Docking (dog)

Docking is the removal of portions of an animal's tail. While docking and bobbing are more commonly used to refer to removal of the tail, the term cropping^[1] is used in reference to the ears. Tail docking occurs in one of two ways. The first involves constricting the blood supply to the tail with a rubber ligature for a few days until the tail falls off. The second involves the severance of the tail with surgical scissors or a scalpel.^[2] The length to which tails are docked varies by breed, and is often specified in the breed standard.

At least 170 dog breeds have naturally occurring bob tail lines. These appear similar to docked dogs but are a distinct naturally occurring phenotype.

History

Purpose

Historically, tail docking was thought to prevent rabies, strengthen the back, increase the animal's speed, and prevent injuries when ratting, fighting, and baiting.^[2] In early Georgian times^{[clarification needed]} in the United Kingdom a tax was levied upon working dogs with tails, so many types of dog were docked to avoid this tax.^[2] The tax was repealed in 1796 but that did not stop the practice from persisting.

Tail docking is done in modern times either for prophylactic, therapeutic, or cosmetic purposes. For dogs that work in the field, such as some hunting dogs and herding dogs, tails can collect burrs and foxtails, causing pain and infection and, due to the tail's wagging, may be subject to abrasion or other injury while moving through dense brush or thickets.

Modern practice

Docking of puppies younger than 10 to 14 days old is routinely carried out by both breeders and veterinarians without anesthesia.^[3] Opponents of these procedures state that most tail dockings are done for aesthetic reasons rather than health concerns and are unnecessarily painful for the dog. They point out that even non-working show or pet dogs are routinely docked. As a result, tail defects that docking proponents claim makes docking necessary in the first place are perpetuated in the breeds.^{[clarification needed]} They point to the many breeds of working dogs with long tails that are not traditionally docked, including English Pointers, Setters, Herding dogs, and Foxhounds.

Criticism

Robert Wansborough argued in a 1996 paper^[4] that docking tails puts dogs at a disadvantage in several ways. First, dogs use their tails to communicate with other dogs (and with people); a dog without a tail might be significantly handicapped in conveying fear, caution, aggression, playfulness, and so on.

Certain breeds use their tails as rudders when swimming, and possibly for balance when running, so active dogs with docked tails might be at a disadvantage compared to their tailed peers. In 2007, Stephen Leaver, a graduate student at the University of Victoria, published a paper on tail docking which found that tail length was important in the transmission of social cues. The study found that dogs with shorter tails (docked tails) would be approached with caution, as if the approaching dog was unsure of the emotional state of the docked dog. The study goes on to suggest that dogs with docked tails may grow up to be more aggressive. The reasoning postulated by Tom Reimchen, UVic Biologist and supervisor of the study, was that dogs who grew up without being able to efficiently transmit social cues would grow up to be more anti-social and thus more aggressive.^[5]

Wansborough also investigated seven years of records from an urban veterinary practice to demonstrate that undocked tails result in less harm than docked tails.

Influence of kennel clubs

Critics point out that kennel clubs with breed standards that do not make allowance for uncropped or undocked dogs put pressure on owners and breeders to continue the practice. Although the American Kennel Club (AKC) says that it has no rules that require docking or that make undocked animals ineligible for the show ring,^[6] standards for many breeds put undocked animals at a disadvantage for the conformation show ring. The American breed standard for boxers, for example, recommends that an undocked tail be "severely penalized."^[7]

The AKC position is that ear cropping and tail docking are "acceptable practices integral to defining and preserving breed character and/or enhancing good health,"^[8] even though the practice is currently opposed by the American Veterinary Medical Association.^[9]

Legal status

Today, many countries ban cropping and docking because they consider the practices unnecessary, painful, cruel or mutilation. In Europe, the cropping of ears is prohibited in all countries that have ratified the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals. Some countries that ratified the convention made exceptions for tail docking.

United Kingdom

Show dogs are no longer docked in the United Kingdom. A dog docked before 28 March 2007 in Wales and 6 April 2007 in England may continue to be shown at all shows in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland throughout its life. A dog docked on, or after, the above dates, regardless of where it was docked, may not be shown at shows in England and Wales where the public is charged a fee for admission. Where a working dog has been docked in England and Wales under the respective regulations, however, it may be shown where the public is charged a fee, so long as it is shown “only to demonstrate its working ability”. It will thus be necessary to show working dogs in such a way as to demonstrate their working ability and not conformity to a standard. A dog legally docked in England, Wales, Northern Ireland, or abroad may be shown at any show in Scotland or Northern Ireland.

In England and Wales, ear cropping is illegal, and no dog with cropped ears can take part in any Kennel Club event (including agility and other non-conformation events). Tail docking is also illegal, except for a few working breeds; this exemption applies only when carried out by a registered veterinary surgeon.

The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS), the regulatory body for veterinary surgeons in the United Kingdom, has stated they consider tail docking to be "an unjustified mutilation and unethical unless done for therapeutic or acceptable prophylactic reasons".^{[citation needed]} In 1995 a veterinary surgeon was brought before the RCVS disciplinary council for "disgraceful professional conduct" for carrying out cosmetic docking. The surgeon claimed that the docking was performed to prevent future injuries, and the case was dismissed for lack of evidence otherwise. Although cosmetic docking is still considered unacceptable by the RCVS, no further disciplinary action has been taken against vets performing docking.

