise motion of the diagonal stripes (rightward, from the normal view of the pole) moves each stripe out of view in the same way that an apparent fundamental quiets itself during its ascent, while the emergence of a new stripe resembles the rise of a new fundamental. The cylinder as a whole resembles the amplitude envelope of the ST because it does not change in height. The barber's pole appears to rise infinitely because visible portions of the stripes rise in the visual field, but the stripe at any given height is actually making a 360° rotation.[13]

Compare Todorović, Dejan (2002). "A NEW VARIANT OF THE BARBERPOLE EFFECT: PSYCHOPHYSICAL DATA AND COMPUTER SIMULATIONS" (PDF). PSIHOLOGIJA. Vol. 35 (3-4). Serbia, Yugoslavia: Laboratory for Experimental Psychology, University of Belgrade: 209-223 UDC 159.937.075. Retrieved November 26, 2010.. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) and authorities cited therein.[14][15][16]

Other uses of the term

Animal husbandry

Haemonchus contortus, or "Barber's pole worm", is the parasitic nematode responsible for anemia, bottle jaw, and death of infected sheep[17] and goats, mainly during summer months in warm, humid climates.[18][19] Humans may become infected by the worms.[20]

Astronomy

The Swan portion of M 17 in the Sagittarius nebulosity is said to resemble a barber’s pole.[21]

Aviation and space flight

The term on the barber pole is pilot jargon that refers to flying an aircraft at the maximum safe velocity. The Airspeed Indicator on aircraft capable of flying at altitude features a red/white striped needle resembling a barber pole. This needle displays the VMO (Maximum Operating Velocity) or—at altitude—the MMO (Mach Limit Maximum Operating Speed) of the aircraft. As the aircraft increases in altitude and the air decreases in density and temperature, the speed of sound also decreases. Close to the speed of sound, an aircraft becomes susceptible to buffeting caused by shock waves produced by flying at transonic speeds. Thus, as the speed of sound decreases, so the maximum safe operating speed of the aircraft is reduced. The "barber pole" needle moves to indicate this speed. Flying "on the barber pole" therefore means to be flying the aircraft as fast as is safe to do so in the current conditions.[22]

Barberpole is a phrase used to describe the striped output of indicators used during the Apollo and Shuttle programs. Typically the indicator would show all grey or a grey and white striped pattern, known as barberpole, to allow the astronauts a quick visual reference of the status of the spacecraft systems. Various indicators in the Apollo Command Modules indicated barberpole when the corresponding system was inactive. Astronaut Jim Lovell can also be found describing system indications as "barber poled" in the transcript of radio transmissions [1] during the Apollo 13 accident.

The phrase barberpole continues to be found in many subsystem descriptions in the Space Shuttle News Reference Manual,[23] as well as the NASA/KSC Acronym List.[24]

During World War I and World War II, the pattern has also been used as an insignia for aircraft identification.[25] Spad XIIIs of the 94th Aero Squadron USAS in early 1919 used variations on Barber pole patterns including: 'Barber Pole' of Lt Dudley 'Red' Outcault; S.16546 ' Flag Bus' of Captain Reed Chambers; and 'Rising Sun' of Lt John Jeffers.[26]

Booksellers

Red or rubric posts were sometimes used by booksellers in England prior to 1800. William Roberts reports in The Book Hunter in London that certain 18th-century bookshops in the Little Britain district of London sported such poles:

"A few years before Nichols published [in 1816] his Literary Anecdotes, two booksellers used to sport their rubric posts close to each other here in Little Britain, and these rubric posts were once as much the type of a bookseller's shop as the pole is of a barber's...Sewell, Cornhill, and Kecket and De Hondt, Strand, were among the last to use these curious trade signs."[27]

Border and lane markers

Canadian Naval Group

The famous Barber Pole Group was originally a group of 120 Flower-class corvettes built in Canada during World War II, and charged primarily with protecting freighter convoys. The original group was Escort Group C-3. This group of ships, with its red and white barber pole stripes painted on the funnel, is still represented in the current Canadian navy: all Atlantic fleet ships wear this insignia. HMCS Sackville is the last remaining Flower-class corvette.[28][29][30]

Candy

The old-fashioned American stick candy is sometimes also referred to as "barber pole candy" due to its colorful, swirled appearance. See also, Candy cane. "Candy stripe" is a generic description of the candy cane color scheme. Among many other names, the candy has been called Polkagris.[31]

Computer science

In UI design, a barber pole-like pattern is used in progress bars when the wait time is indefinite. It is intended to be used like a throbber to tell the user that processing is continuing, although it is not known when the processing will complete.

