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Carol I of Romania

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"Carol I" redirects here. For the 2009 film, see Carol I (film).
Carol I
Carol I of Romania
King of Romania
Reign15 March 1881 – 10 October 1914
Coronation10 May 1881
SuccessorFerdinand I
Domnitor of Romania
Reign20 April 1866 – 15 March 1881
PredecessorAlexandru Ioan Cuza
Born(1839-04-20)20 April 1839
Sigmaringen, Germany
Died10 October 1914(1914-10-10) (aged 75)
Sinaia, Romania
Burial
Curtea de Argeș, Romania
SpouseElisabeth of Wied
IssueMaria of Romania
Names
Karl Eitel Friedrich Zephyrinus Ludwig
HouseHohenzollern-Sigmaringen
FatherPrince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
MotherJosephine of Baden
ReligionRoman Catholic
SignatureCarol I's signature

Carol I (20 April 1839 – 27 September (O.S.) / 10 October (N.S.) 1914), born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, was the ruler of Romania from 1866 to 1914. He was elected Ruling Prince (Domnitor) of the Romanian United Principalities on 20 April 1866 after the overthrow of Alexandru Ioan Cuza by a palace coup d'état. In May 1877, he proclaimed Romania an independent and sovereign nation. The defeat of the Ottoman Empire (1878) in the Russo-Turkish War secured Romanian independence. He was proclaimed King of Romania on 26 March [O.S. 14 March] 1881. He was the first ruler of the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen dynasty, which ruled the country until the proclamation of a republic in 1947.

During his reign, Carol I personally led Romanian troops during the Russo-Turkish War and assumed command of the Russo/Romanian army during the siege of Plevna. The country achieved internationally recognized independence via the Treaty of Berlin, 1878 and acquired Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria in 1913. Domestic political life, still dominated by the country's wealthy landowning families organized around the rival Liberal and Conservative parties, was punctuated by two widespread peasant uprisings, in Wallachia (the southern half of the country) in April 1888 and in Moldavia (the northern half) in March 1907.

He married Princess Elisabeth of Wied in Neuwied on 15 November 1869. They only had one daughter, Maria, who died at the age of three.

Carol never produced a male heir, leaving his elder brother Leopold next in line to the throne. In October 1880 Leopold renounced his right of succession in favour of his son William, who in turn surrendered his claim six years later in favour of his younger brother, the future king Ferdinand.

Early life

Prince Karl of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen, aged 6
Prince Karl of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen

Prince Karl Eitel Friedrich Zephyrinus Ludwig of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was born in Sigmaringen, the second son of Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and his wife, Princess Josephine of Baden. After finishing his elementary studies, Karl entered the Cadet School in Münster. In 1857 he was attending the courses of the Artillery School in Berlin. Up to 1866, when he accepted the crown of Romania, he was a Prussian officer. He took part in the Second Schleswig War, including the assault of the Fredericia citadel and Dybbøl, an experience which would be very useful to him later in the Russo-Turkish war.

Although he was quite frail and not very tall, prince Karl was reported to be the perfect soldier, healthy and disciplined, and also a very good politician with liberal ideas. He was familiar with several European languages. His family was closely related to the Bonaparte family (one of his grandmothers was a Beauharnais, Joséphine's niece-in-law, and the other a Murat, Joachim's niece Marie Antoinette Murat), they enjoyed very good relations with Napoleon III of France.

On the way to Romania

On May 20 [O.S. May 8] 1866, Karl entered Drobeta-Turnu Severin

The former Domnitor of united Romania, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, had been expelled from the country by the leading noblemen and Romania was in a political chaos. Cuza's double election, both in Wallachia and in Moldavia) had been the basis on which the Romanian Principalities' unification was recognized by the European powers. With him gone, the country was in danger of disintegration.

As Romanian politicians searched for a successor, Napoleon suggested Karl. Napoleon's recommendation weighed heavily with Romanian politicians of the time, since Romania was strongly influenced by French culture. Another factor was Karl's blood relation to the ruling Prussian family. Ion Brătianu was the Romanian politician who was sent to negotiate with Karl and his family the possibility of installing him on the Romanian throne.

Due to the political conflict between Prussia and the Austrian Empire, Karl travelled incognito by railroad from Düsseldorf to Baziaș, through Switzerland. He received there a Swiss passport from a Swiss public clerk, friend of his family, under the name of Karl Hettingen. From Baziaș he travelled by boat to Turnu Severin, as there was no railroad to Romania. As he crossed the border onto Romanian soil, he was met by Brătianu, who bowed before him and asked Karl to join him in his carriage. He was elected Domnitor on 20 April.

On 10 May 1866 (22 May 1866 N.S.), Karl entered Bucharest. The news of his arrival had been transmitted by telegraph and he was welcomed by a huge crowd eager to see the new ruler. In Băneasa he was given the keys to the capital city. Eventually it was a rainy day after a long period of drought, apparently a very favorable sign. As he was crowned, Karl swore this oath: "I swear to guard the laws of Romania, to maintain the rights of its People and the integrity of its territory." He spoke in French, as he did not speak Romanian. However, he endeared himself to his adopted country by adopting the Romanian spelling of his name, Carol.

