Contrasting and categorization of emotions

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Emotions
Emotions

The contrasting and categorization of emotions describes how emotions are thought to relate to each other. Several proposals have been made for organizing them into groups.

Lists of emotions

Humans experience emotion, with evidence used that they influence action, thoughts and behavior. Emotions are categorized into various affects, which correspond to the current situation.[1] An affect is a term used to describe the range of feeling experienced.[2]

Many theories of emotion have been proposed[3], with contrasting views.[4]

Basic emotions

  • William James in 1890 proposed four basic emotions: fear, grief, love, and rage, based on bodily involvement.[5]
  • Paul Ekman identified six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise.[6] Wallace V. Friesen and Phoebe C. Ellsworth worked with him on the same basic structure.[7]
  • Richard and Bernice Lazarus in 1996 expanded the list to 15 emotions: aesthetic experience, anger, anxiety, compassion, depression, envy, fright, gratitude, guilt, happiness, hope, jealousy, love, pride, relief, sadness, and shame, in the book Passion and Reason.[8][9]
  • Psychologists identify 34 categories of emotion: admiration, adoration, aesthetic appreciation, amusement, anger, anxiety, awe, awkwardness, boredom, calmness, confusion, contempt, craving, disgust, empathic pain, entrancement, excitement, fear, horror, interest, joy, nostalgia, relief, romance, sadness, satisfaction, sexual desire and surprise.[10] This was based on 2185 short videos intended to elicit a certain emotion. These were then modelled onto a "map" of emotions.[11]

Contrasting basic emotions

A 2009 review[12] of theories of emotion identifies and contrasts fundamental emotions according to three key criteria for mental experiences that:

  1. have a strongly motivating subjective quality like pleasure or pain;
  2. are a response to some event or object that is either real or imagined;
  3. motivate particular kinds of behavior.

The combination of these attributes distinguishes emotions from sensations, feelings and moods.

Kind of emotion Positive emotions Negative emotions
Related to object properties Interest, curiosity, enthusiasm Indifference, habituation, boredom
Attraction, desire, admiration Aversion, disgust, revulsion
Surprise, amusement Alarm, panic
Future appraisal Hope, excitement Fear, anxiety, dread
Event-related Gratitude, thankfulness Anger, rage
Joy, elation, triumph, jubilation Sorrow, grief
Patience Frustration, disappointment
Contentment Discontentment, restlessness
Self-appraisal Humility, modesty Pride, arrogance
Social Charity Avarice, greed, miserliness, envy, jealousy
Sympathy Cruelty
Cathected Love Hate

HUMAINE's proposal for EARL

The emotion annotation and representation language (EARL) proposed by the Human-Machine Interaction Network on Emotion (HUMAINE) classifies 48 emotions.[13]

Parrott's emotions by groups

A tree-structured list of emotions was described in Shaver et al. (1987),[14] and also featured in Parrott (2001).[15]

Primary emotion Secondary emotion Tertiary emotion
Love Affection Adoration · Fondness · Liking · Attraction · Caring · Tenderness · Compassion · Sentimentality
Lust/Sexual desire Desire · Passion · Infatuation
Longing Longing
Joy Cheerfulness Amusement · Bliss · Gaiety · Glee · Jolliness · Joviality · Joy · Delight · Enjoyment · Gladness · Happiness · Jubilation · Elation · Satisfaction · Ecstasy · Euphoria
Zest Enthusiasm · Zeal · Excitement · Thrill · Exhilaration
Contentment Pleasure
Pride Triumph
Optimism Eagerness · Hope
Enthrallment Enthrallment · Rapture
Relief Relief
Surprise Surprise Amazement · Astonishment
Anger Irritability Aggravation · Agitation · Annoyance · Grouchy · Grumpy · Crosspatch
Exasperation Frustration
Rage Anger · Outrage · Fury · Wrath · Hostility · Ferocity · Bitterness · Hatred · Scorn · Spite · Vengefulness · Dislike · Resentment
Disgust Revulsion · Contempt · Loathing
Envy Jealousy
Torment Torment
Sadness Suffering Agony · Anguish · Hurt
Sadness Depression · Despair · Gloom · Glumness · Unhappiness · Grief · Sorrow · Woe · Misery · Melancholy
Disappointment Dismay · Displeasure
Shame Guilt · Regret · Remorse
Neglect Alienation · Defeatism · Dejection · Embarrassment · Homesickness · Humiliation · Insecurity · Insult · Isolation · Loneliness · Rejection
Sympathy Pity · Mono no aware · Sympathy
Fear Horror Alarm · Shock · Fear · Fright · Horror · Terror · Panic · Hysteria · Mortification
Nervousness Anxiety · Suspense · Uneasiness · Apprehension (fear) · Worry · Distress · Dread