Barber pole is also sometimes used to describe a text pattern where a line of text is rolled left or right one character on the line below. The CHARGEN service generates a form of this pattern. It is used to test RAM, hard disks and printers. A similar pattern is also used in secure erasure of media. This may be pictured as: 

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW  
BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWX  	 
CDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY  	 
DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Crustacea

Stenopus hispidus is a shrimp-like decapod crustacean sometimes called the "barber pole shrimp." See also Stenopodidea.

Daymarks as a navigational aid

White Shoal Light

Electronics

The strength and direction of magnetic field and electrical currents can be measured using a "magnetoresistive barber-pole sensor" (also called a "hermetic proximity sensor"), and its performance can be depicted using a mathematical formula.[35] Such a sensor interleaves a series of permanent magnet strips with a series of magnetoresistive strips. The "conductive barberpole strips are canted across the sensor and connect one magnetoresistive strip, over a permanent magnet strip, to another magnetoresistive strip." This is said to provide a "uniform magnetic field throughout the sensor" thereby enhancing its resistance to external magnetic fields.[36] The technology is used in wireless sensor networks which “have gathered a lot of attention as an important research domain” and were “deployed in many applications, e.g., navigation, military, ambient intelligence, medical, and industrial tasks. Context-based processing and services, in particular location-context, are of key interest .. .”[37] (See Music (acoustic illusion), infra.)

Entomology

In the bug world, there is the Barber pole grasshopper, Dactylotum bicolor. [38] It is also known as the “painted grasshopper” and is said to be the "most beautiful" grasshopper.[39]

Flora

Allotropa virgata is in the family Ericaceae (Heath Family) and is the only species of the genus Allotropa. It is a perennial plant that gets its common names from the erect peduncle marked by distinct white and red or maroon stripes. Lacking chlorophyll, they are not green, and obtain nutrients from neighboring green plants through a fungal intermediate. It feeds exclusively on Matsutake mushroom mycelium. Common names include Sugarstick, Sugar-stick, Candystriped allotropa and Barber's Pole.

Flyfishing

Used in flyfishing, Au Sable River guide Earl Madsen’s "Madsen's Barber pole" is a traditional Michigan fly in the form of a “Stonefly" imitation "with grizzly hackle tip wings tied in a downwing fashion."[40][41][42] Photo of Madsen's Barber Pole Fly, parachute form.

Gambling

The phrase barber pole is derisive jargon in craps, and refers to the commingling of "gaming cheques of different denominations." Wagers that combine different denominations are "supposed to be stacked with the highest denomination at the bottom."[43][44]

Hockey

Brown-haired man in jersey of vertical red, black and white stripes
Ottawa Senators Bruce Stuart in 1909-10 jersey

Knots

Matthew Walker's knot is a decorative knot used to keep the end of a rope from fraying and said to resemble a barber's pole.

Music

The "Barberpole group" is an essential repertoire of 12 songs that every barber shop quartet should know.[50]

Music (acoustic illusion)

See also Shepard tone and Deutsch tritone paradox

  • The Shepard tone has been described as "a sonic barber pole." and an auditory illusion[51]
  • "Barberpole Flanger" are algorithms that offers simple Barberpole Flanging implementation, and is known also as "infinite flanging". Similar to the Shepard tone effect, the sweep of the “flanged sound seems to move in only one direction ('up' or 'down') infinitely, instead of sweeping back-and-forth.”[52]
  • "Barber-pole phaser". Roger Shepard's original work used a computer program written by Max Mathews. However the same type of effect can be accomplished using an analog synthesizer controlled by a gadget which may be called a "Shepard Function Generator".[53][54] Harald Bode (inventor of the vocorder) invented an off-the-rack device called a "barber-pole phaser" which was marketed in the 1980s. [55] See also, Buchla 200 series Electric Music Box and Buchla 200e.

Parachuting

  • The Screaming Eagles 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) Command Parachute Demonstration Team, which operates out of Fort Campbell, Kentucky, executes a ‘barber pole maneuver’ (also known as "the Baton Pass") during demonstrations.[56] Two jumpers leave the aircraft and fly their bodies together to link while in free fall. "Once together they will then exchange a wooden baton . . . [and] maneuver their bodies ... to create the illusion of a giant barber pole in the sky."[56]
  • Alternatively, a "Four Man Star” can “Hook Up” and then the formation rotates to the right, creating a “Barber Pole” effect with use of trailing smoke.[57]
  • Another parachuting use of the term describes having a mess of lines tangled “behind your head and you have to cut away your main chute and pull your reserve.”[58]

Trademark

Barbasol® cans use a barber pole motif.[59] Barbasol® Can image™.[60]