The Constitution

Domnitor Carol with his wife and their only daughter (1873)

Immediately after arriving in the country, the Romanian parliament adopted, on 29 June 1866, the 1866 Constitution of Romania, one of the most advanced constitutions in that time. This constitution allowed the development and modernization of the Romanian state. In a daring move, the Constitution chose to ignore the nominal suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire, which paved the way towards de jure independence.

Article 82 stated that "The ruler's powers are hereditary, starting directly from His Majesty, prince Carol I of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, on the male line through the right of first-born, with the exclusion of women and their issue. His Majesty's descendants will be raised in the Eastern Orthodox Religion." It, like all but one of its successors, enshrined the principle that the king reigned, but did not rule.

In 1877, Romania was proclaimed independent, ending the fiction of Ottoman suzerainty that had existed since 1866. From 1878, Carol held the title of Royal Highness (Alteță Regală). On 15 March 1881, the constitution was amended to proclaim Romania a kingdom. Carol became the first king, while the heir-apparent or heir-presumptive would be called Prince Royal. On 10 May, Carol was crowned king.

King of Romania

King Carol was reported to be a cold person. He was permanently concerned with the prestige of the dynasty he had founded. His wife, Elizabeth, claimed he 'wore the crown in his sleep'. He was very meticulous and he tried to impose his style upon everyone that surrounded him. Though he was devoted to his job as Romania's ruler, he never forgot his German roots.

In 48 years of rule—the longest in Romanian history—he helped Romania gain its independence, raised its prestige, helped redress its economy and established a dynasty. In the Carpathian mountains, he built Peleș Castle, still one of Romania's most visited touristic attractions. The castle was built in German style, as a reminder of the king's origin. After the Russo-Turkish war, Romania gained Northern Dobruja and Carol ordered the first bridge over the Danube, between Fetești and Cernavodă, linking the newly acquired province to the rest of the country.

As a member of the German higher landed aristocracy (Fürst), Carol never managed to follow the much-needed liberal and poor-friendly policies initiated by his predecessor, Alexandru Ioan Cuza. Left unsolved, the grave social problems caused by the inequity of land ownership, ignited peasant uprisings throughout the reign of Carol I. The peasant class was suppressed during 1907 revolt, at the cost of 10,000 lives.[a] [b] Being under the influence of local landlords, the king failed to put together a sound administration, as envisioned by Prince Cuza.[c] [d]

The end of the reign

The long rule of Carol helped the quick development of the Romanian state. But, towards the end of his reign and the start of the World War I, Carol wanted to enter the war on the side of the Central Powers. However, Romanian public opinion was overwhelmingly Francophile and sided with the Triple Entente. Carol had signed a secret treaty in 1883 which had linked Romania with the Triple Alliance. Although the treaty was to be activated only if Russia attacked one of the signatories, Carol was convinced that the honourable thing to do was to enter the war supporting the German Empire and his cousin, Emperor William II.[5][6]

On 3 August [O.S. 21 July] 1914, an emergency meeting was held with the Crown Council, where Carol told them about the secret treaty and shared his opinion with them. However, most of the Crown Council members strongly disagreed, opting for neutrality. King Carol died in 10 October [O.S. 27 September] 1914. The new king, Ferdinand (under the influence of his wife, Marie of Edinburgh, a British princess), was more willing to listen to public opinion.

Life and family

King Carol I of Romania with his nephew (Ferdinand) and grand-nephew (Carol)

When he was elected prince of Romania, Carol was unmarried. In 1869, the prince started a trip around Europe and mainly Germany, to find a bride. During this trip he met and married Princess Elizabeth of Wied at Neuwied on 15 November 1869. Their marriage was one of the most unfit matches in history, with Carol being a cold and calculating man while Elizabeth was a notorious dreamer. They had one child, Princess Maria, born in 1871, who died 24 March 1874. She had no prospect of inheriting her father's throne; as mentioned above, the Constitution limited succession to the male line. This led to the further estrangement of the royal couple, Elizabeth never completely recovering from the trauma of losing her only child.

After the proclamation of the Kingdom (1881), the succession was a very important matter of state. Since Carol's brother, Leopold (in 1880), and his oldest son, William (in 1886), declined their rights, the second son of Leopold, Ferdinand, was named prince of Romania and heir-presumptive to the throne, in 1886.

Towards the end of Carol's life, though, Carol and Elizabeth finally found a way to understand each other and were reported to have become good friends.

