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For record label, see Dog Meat Records. For the Fallout character, see Dogmeat.
A platter of cooked dog meat in Guilin, China
Dog meat
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy1,096 kJ (262 kcal)
0.1 g
Dietary fiber0 g
20.2 g
19 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
0%
3.6 μg
Thiamine (B1)
10%
0.12 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
14%
0.18 mg
Niacin (B3)
12%
1.9 mg
Vitamin C
3%
3 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
8 mg
Iron
16%
2.8 mg
Phosphorus
13%
168 mg
Potassium
9%
270 mg
Sodium
3%
72 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water60.1 g
Cholesterol44.4 mg
Ash0.8 g
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[2] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[3]
Source: Yong-Geun Ann (1999)[1]

Dog meat is eaten in some countries and certain breeds of dogs are raised on farms and slaughtered for their meat. Dog meat may be consumed as an alternative source of meat or for specific medicinal benefits attributed to various parts of a dog. In parts of the world where dogs are kept as pets, people generally consider the use of dogs for food to be a social taboo.[citation needed]

Cultural attitudes, legalities, and history regarding eating dog meat varies from country to country. Very little statistical information is available on attitudes to the consumption of dog meat. Though the consumption of dog meat is generally viewed as taboo in Western culture, some Westerners support the right to eat dog meat and accuse other Westerners who protest against dog eating in other countries of cultural imperialism and intolerance.[4][5][6] Joey Skaggs, for instance, organized a hoax in the United States in which a fictitious Korean restaurant asked animal shelters for unwanted dogs to be made into dog meat in order to expose the alleged intolerance, hypocrisy and racism of those opposed to dog-eating.[7][8] Others, however, oppose the consumption of dog meat in non-Western countries. They perceive dogs as inherently emotional and friendly to humanity, arguing that the slaughter of a dog for food is excessively cruel.[9][10][11][12] In the Islamic and Jewish cultures, eating dogs is forbidden under Muslim dietary laws and Jewish laws of Kashrut.[13]

The raising and consumption of dog meat has been linked to the transmission of rabies to humans with two reported cases in China, one in Vietnam, and two deaths reported in the Philippines.[14]

By region

Arctic and Antarctic

Dogs have historically been an emergency food source for various peoples in Siberia, Alaska, northern Canada, and Greenland. Sled dogs are usually maintained for pulling sleds, but occasionally are eaten when no other food is available.

Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen was known to have eaten sled dogs to survive during his expedition to the South Pole. By eating some of the sled dogs, he required less dog food, thus lightening his load.

Canada

Consumption of dog meat is taboo in mainstream Canadian culture. However it may be practised by some cultural minorities. Under Canada's Wildlife Act, it is illegal to sell meat from any wild species. But there is no law against selling and serving canine meat, including dogs, if it is killed and gutted in front of federal inspectors.[15]

In 2003, health inspectors discovered four frozen canine carcasses in the freezer of a Chinese restaurant in Edmonton[16] which, in the end, were found to be coyotes. The Edmonton health inspector said that it is not illegal to sell and eat the meat of dogs and other canines, as long as the meat has been inspected.[17] Ed Greenburg, an official with Edmonton's Capital Health Region, said the fact that the animals were coyotes doesn't change anything and inspectors are still looking into the possibility that uninspected meat was served at the restaurant.[citation needed]

China

Dog meat
Chinese狗肉
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyingǒu ròu
Mutton of the earth
Chinese地羊
Literal meaningearth lamb
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyindì yáng
Fragrant meat
Chinese香肉
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinxiāng ròu
3-6 fragrant meat
Chinese三六香肉
Transcriptions
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanizationsàam luhk hèung yuhk

Dog meat (Chinese: 狗肉; pinyin: gǒu ròu) has been a source of food in small parts of China from at least around 500 BC, and possibly even before. Mencius, the philosopher, recommended dog meat because of its pharmaceutical properties. [18] Ancient writings from the Zhou Dynasty referred to the "three beasts"[This quote needs a citation] (which were bred for food), including pig, goat, and dog. Dog meat is sometimes euphemistically called "fragrant meat" (香肉 xiāng ròu) or "mutton of the earth" (地羊 dì yáng) in Mandarin Chinese and "3-6 fragrant meat" (Chinese: 三六香肉; Cantonese Yale: sàam luhk hèung yuhk) in Cantonese (3 plus 6 is 9 and the words "nine" and "dog" are homophones, both pronounced gáu in Cantonese. In Mandarin, "nine" and "dog" are pronounced differently).

The eating of dog meat has a history in China which dates back thousands of years. Dog meat has long been thought by some to have medicinal properties, and is especially popular in winter months as it is believed to generate heat and promote bodily warmth.[19][20][21][22] Also, dogs have occasionally been eaten as an emergency food supply.[23]

Contrary to some popular beliefs, the Chinese usually only eat dogs raised specifically for meat, not those raised as pets. The dogs are slaughtered between 6 and 12 months of age.