The Animal Welfare Act 2006 makes the docking of dogs' tails a criminal offence, except for working dogs such as those used by the police force, the military, rescue services, pest control, and those used in connection with lawful animal shooting. Three options were presented to Parliament in March 2006 with Parliament opting for the second:

An outright ban on docking dogs' tails (opposed by a majority of 278 to 267)
A ban on docking dogs' tails with an exception for working dogs (supported by a majority of 476 to 63)
Retention of the status quo.

Those convicted of unlawful docking are liable to a fine of up to £20,000, up to 51 weeks of imprisonment or both.

In Northern Ireland legislation known as Welfare of Animals Act (Northern Ireland) 2011made Tail Docking Illegal except for certain working dogs. .^[10]

In Scotland docking of any breed is illegal. The Animal Health and Welfare (Scotland) Act 2006 contains provisions prohibiting the mutilation of domesticated animals.

Legal status of dog tail docking and ear cropping by country

Country	Status	Ban/restriction date (if applicable)
Afghanistan	Unrestricted
Argentina	Unrestricted
Australia	Banned in all states and territories.^[11]	June 2004 (East) 16 March 2010 (WA)
Austria	Banned	1 January 2005
Belgium	Banned	1 January 2006
Bolivia	Unrestricted
Brazil	Banned for cosmetic purposes
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Restricted: Can only be done by a vet
Canada	Canada has no federal law banning pet cosmetic surgery. The Canadian Veterinary Medical Association opposes all cosmetic practices.^[12] Two provinces have provincial legislation against tail docking, ear cropping, and most cosmetic surgeries: Illegal since 2015 in Prince Edward Island ^[13] Illegal in Newfoundland and Labrador under the Newfoundland and Labrador Regulation 35/12 on 2 May 2012.^[14] Three provincial veterinary associations have bans on their veterinarians performing tail docking, ear cropping, and most cosmetic surgeries: Since 2008 by the New Brunswick Veterinary Medical Association (NBVMA)^[15] Since 2010 by the Nova Scotia Veterinary Medical Association (NSVMA)^[16] To take effect first of January 2017, a total ban on cosmetic surgery, by the Ordre des médecins vétérinaires du Québec (OMVQ)^[17] Three Provincial veterinary associations with ear cropping bans are open to a future ban of tail docking: Since 2013 the Saskatchewan Veterinary Medical Association banned cosmetic ear cropping (bylaw 33.6) ^[18]^[19] Since 2015 the College of Veterinarians of British Columbia (CVBC))^[20] Since 2012, Bylaw 31, by Manitoba Veterinary Medical Association (MVMA)^[21]^[22]^[23]
Chile	Unrestricted
Colombia	Banned
Costa Rica	Unrestricted
Croatia	Banned
Cyprus	Banned	1991^[24]
Czech Republic	Ear cropping banned, tail docking unrestricted
Denmark	Banned, with exceptions for five gun dog breeds	1 June 1996
Egypt	Unrestricted
England	Ear cropping banned in 1899. Tail docking restricted since 2007, can only be done by a vet on certain working dog breeds.^[25]^[26]	2006
Estonia	Banned	2001
Finland	Banned	1 July 1996^[27]
France	Tail docking is unrestricted (France opted out of the rule regarding docking when it ratified the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals)^[28] Any other surgery for aesthetic purposes (such as ear cropping) is banned since 2009^[29]
Germany	Banned, with exceptions for working gun dogs.^[2]	1 May 1998
Greece	Banned	1991^[24]
Hungary	Unrestricted
Iceland	Banned	2001
India	Unrestricted, from Madras High Court ruling (WP № 1750/2012)
Indonesia	Unrestricted
Iran	Unrestricted — tail docking and ear trimming are still taught in veterinary faculties in Iran
Ireland	Banned	7 March 2014
Israel	Banned for cosmetic purposes.^[2]	2000
Italy	Banned
Japan	Unrestricted^[30]
Kuwait	Unrestricted
Latvia	Banned
Lebanon	Unrestricted
Lithuania	Banned
Luxembourg	Banned	1991^[24]
Malaysia	Unrestricted
Morocco	Unrestricted: Morocco has no animal protection laws
Mauritius	Unrestricted
Mexico	Unrestricted
Nepal	Unrestricted
Netherlands	Banned	1 September 2001
New Zealand	Cropping ears is banned, docking tails is restricted to those trained and acting under an approved quality assurance programme in puppies less than four days old.^[31]
Northern Ireland	Ear cropping illegal. Tail docking restricted since 2013, can only be done by a vet on certain working dog breeds.^[32]
Norway	Banned	1987
Peru	Unrestricted
Philippines	Unrestricted
Portugal	Cropping ears is banned. Docking tails is allowed, as long as it's performed by a veterinarian.	2001
Poland	Banned	1997
Russia	Restricted
Scotland	Banned	2006
Slovakia	Banned	1 January 2003
Slovenia	Banned^[33]	April 2007
South Africa	The South African Veterinary Council has banned veterinarians from performing this procedure (unless for medical purposes). Ear cropping is also banned.	1 June 2008
Spain	Banned in some autonomies
Sri Lanka	Unrestricted
Sweden	Banned	1989
Switzerland	Banned	1 July 1981 (ears) 1988 (tails)^[2]
Taiwan	Unrestricted
Thailand	Unrestricted
Tunisia	Unrestricted
Turkey	Banned	24 June 2004^[34]
United States	Unrestricted. Some states, including New York,^[35] and Vermont have considered bills to make the practice illegal.
Virgin Islands, British	Banned	2005
Wales	Restricted: can only be done by vet on a number of working dog breeds	2006