Titles, styles and honours

Styles of
King Carol I of Romania
Reference styleHis Majesty
Spoken styleYour Majesty
Alternative styleSir
Titles
  • 20 April 1839 – 20 April 1866: His Serene Highness Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
  • 20 April 1866 – 15 March 1881: His Royal Highness The Prince of The United Principalities of Romania, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen[need quotation to verify]
  • 15 March 1881 – 10 October 1914: His Majesty The King, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen[need quotation to verify]
National honours
Foreign honours

Ancestry

Family of Carol I of Romania
16. Charles Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
8. Anton Aloys, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
17. Countess Johanna of Hohenzollern-s'Heerenberg
4. Charles, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
18. Philip Joseph, Prince of Salm-Kyrburg
9. Princess Amalie Zephyrine of Salm-Kyrburg
19. Princess Maria Theresa of Hornes
2. Charles Anthony, Prince of Hohenzollern
20. Pierre Murat
10. Pierre Murat
21. Jeanne Loubières
5. Marie Antoinette Murat
22. Aymeric d'Astorg
11. Louise d'Astorg
23. Marie Alanyou
1. Carol I of Romania
24. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden
12. Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden
25. Karoline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt
6. Charles, Grand Duke of Baden
26. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
13. Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt
27. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken
3. Princess Josephine of Baden
28. Claude de Beauharnais, comte des Roches-Baritaud
14. Claude de Beauharnais
29. Marie-Anne Mouchard de Chaban
7. Stéphanie de Beauharnais
30. Claude, marquis de Lézay-Marnézia
15. Claudine Françoise de Lézay-Marnézia
31. Marie-Claudine de Nettancourt-Vaubécourt, dame de Vaubécourt

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "The issue burst to the forefront of national affairs once again in 1907 when Carol suppressed a peasant rebellion at the cost of 10,000 lives."[1]
  2. ^ "Romanian peasants revolt in Moldavia beginning in March to protest their inability to buy land; they also protest their exploitation by the crown and by grain merchants such as Leopold Louis-Dreyfus. Some 10,000 die before Carol I can regain control of the country in April."[2]
  3. ^ "A part of the Ottoman Empire from the fifteenth century, the independence of Moldavia and Wallachia as Romania was recognized at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. The new state was relatively weak, its administration corrupt and inefficient, and the power of the landlords remained intact. This led to a number of peasants' revolts (1888, 1907), which were brutally suppressed."[3]
  4. ^ "Economic and formal political progress, however, was not matched by similar advancement of democratic processes in the social field. The liberal provisions of the 1866 Constitution were circumvented under the authoritarian governmental system, leaving much actual power in the hands of the landed aristocracy. The slowly rising middle class and small number of industrial entrepreneurs were granted some rights, but the increasing number of industrial workers and the great peasant majority shared very little in the political life of the country. A major peasant revolt in 1907 attempted unsuccessfully to rectify the serious social imbalance. The uprising was forcefully suppressed with extensive loss of life and, although some corrective measures were later instituted that improved working conditions and resulted in the division of more large landholdings, the general political strength and living standards of the peasants and workers were not materially improved."[4]

Citations

  1. ^ "Carol I.", World History: The Modern Era, ABC-CLIO, 2010.
  2. ^ Trager, James (2005). ""1907"". The People's Chronology (3 ed.). Detroit: Gale. ISBN 9780805031348.
  3. ^ Palmowski, Jan (2008). ""Romania"". A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. Oxford University Press.
  4. ^ Keefe, Eugene K. (1991-01-01). "Romania: Chapter 2A, Historical Setting". Countries of the World. Canada.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ Hentea, Călin (2007). Brief Romanian Military History. Scarecrow Press. p. 102. ISBN 9780810858206. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
  6. ^ Becker, Jean-Jacques (2012-01-30). "Chapter Fourteen: War Aims and Neutrality". In Horne, John (ed.). A Companion to World War I. Blackwell Publishing. p. 208. ISBN 9781405123860. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
  7. ^ a b "Image: carolu_iiu.jpg, (462 × 592 px)". ferrebeekeeper.files.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  8. ^ "Image: Regele-Carol-I.jpg, (1205 × 1733 px)". stelian-tanase.ro. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  9. ^ "Image: 7-2.jpg, (506 × 720 px)". tkinter.smig.net. 2004-11-19. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  10. ^ https://38.media.tumblr.com/ab66b2962a81ee5f1057161ce196d5fb/tumblr_na5j3kwM1q1tpsfm2o1_500.jpg
  11. ^ "Image: Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00618__Kaiser_Wilhelm_II__und_Carol_I__von_Rumanien.jpg, (800 × 575 px) – Wilhelm II. und der verstorbene König von Rumänien in Berlin". de.academic.ru. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  12. ^ "http://www.riha-journal.org/articles/2014/galleries-2014/images-ionescu-riha-journal-0079/4". riha-journal.org. Retrieved 2015-09-15. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  13. ^ "Royal Musings: Marie of Edinburgh weds in splendor". royalmusingsblogspotcom.blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  14. ^ "Image: 4208618955_c366ab5c4f.jpg, (318 × 500 px)". farm5.static.flickr.com. Retrieved 2015-09-15.

Further reading

  • Boris Crǎciun – "Regii și Reginele României", Editura Porțile Orientului, Iași
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carol I of Romania.
Carol I of Romania
Cadet branch of the House of Hohenzollern
Born: 20 April 1839 Died: 10 October 1914
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Himself as Domnitor
 King of Romania
15 March 1881 – 10 October 1914 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Domnitor of Romania
20 April 1866 – 15 March 1881 		Succeeded by
Himself as King
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