Plutchik's wheel of emotions

Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions. Similar emotions in the wheel are adjacent.[16]

In 1980, Robert Plutchik constructed diagram of emotions visualising eight basic emotions: joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger and anticipation. The wheel was inspired by Plutchik's Ten Postulates[17][18] Plutchik also theorized twenty-four "Primary", "Secondary", and "Tertiary" dyads (feelings composed of two emotions).[19][20][21] The wheel emotions can be paired in four groups:

Primary dyad = one petal apart = Love = Joy + Trust
Secondary dyad = two petals apart = Envy = Sadness + Anger
Tertiary dyad = three petals apart = Shame = Fear + Disgust
Opposite emotions = four petals apart = Anticipation ≠ Surprise

Emotions can be mild or intense;[22] for example, distraction is a mild form of surprise, and rage is an intense form of anger. The kinds of relation between each pair of emotions are:

Emotions and opposites
Mild emotion Mild opposite Basic emotion Basic opposite Intense emotion Intense opposite
Serenity Pensiveness Joy Sadness Ecstasy Grief
Acceptance Boredom Trust Disgust Admiration Loathing
Apprehension Annoyance Fear Anger Terror Rage
Distraction Interest Surprise Anticipation Amazement Vigilance

Dyads (Combinations)
Human feelings Emotions Opposite feelings Emotions
Optimism Anticipation + Joy Disapproval Surprise + Sadness
Hope Anticipation + Trust Unbelief Surprise + Disgust
Anxiety Anticipation + Fear Outrage Surprise + Anger
Love Joy + Trust Remorse Sadness + Disgust
Guilt Joy + Fear Envy Sadness + Anger
Delight Joy + Surprise Pessimism Sadness + Anticipation
Submission Trust + Fear Contempt Disgust + Anger
Curiosity Trust + Surprise Cynicism Disgust + Anticipation
Sentimentality Trust + Sadness Morbidness Disgust + Joy
Awe Fear + Surprise Aggressiveness Anger + Anticipation
Despair Fear + Sadness Pride Anger + Joy
Shame Fear + Disgust Dominance Anger + Trust

Plutchik's wheel in Venn format

Jessica Hagy wrote on her blog that Plutchik's wheel of emotions gave a demonstration on emotions, but needed more levels of intensity in the emotion combinations. She observed that the wheel was a Venn diagram format, and expanded the primary dyads.[23]

Emotional overlap
Human feelings Emotions Opposite feelings Emotions
Bemusement Interest + Serenity Dismay Distraction + Pensiveness
Zeal Vigilance + Ecstasy Horror Amazement + Grief
Acknowledgement Serenity + Acceptance Listlessness Pensiveness + Boredom
Devotion Ecstasy + Admiration Shame Grief + Loathing
Acquiescence Acceptance + Apprehension Impatience Boredom + Annoyance
Subservience Admiration + Terror Hatred Loathing + Rage
Wariness Apprehension + Distraction Disfavor Annoyance + Interest
Petrification Terror + Amazement Domination Rage + Vigilance

The Hourglass of Emotions

File:Hourglass-advancedemotions.png
Advanced emotions formed from two sentic dimensions.

The 2012 book The Hourglass of Emotions was based on Robert Plutchik's model, but categorised the emotions into four sentic dimensions. It contrasted anger, anticipation, joy, and trust as positive emotions, and fear, surprise, sadness and disgust as negative.[24]

Emotional flow
Dimension +3 +2 +1 -1 -2 -3
Sensitivity Rage Anger Annoyance Apprehension Fear Terror
Attention Vigilance Anticipation Interest Distraction Surprise Amazement
Pleasantness Ecstasy Joy Serenity Pensiveness Sadness Grief
Aptitude Admiration Trust Acceptance Boredom Disgust Loathing