Weather

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, barber pole is a slang term used by weather and storm spotters to describe "a thunderstorm updraft with a visual appearance including cloud striations that are curved in a manner similar to the stripes of a barber pole. The structure typically is most pronounced on the leading edge of the updraft, while drier air from the rear flank downdraft often erodes the clouds on the trailing side of the updraft."[61] See Supercell.[62] Supercell/barber's pole photograph.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Barber Pole". Webster's New World College Dictionary. Cleveland: Wiley Publishing. 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c Smith, Kate. "Why Barber Poles are Red and White". Sensational Color. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  3. ^ MacNalty, Sir Arthur Salusbury (December 1, 1945). "The Renaissance and its Influence on English Medicine, Surgery and Public Health". British Medical Journal. London: British Medical Association. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  4. ^ Quesnay, François; Bellial des Vertus, François (1749). Histoire de l'origine et des progrès de la chirurgie en France (in French). Paris: Ganeau. p. 41. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "About Us". William Marvy Company. 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  6. ^ Censky, Annalyn (2007). "Last of Their Kind: From Barber Poles to Limburger Cheese, These 5 Companies are the Last Left in America Making Iconic Products now in their Twilight.". CNNMoney.com. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  7. ^ Tunis, Edwin. (1905). Colonial Craftsmen and the Beginnings of American Industry. Cleveland and New York: World Publishing. p. 42. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  8. ^ Aicardi, Robert (July 19, 2010). "Vandals Literally Rip Off Barber Pole in Braintree". Braintree Forum. Braintree, MA: Mariner Group. Gate House News Service. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  9. ^ Kirby, Doug; Smith, Ken; Wilkins, Mike (2010). "Forest Grove, Oregon: World's Tallest Barber Shop Pole". Novato, CA: Roadside America. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  10. ^ Moon, Katharine Hyung-Sun (1997). Sex Among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.–Korea Relations. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 45. ISBN 0-231-10642-4. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  11. ^ Trecker, Jamie (2007). Love and Blood: At the World Cup with the Footballers, Fans, and Freaks. Orlando: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-15-603098-4. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  12. ^ "Barber Pole Illusion". sandlotscience.com. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  13. ^ a b Massaro, Dominic W., ed. (Spring 2007). "Book Reviews: What Are Musical Paradox and Illusion?" (PDF). American Journal of Psychology. 120 (1). University of California, Santa Cruz: 123–170, 124, 132.
  14. ^ Nakamura, T. (2005). "Crossed barber-pole illusion under barber-pole effect". Perception. 34: ECVP Supplement Abstract]. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
  15. ^ Nakamura, T. (2005). "Crossed barber-pole illusion under barber-pole effect" (PDF). Perception. 34: ECVP Supplement Complete]. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
  16. ^ Gazzaniga, Michael S.; Bizzi, Emilio (2004). The cognitive neurosciences. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 370–372. ISBN 0262072548. Retrieved December 1, 2010.. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  17. ^ "Barber's Pole Worm (Haemonchus contortus)". Sydney: Australian Wool Innovation. 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  18. ^ Burke, Joan (February 2005). "Management of Barber Pole Worm in Sheep and Goats in the Southern U.S." (PDF). Small Farms Research Update. Booneville, AR: U.S. Department of Agriculture Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center.
  19. ^ Schoenian, Susan (February 15, 2005). "Diseases: Worms". Sheep 101. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |acessdate= (help)
  20. ^ "Barberpole worms in Humans". Daily Puppy.com. November 23, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
  21. ^ Coe, Steven R. (2007). Nebulae and how to observe them. Phoenix, Arizona: Springer Science Media. p. 116. ISBN 1-84628-482-1. Retrieved December 1, 2010. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  22. ^ Avery, Rob. "The Conventional Airspeed Indicator". Retrieved November 14, 2010. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  23. ^ NSTS 1988 News Reference Manual. Kennedy Space Center: National Aeronautic and Space Administration. August 31, 2000 [Original print date September 1988].
  24. ^ Grinter, Kay; Rybe, Jeanne (February 20, 2009). "NASA/KSC Acronym List". National Aeronautic and Space Administration. Retrieved November 14, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |locatopm= ignored (help)
  25. ^ "North American P-51 Mustang/F-51 Cavalier—USA". Wing's Palette. Russia. August 12, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  26. ^ Pearson, Bob (September 2000). "The "Showbirds" of Spad XIIIs of the 94th Aero Squadron USAS". Internet Modeler.
  27. ^ Roberts, William (1895). London: Elliot Stock. p. 176 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22607. Retrieved November 14, 2010. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |ttile= ignored (help)
