Chronology of Tamil history

Pre-historic period

c. 150,000-100,000 BCE - Evidence for presence of Hominins with Acheulean technology in north Tamil Nadu.^[1]
c. 30,000 BCE-Paleolithic industries in north Tamil Nadu^[2]
c. 8000-3000 BCE-Pre-pottery microlithic industries^[3]
c. 3000-1000 BCE-Neolithic and fine microlithic industries^[4]

Pre-Sangam period

c. 1000-300 BCE-Megalithic age^[5]
c. 600 BCE-Tamil-Brahmi prevalent as the Tamil script ^[6]
c. 300 BCE- Greek ethnographer Megasthenes describes Pandyan capital Madurai.,^[7]^[8]
c. 250 BCE-Asoka's inscription recording the four kingdoms (Chera, Cholas, Pandya and Satyaputra) of the ancient Tamil country
c. 200 BCE-Elara, a Tamil prince and contemporary of Dutte Gamini, rules Lanka

Sangam age

c. 200 BCE-200 CE-Sangam age during which books of Sangam Literature are created ^[9]
c. 150 BCE-Kharavela of Kalinga records his conquest of a federation of Tamil kings in his Hathigumpha inscription ^[10]
c. 13- Greek historian Nicolaus of Damascus met an ambassador sent by Pandyan King to Caesar Augustus, Strabo XV.1-73.^[11]
c. 1-100 - The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea gives a detailed description of early Chera and Pandya kingdom and mentions Tamil country as 'Damirica' ^[12]
c. 77 and 140 Greco-Roman writers Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy mention Madurai ruled by Pandyan.
c. 130- Chera king Udayanjeral rules in the Chera country
c. 175-195-Gajabahu I of Lanka a contemporary of Chera Senguttuvan and Karikala Chola (the Gajabahu synchronism)
c. 190- Chera Kadukko Ilanjeral Irumporai rules in the Chera country ^[13]
c. 200-Writing becomes widespread and vattezuttu evolved from the Tamil Brahmi becomes a mature script for writing Tamil ^[14]
c. 210- Pandya Neduncheliyan rules in Madurai and defeats his enemies at the battle of Talaiyalanganam

Post-Sangam period

c. 300-590-Kalabhras invade the Tamil country and displace the traditional rulers
c. 300-500-Post-Sangam period, Tamil epics such as Silappatikaram written

Pallava and Pandya

c. 560-580-Pallava Simhavishnu overthrows the Kalabhras in Tondaimandalam
c. 560-590-Pandya Kadungon rules from Madurai and displaces the Kalabhras from the south
c. 590-630-Pallava Mahendravarman I rules in Kanchipuram
c. 610-Saiva saint Thirunavukkarasar (Appar) converts Mahendravarman from Jainism
c. 628-Chalukya Pulakesi II invades the Pallava kingdom and lays siege on Kanchipuram
c. 630-668 Pallava Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla) rules in Tondaimandalam
c. 642-Pallava Narasimhavarman I launches a counter invasion into the Chalukya country and sacks Vatapi. Pulakesi is killed in battle
c. 670-700 CE-Pandya Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman rules in Madurai
c. 700-728-Pallava Rajasimha builds the Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram and many of the shore temples in Mamallapuram
c. 710-730-Pandya king Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran expands the Pandya kingdom into the Kongu country
c. 731-Succession crisis in the Pallava kingdom. Council of ministers select Nandivarman II (Pallavamalla) (731-796) as the Pallava king
c. 731-765-Pandya Maravarman Rajasimha aligns with the Chalukya Vikramaditya II and attacks the Pallava king Nandivarmam
c. 735-Chaluka Vikramaditya II invades the Pallava country and occupies the capital Kanchipuram
c. 760-Pallava Nandivarman II invades and defeats the Ganga kingdom at the battle of Villande
c. 768-815-Pandya Parantaka Nedunchadaiyan (Varaguna Pandyan) rules in Madurai^[15]
c. 767-Pandya forces defeat the Pallavas on the south banks of the Kaveri
c. 800-830-Varagunan I becomes Pandya king and extends his empire up to Tiruchirapalli by defeating the Pallava king Dandivarman
c. 830-862-Pandya Sirmara Srivallabha rules in Madurai
c. 840-Srimara invades Lanka and captures the northern provinces of the Lanka king Sena I^[16]
c. 848 -Rise of Vijayalaya Chola in Tanjavur after defeating the Muttaraiyar^[17]Muthuraja rulers of kaveri delta
c. 846-869-Pallava Nadivarman III leads an invasion against the Pandya kingdom and defeats the Pandyas at the battle of Tellaru. Pallava kingdom extends up to the river Vaigai
c. 859-Pandya Srivallaba defeats the Pallavas at a battle at Kumbakonam
c. 862-Sinhala forces under Sena II invade the Pandya country and sack Madurai. Srimara is killed in battle