,

Advanced emotions
Dimensions High Sensitivity Low Sensitivity High Pleasantness Low Pleasantness
High Attention Aggressiveness Anxiety Optimism Frustration
Low Attention Rejection Awe Frivolity Disapproval
High Aptitude Rivalry Submission Love Envy
Low Aptitude Contempt Coercion Gloat Remorse

The Book of Human Emotions

Tiffany Watt Smith listed 154 different worldwide emotions and feelings.[25]

Mapping facial expressions

Scientists map twenty-one different facial emotions[27][28] [29] expanded from Paul Ekman's six basic emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise:

Happy Sad Fearful Angry Surprised
Disgusted Happily
Surprised		 Happily
Disgusted		 Sadly
Fearful		 Sadly
Angry
Sadly
Surprised		 Sadly
Disgusted		 Fearfully
Angry		 Fearfully
Surprised		 Fearfully
Disgusted
Angrily
Surprised		 Angrily
Disgusted		 Disgustedly
Surprised		 Hatred Awed

See also

References

  1. ^ Lisa Feldman Barrett. "Solving the Emotion Paradox : Categorization and the Experience of Emotion" (PDF). Pdfs.semanticscholar.org. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
  2. ^ "Emotions and Moods" (PDF). Catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  3. ^ "Comparing The 5 Theories of Emotion – Brain Blogger". Brainblogger.com. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  4. ^ Candland, Douglas (23 November 2017). "Emotion". iUniverse. Retrieved 23 November 2017 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ James, William (1 April 2007). "The Principles of Psychology". Cosimo, Inc. Retrieved 20 October 2017 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ Handel, Steven. "Classification of Emotions". Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  7. ^ "Are There Basic Emotions?" (PDF). Paulekam.com. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  8. ^ Lazarus, Richard S.; Lazarus, Bernice N. (23 September 1996). "Passion and Reason: Making Sense of Our Emotions". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 23 September 2017 – via Google Books.
  9. ^ "Emotional Competency – Recognize these emotions". Emotionalcompetency.com. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  10. ^ "Psychologists Identify Twenty Seven Distinct Categories of Emotion – Psychology". Sci-news.com. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  11. ^ "Interactive web". Retrieved 2017-09-11.
  12. ^ Robinson, D. L. (2009). "Brain function, mental experience and personality". The Netherlands Journal of Psychology. pp. 152–167.
  13. ^ "HUMAINE Emotion Annotation and Representation Language". Emotion-research.net. Retrieved June 30, 2006.
  14. ^ Shaver, P.; Schwartz, J.; Kirson, D.; O'connor, C. (1987). "Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52 (6): 1061. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1061. PMID 3598857. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Parrott, W. (2001). Emotions in Social Psychology. Key Readings in Social Psychology. Philadelphia: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0863776830.
  16. ^ Plutchik, Robert (16 September 1991). "The Emotions". University Press of America. p. 110. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via Google Books.
  17. ^ "Basic Emotions—Plutchik". Personalityresearch.org. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  18. ^ Plutchik, R. "The Nature of Emotions". American Scientist. Archived from the original on July 16, 2001. Retrieved 14 April 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions" (PDF). Adliterate.com. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
  20. ^ Jonathan Turner (1 June 2000). On the Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect. Stanford University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8047-6436-0.
  21. ^ Atifa Athar; M. Saleem Khan; Khalil Ahmed; Aiesha Ahmed; Nida Anwar (June 2011). "A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents". International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2 (6).
  22. ^ "The Nature of Emotions" (PDF). Emotionalcompetency.com. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
  23. ^ "Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions – Indexed". Thisisindexed.com. 2012-07-06. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
  24. ^ "LNCS 7403 – The Hourglass of Emotions" (PDF). Sentic.net. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
  25. ^ Tiffany Watt Smith. "The Book of Human Emotions: An Encyclopedia of Feeling from Anger to Wanderlust" (PDF). Anarchiveforemotions.com. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
  26. ^ "Invisibilia: A Man Finds An Explosive Emotion Locked In A Word". Retrieved 2017-12-29.
  27. ^ "Happily disgusted? Scientists map facial expressions for 21 emotions | Science". The Guardian. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
  28. ^ Jacque Wilson (2014-04-04). "Happily disgusted? 15 new emotions ID'd". KSL.com. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
  29. ^ "6 basic emotions".

External links

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