Despite it being a socially acceptable practice, the average Chinese does not usually consume dog meat. That's also why dog meat used to be cheap. The price of dog meat has become relatively expensive in recent years compared to other meat choices and hence generally more accessible to affluent Chinese.[24] More concentrated dog meat consumption areas in China are in the northeast, south and southwestern areas.[25][failed verification] Peixian County in Northern Jiangsu is well-known in China for the production of a dog-meat stew flavoured with soft-shelled turtle. The dish is said to have been invented by Fan Kuai and to have been a favourite with Liu Bang, founder of the Han dynasty.[citation needed]

The Chinese normally cook the dog meat by stewing it with thick gravy or by roasting it. Some methods of preparing the dog carcass are by immersion in boiling water, or flash-burning the fur off in a fire.[citation needed]

In Hong Kong, a local ordinance dating from British colonial times, which has been retained after the handover to Chinese sovereignty, prohibits the slaughter of any dog or cat for use as food, whether for mankind or otherwise, on pain of fine and imprisonment.[26][27] Four local men were sentenced to 30 days imprisonment in December 2006 for having slaughtered two dogs.[28] In an earlier case, in February 1998, a Hongkonger was sentenced to one month imprisonment and a fine of two thousand HK dollars for hunting street dogs for food.[29] Apart from this, a large proportion of Hong Kong residents are currently against the consumption of dog meat[citation needed].

Some controversy has emerged about the treatment of dogs in China not because of the consumption itself, but because of other factors like cruelty involved with the killing including allegations that animals are sometimes skinned while still alive.[30]

A growing movement against consumption of cat and dog meat has gained attention from people in mainland China. Those changes began about two years after the formation of the Chinese Companion Animal Protection Network, a networking project of Chinese Animal Protection Network. Expanded to more than 40 member societies, CCAPN in January 2006 began organizing well-publicized protests against dog and cat eating, starting in Guangzhou, following up in more than ten other cities "with very optimal response from public."[31]

Since January 2007, more than ten Chinese groups have joined an online signing event against the consumption of cat and dog meat. The signatures indicate that the participants will avoid eating cat and dog meat in the future. This online signing event received more than 42,000 signatures from public and has been circulated around the country. [32] Supportors of this online event also organized offline events in many cities, including several high profile performance-art shows.[citation needed]

Some Chinese restaurants in the United States serve "imitation dog meat", which is usually pulled pork and purportedly flavored like dog meat. e.g. "Northern Chinese Restaurant", Rosemead, California [33]

In Taiwan,dog meat (Minnan: 狗肉 káu-bah) is known by the euphemism "fragrant meat" (香肉 xiāng ròu) in Mandarin Chinese in Taiwan. Eating dogs has never been commonplace in Taiwan, but it is particularly eaten in the winter months, especially black dogs, which are believed to help retain body warmth. In 2004, the Taiwanese government imposed a ban on the sale of dog meat, due to both pressure from domestic animal welfare groups and a desire to improve international perceptions, although there were some protests.[34][35] According to Lonely Planet's Taiwan guide, it is still possible to find dog meat on some restaurant menus, but this is becoming increasingly rare.[citation needed] In 2008 a series of incidents of increased consumption of cat and dog meat in Guangdong areas have appeared in local mass media.[citation needed]

East Timor

Dog meat is a delicacy popular in East Timor.[5]

France

Although consumption of dog meat is not well-known in France, dog meat was widely consumed in France throughout history. The earliest evidence of dog consumption in France was found at Gaulish archaeological sites where butchered dog bones were found.[36] French news sources from the late 19th century carried stories reporting long lines of people buying dog meat, which was described as being "beautiful and light."[37] Dog meat was also reported as being sold by French butchers in Paris, 1910.[38]

Germany

Dog meat has been eaten in every major German crisis at least since the time of Frederick the Great, and is commonly referred to as "blockade mutton."[39] In the early 20th century, consumption of dog meat in Germany was common.[40] In 1937, trichina inspection was introduced for pigs, dogs, boars, foxes, badgers, and other carnivores.[41] Dog meat has been prohibited in Germany since 1986.[42]

Ghana

Dogs are eaten in some states of Ghana. They are believed to have medicinal powers. [citation needed]

India

There have been reports of locals in remote parts of North-East India, such as those in Mizoram and Nagaland, consuming dog meat.[43][44][45] Apart from these areas, eating dog meat is a taboo throughout India. Hinduism, the primary religion of India, has a strong vegetarian tradition and therefore, eating meat is generally discouraged. Eating any meat is considered a taboo by traditional orthodox Hindus. However, in Hindu mythology, there is a story of Viswamitra eating dog meat when in complete scarcity of food supplies. [46][47]

Indonesia

In Indonesia, the consumption of dog meat are usually associated with the Minahasa, a Christian ethnic group in northern Sulawesi, and Bataks of Northern Sumatra who consider dog meat to be a festive dish and usually reserve it for special occasions like weddings and Christmas.[48]. Popular Indonesian dog-meat dish are rica-rica, called variably as "RW" or Rintek Wuuk, rica-Rica Waung, Guk-Guk, and "B1". Locally on Java there are several names for dishes made from dog meat such as Sengsu (Tongseng Asu), Sate Jamu, and Kambing Balap.