Chola period

c. 903 - Chola defeats the PallaAdithyava king Aparajita ^[18]
c. 949 -Battle of Takkolam. Rashtrakuta Krishna III defeats the Chola army ^[18]
c. 985 -Accession of Rajaraja Chola I ^[18]
c. 1010 -Rajaraja completes the Brihadisvara Temple
c. 1012 -Accession of Rajendra Chola I ^[18]
c. 1023 -Rajendra's Expedition to the Ganges ^[19]
c. 1025 -Chola navies defeat the king of Srivijaya ^[20]
c. 1041 -Rajendra invades Lanka ^[21]
c. 1054 -Rajadhiraja Chola dies in the battle of Koppam against Western Chalukyas ^[20]
c. 1070 -Accession of Kulothunga Chola I ^[20]
c. 1118 -Vikrama Chola ^[20]
c. 1133 -Kulothunga Chola II ^[20]
c. 1146 -Rajaraja Chola II ^[20]
c. 1163 -Rajadhiraja Chola II ^[20]
c. 1178 -Kulothunga Chola III ^[20]
c. 1216 -Rajaraja Chola III ^[20]
c. 1246 -Rajendra Chola III ^[20]

Chola to Pandya transition

c. 1190-1260 - Bana Dynasty rule Magadaimandalam with family title of 'ponparappinan' and headquarters at Aragalur ^[20]
c. 1216 - 1238 - Kadava Dynasty and Maravarman Sundara Pandyan ruled regions of South India^[22]

Pandiya revival and Muslim rule

1251 -Accession of Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I^[23]
1279 -End of the Chola dynasty with the death of Rajendra Chola III^[20]
1268-1310 - Kulasekara Pandiyan rules in Madurai^[23]
1308 -Malik Kafur a general of Allaudin Khilji invades Devagiri en route to Tamil Nadu^[24]
1310 -Sundara Pandian, son of Kulasekara Pandiyan, kills his father and becomes king. In the ensuing civil war he is defeated by his brother Vira Pandiyan.^[25]
1311 -Malik Kafur, invades Pandiya country and attacks Madurai^[24]
1327-1370 Madurai under the rule of Madurai Sultanate^[24]

Vijayanagar and Nayak period

1370 - Bukka, the Vijayanagara ruler and his son Kumara Kamapna capture the entire Tamil country
1518 -Portuguese land on the Coromandel Coast in Pulicat^[26]
1532-1580 -Sevappa Nayak rules as the first independent Nayak ruler in Tanjavur
1600-1645 -Ragunatha Nayak, the greatest of the Tanjavur Nayaks
1609 -the Dutch establish a settlement in Pulicat
1623-1659 -Tirumalai Nayak rules in Madurai
1639 British East India Company purchases Chennapatinam and establishes Fort St. George
c. 1652 -Tanjavur and Gingee fall to the Bijapur Sultan
1656 -Mysore army invades Salem against the Madurai Nayak Tirumalai
1676 -Maratha army from Bijapur marches into Tanjavur, Ekoji declares himself king^[27]
1692 Nawab of Arcot established by Nawab Zulfiqar Ali Khan, a viceroy of the Moghul Emperor
1746 La Bourdonnais of the French East India company attacks and takes Fort St. George

East India Company

1749 British regain Fort St. George through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle arising out of the War of the Austrian Succession
1751 Robert Clive attacks Arcot and captures it.^[28]
1756 The British and the French sign the first Carnatic treaty. Mahommed Ali Walajah was recognized as Nawab of the Carnatic
1759 French under Thomas Arthur, Comte de Lally, attack Madras
1760 Battle of Vandavasi between the British and the French. Birth of Veerapandya Kattabomman
1767 Hyder Ali, Sultan of Mysore attacks Madras against British, but defeated by the British at the Battle of Chengam
1773 -British Government passes the Regulating Act. The administration of Madras comes under British Government review
1777-1832 - Serfoji II rules in Tanjavur
1799 -Serfoji cedes the Tanjavur kingdom to the British. Kattabomman executed by British
1803 -Bentinck appointed governor of Madras
1800-1805 Poligar Wars
1806 -Vellore Mutiny East India Company's Indian soldiers in Vellore mutiny against governor Bentinck in Vellore fort. 114 British officers killed and 19 mutineers executed.