  28. ^ "HMCS Sackville History". Halifax: Canadian Navy Memorial Trust. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  29. ^ Pearson, Bob; Banyai-Riepl, Chris (2002). "HMCS Sackville: The Last Flower: 1941-2000". History in Illustration.
  30. ^ "A Hundred Years of Naval Service Captured in Ice". Ottawa Start. February 17, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  31. ^ "Candy Cane". The Titi Tudorancea Bulletin, English Edition. October 7, 2010. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Unknown parameter |acccessdate= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ Wobser, David. "White Shoal Light". Lighthouses of the Great Lakes. Great Lakes & Seaway Shipping. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  33. ^ "White Shoal Lighthouse, Mackinaw City, MI". Michigan Lighthouse Conservancy. August 23, 2003. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  34. ^ Kirby, Doug; Smith, Ken; Wilkins, Mike (2010). "Buxton, North Carolina—America's Tallest Lighthouse—Climb It". Novato, CA: Roadside America. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  35. ^ Tuman'skia, S.; Stabrowskia, M. (August 1985). "The Optimization and Design of Magnetoresistive Barber-Pole Sensors". Sensors and Actuators. 7 (4). Lausanne, Switzerland: NATO Advanced Study Institute on Chemically Sensitive Electronic Devices: 285–295. doi:10.1016/0250-6874(85)80008-1. ISSN 0250-6874.
  36. ^ US patent 5737156, Bonyhard, Peter I., "Barberpole MR sensor having interleaved permanent magnet and magnetoresistive segments", published 1998-04-07, assigned to Seagate Technology, Inc. 
  37. ^ Carrella, Stefano (May 18–19, 2010). "3D-Localization of Low-Power Wireless Sensor Nodes Based on AMR-Sensors in Industrial and AmI Applications" (CD-ROM). Sensoren und Messsysteme 2010. Vorträge der 15. ITG/GMA-Fachtagung. Nuremburg: Berlin Offenbach. ISBN 978-3-8007-3260-9. Retrieved November 14, 2010. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ Marlos, Daniel (September 16, 2010). "Barber Pole Grasshopper". What's That Bug?. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  39. ^ Thiret, Beth (September 9, 2010). "Ugh: What to do about Grasshoppers". The Recorder. Berthoud, CO. Retrieved November 14, 2010..
  40. ^ The Evening Hatch, Michigan Fly Fishing Club, May, 2005, page 2. Access date: November 21, 2010.
  41. ^ Madsen's Barberpole.
  42. ^ Madsen’s Barber Pole Fly recipe at Flytyingforum.com. Accessed November 21, 2010.
  43. ^ Cameron, Scott (2010). "Craps Lingo". CasinoDealers. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  44. ^ "Crap Dictionary". Wold Casino Directory. 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  45. ^ Kitchen(2008), p. 167
  46. ^ Kitchen(2008), p. 303
  47. ^ a b c Wazz, Scotty (November 6, 2009). "Defending the Barber-Pole". The Strangest One Of All. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)[unreliable source?]
  48. ^ "Jerseys and Logos: From 1909 to 1946". Our History. Montreal Canadiens. 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  49. ^ "1912–1913 Season". Our History. Montreal Canadiens. 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  50. ^ "Barberpole Cat Program Learn the Common Repertoire of 12 Songs Every Barbershopper Should Know". Nashville, Tennessee: Barbershop Harmony Society. February 14, 2006.
  51. ^ Cycleback, David Rudd. "The Sonic Barber Pole: Shepard's Scale". cycleback.com. Retrieved November 14, 2010.[unreliable source?]
  52. ^ Template:Cite article
  53. ^ Simonton, John (February 1983). "Shepard Function (Barberpole) CV Generator". Polyphony (magazine). Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  54. ^ Irwin, Michael. "Frequency shifters add an exotic dimension to the world of modular synthesis signal processing". Frequency Shifter electronic design. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  55. ^ "Barber Pole Phaser". Ampage Tube Amps /Music Electronics Forum. Retrieved November 14, 2010.[unreliable source?]
  56. ^ a b "101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) Command Parachute Demonstration Team "Screaming Eagles"". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved November 14, 2010. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)[unreliable source?]
  57. ^ British Virgin Islands Airshow, 2009. Access date: November 29,2010.
  58. ^ Scott, Royce E. "Bo" (July–August 1988). "Jump School at Fort Benning" (PDF). Screaming Eagle Magazine. Retrieved November 14, 2010. {{cite web}}: Text "formaPDF" ignored (help)
  59. ^ "Barbasol Taps Gary Hall Jr. as First-Ever "Real Man"; Campaign Designed to ..." Dublin, Ohio. April 26 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |Publication= ignored (help)
  60. ^ "Barbasol Shave Cream: An American Original" (pdf). Retrieved December 1, 2010.
  61. ^ "A Comprehensive Glossary of Weather Terms for Storm Spotters". NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS SR-145. Norman, OK: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  62. ^ "The Majestic Supercell -- Barber pole photograph". Verden, Oklahoma: Roger's Sky Pix. April 3, 2003. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
  63. ^ Cagle, Daniel (June 26, 2009). "Political Cartoonists Mourn Michael Jackson". The Moderate Voice. Retrieved November 14, 2010.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barbers poles.
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