British rule

1892 – British government passes the Indian Councils Act
1909 - 'Minto-Morley Reforms'. Madras Legislative Council formed
1921 - First regional elections held in Madras. Justice party forms government^[29]
1927 - Madras Congress passes a resolution for 'Full Independence'
1928 - Simon Commission visits Madras. Mass protests result in several deaths
1937 - Congress party under C. Rajagopalachari wins provincial elections and forms government in Madras
1938 - Periyar E. V. Ramasamy organises a separatist agitation demanding Dravida Nadu consisting of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala
1941 - Indian Muslim League holds its congress in Madras. Muhammad Ali Jinnah delivers keynote speech
1944 - Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and C. N. Annadurai organise Dravidar Kazhagam

Post independence period

1947 -Madras Presidency, comprising Tamil Nadu and parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka established
1953 -Madras state comes into being along linguistic lines
1965 -Widespread agitations in response to the Federal Government's directive of Hindi being the National Language
1969 -Madras state is renamed as Tamil Nadu (Country of the Tamils)^[30]^[31]

References

^ Pappu, Shanni; et al. "Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India". Science Magazine. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
^ "Excavations at the Palaeolithic Site of Attirampakkam, South India". Antiquity journal. September 2003. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^ "Evidence of pre-historic humans in Thanjavur". The Hindu. Thanjavur, India. 10 May 2009.
^ "Bedrock on which Neolithic man sharpened stone tools found in T.N." The Hindu. India. 3 April 2013.
^ "Kanchi district, gold mine of megalithic sites". IBN Live. Tamil Nadu, India. 14 March 2012.
^ Coningham, R.A.E.; Allchin, F.R.; Batt, C.M. (1996). "Passage to India: Anuradhapura and the early use of Brahmi Script". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 6:2: 73–97. doi:10.1017/s0959774300001608.
^ Allan Dahlaquist. Megasthenes and Indian Religion
^ Keay, John (2000) [2001]. India: A history. India: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0.
^ Template:Cite which is largest city in the worldbook
^ "Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharavela of Kalinga" (PDF). Project South Asia. South Dakota State University. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
^ Strabo XV.1
^ Schoff (tr. & ed.), W.H. "The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century (London, Bombay & Calcutta 1912)". Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Fordham University. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
^ Zvelebil, Kamil Veith (1991). Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9004093656.
^ Coningham (), Robin; et al. "Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka) Project, Phase I: ASW2". Arts and Humanities Research Council. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Preserving the past". The Hindu. India. 3 February 2010.
^ "Sinhala king and South Indian invasions". Daily News. SriLanka. 20 October 2009.
^ "Chapter 1-4.pmd" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-11-07.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kulke and Rothermund (2010). A History of India. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 9780415485432.
^ Majumdar, R.C. (1934). Ancient Indian Colonies In The Far East. Dacca: Asoke Humar Majumdar Ramna. p. 407.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (2005). A History of South India. New Age International Limited (P). p. 158.
^ Meyer, Holger (1999). Umsatzsteuer - Binnenmarkt. Berlin: Boorberg. p. 73. ISBN 978-3415026131.
^ Sethuraman, N (1980). Medieval Pandyas, A.D. 1000-1200. University of Michigan.
^ ^a ^b Thinakaran, Alice Justina (15 May 2007). The Second Pandyan Empire, A.D. 1190-1312. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. p. 225.
^ ^a ^b ^c Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1921). South India and her Muhammadan Invaders. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 222–223.
^ Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1921). South India and her Muhammadan Invaders. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 97.
^ "Portuguese on the Coromandel". The Hindu. India. 17 May 2004.
^ "Historical Moments". Thanjavur Municipality, Tamil Nadu state Government. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ "Excerpts from a Sergeant's Diary recounting Robert Clive's capture of Arcot, September-October 1751". Project South Asia. South Dakota State University, USA. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
^ "A history of agitational politics". Frontline. India. 10 April 2004.
^ http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/index.htm
^ http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review%204_67-70.pdf

Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. A History of South India, OUP, Reprinted 2000
Nilakanta Sastri, K.A., Srinivasachari, Advanced History of India, Allied Publishers Ltd, New Delhi, Reprinted 2000
Read, Anthony, The Proudest Day - India's Long Ride to Independence, Jonathan Cape, London, 1997

External links

Tamil Sentiment. Tamil shrines, Tamil culture, the history of Tamils, by Kavi Yogi Dr. Shuddhananda Bharati
Historical Atlas of South India-Timeline-http://www.ifpindia.org/Historical-Atlas-of-South-India-Timeline.html (French Institute of Pondicherry)
Codrington, Humphry William, A Short History of Lanka <http://lakdiva.org>
Veluppillai, Prof. A., Religious Traditions of the Tamils http://tamilelibrary.org/

[1] Pappu, Shanni; et al. "Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India". Science Magazine. Retrieved 12 April 2014.

[2] "Excavations at the Palaeolithic Site of Attirampakkam, South India". Antiquity journal. September 2003. Retrieved 17 May 2013.

[3] "Evidence of pre-historic humans in Thanjavur". The Hindu. Thanjavur, India. 10 May 2009.

[4] "Bedrock on which Neolithic man sharpened stone tools found in T.N." The Hindu. India. 3 April 2013.

[5] "Kanchi district, gold mine of megalithic sites". IBN Live. Tamil Nadu, India. 14 March 2012.

[6] Coningham, R.A.E.; Allchin, F.R.; Batt, C.M. (1996). "Passage to India: Anuradhapura and the early use of Brahmi Script". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 6:2: 73–97. doi:10.1017/s0959774300001608.

[7] Allan Dahlaquist. Megasthenes and Indian Religion

[8] Keay, John (2000) [2001]. India: A history. India: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0.

[9] Template:Cite which is largest city in the worldbook

[10] "Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharavela of Kalinga" (PDF). Project South Asia. South Dakota State University. Retrieved 12 April 2014.

[11] Strabo XV.1

[12] Schoff (tr. & ed.), W.H. "The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century (London, Bombay & Calcutta 1912)". Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Fordham University. Retrieved 12 April 2014.

[13] Zvelebil, Kamil Veith (1991). Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9004093656.

[14] Coningham (), Robin; et al. "Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka) Project, Phase I: ASW2". Arts and Humanities Research Council. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[15] "Preserving the past". The Hindu. India. 3 February 2010.

[16] "Sinhala king and South Indian invasions". Daily News. SriLanka. 20 October 2009.

[17] "Chapter 1-4.pmd" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-11-07.

[Kulke_and_Rothermund-18] Kulke and Rothermund (2010). A History of India. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 9780415485432.

[Majumdar-19] Majumdar, R.C. (1934). Ancient Indian Colonies In The Far East. Dacca: Asoke Humar Majumdar Ramna. p. 407.

[Nilakanta-20] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (2005). A History of South India. New Age International Limited (P). p. 158.

[Meyer-21] Meyer, Holger (1999). Umsatzsteuer - Binnenmarkt. Berlin: Boorberg. p. 73. ISBN 978-3415026131.

[sethuraman-22] Sethuraman, N (1980). Medieval Pandyas, A.D. 1000-1200. University of Michigan.

[thinakaran-23] Thinakaran, Alice Justina (15 May 2007). The Second Pandyan Empire, A.D. 1190-1312. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. p. 225.

[aiyangar1-24] Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1921). South India and her Muhammadan Invaders. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 222–223.

[aiyangar2-25] Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1921). South India and her Muhammadan Invaders. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 97.

[26] "Portuguese on the Coromandel". The Hindu. India. 17 May 2004.

[27] "Historical Moments". Thanjavur Municipality, Tamil Nadu state Government. Retrieved 28 May 2013.

[28] "Excerpts from a Sergeant's Diary recounting Robert Clive's capture of Arcot, September-October 1751". Project South Asia. South Dakota State University, USA. Retrieved 11 July 2013.

[29] "A history of agitational politics". Frontline. India. 10 April 2004.

[30] ttp://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/index.htm

[31] ttp://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review%204_67-70.pdf

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Pre-historic period

Pre-Sangam period

Sangam age

Post-Sangam period

Pallava and Pandya

Chola period

Chola to Pandya transition

Pandiya revival and Muslim rule

Vijayanagar and Nayak period

East India Company

British rule

Post independence period

See also

References

External links