Japan

Dog meat was consumed widely in Japan until 675 A.D. when Emperor Temmu decreed a prohibition on its consumption during the 4th-9th months of the year.[49] Today, it is exclusively consumed by Korean people in Japan. China is the only exporter of dog meat to Japan and exported 31 tons in 2006.[50] In Japan dog meat is available in Koreatowns such as the ones found in Tsuruhashi, Osaka and Okubo, Tokyo. Korean residents in Japan frequent dog meat restaurants there.[6]

Korea

Dog meat
Korean name
Hangul개고기
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationGaegogi
McCune–ReischauerKaegogi
Alternative Korean name
Hangul단고기
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationDan(-)gogi
McCune–ReischauerTan'gogi

Gaegogi literally means "dog meat" in Korean. Gaegogi, however, is often mistaken as the term for Korean soup made from dog meat, bosintang. Selling dog meat has been illegal in South Korea since 1984; however, dog farms still exist and some people still eat dog meat. The primary dog breed raised for meat, the nureongi (누렁이), differs from those breeds raised for pets which Koreans may keep in their homes.[51] Dog meat manufacturing and processing were outlawed, [52] [53] but the order is sometimes ignored. Even though a fair number of Koreans (anywhere from 5 to 30%) have tried it before, only a small percentage of the population eats it regularly.[citation needed] There is a large and vocal group of Korean people that are against the practice of eating dog meat.[54] There is also a large population of people in South Korea that do not eat or enjoy the meat, but do feel strongly that it is the right of others to do so.[54] There is a smaller but still vocal group of pro-dog cuisine people in South Korea who want to popularize the consumption of dog in Korea and the rest of the world.[54] So even Koreans are divided on the issue.[54] Although technically illegal to sell dog meat in Korea, some restaurateurs still do so even though they risk losing their restaurant licenses. Currently, you can find dog meat in such cities as Gunsan, South Korea. In 1997 one dog meat wholesaler in Seoul was brought up on charges of selling dog meat illegally.[55] BBC claim that, in 2003, approximately 4,000-6,000 restaurants served soups made from dog meat in Korea.[56] The soups cost about US$10 while dishes of steamed dog meat with rice cost about US$25. The BBC claims that eighty-five hundred tons of dog meat are consumed per year, with another 93,600 tons used to produce a medicinal tonic called gaesoju.[56] Koreans raise exceptional dogs which are edible.[57] At the present day, the dogs are not beaten to death as they were in the past.[58]

Dog meat is often consumed during the summer months and is either roasted or prepared in soups or stews. The most popular of these soups is gaejang-guk, a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. This is thought to ensure good health by balancing one's "ki" or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of gaejang-guk explains the preparation of the dish by boiling dog meat with green onions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. [59]

The consumption of dog meat can be traced back to antiquity. Dog bones were excavated in a neolithic settlement in Changnyeong, South Gyeongsang Province. A wall painting in the Goguryeo tombs complex in South Hwangghae Province, a UNESCO World Heritage site which dates from 4th century AD, depicts a slaughtered dog in a storehouse. The Balhae people also enjoyed dog meat, and the Koreans' appetite for canine cuisine seems to have come from those days.[60]

Types of dishes

See also: Korean cuisine
  • bosintang - dog stew including dog meat as its primary ingredient.
  • gaejangguk - dog meat soup.
  • gaesuyuk - boiled dog meat.
  • gaesoju - a mixed drink that includes dog meat and other herbal ingredients used in Oriental medicine such as antlers.

Controversy

Use of dogs for meat and the methods of slaughter used have generated friction between dog lovers, both Western and Korean, and people who eat dogs; the conflict occasionally breaks out as headline news. During the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, the South Korean government asked its citizens not to consume dog meat to avoid bad publicity during the games. It also closed all restaurants serving gaejang-guk to better improve the country's image to western culture visitors.

The controversy surfaced again in 2001 during the 2002 FIFA World Cup.[61][62] The organizers of the games, under pressure from animal rights groups such as PETA. demanded that the Korean government re-address the issue. Brigitte Bardot, a prominent head of a French animal rights organization which is named after her, launched a crusade during the 2002 FIFA World Cup to have dog meat outlawed in Korea. She prompted people to boycott the games if the government did not outlaw the sale of dog meat in restaurants in Seoul. This concept seemed out of place to those people in Southern China and parts of Southeast Asia where dog meat is seen as an affordable meat source, especially in China where records of dog consumption date back to 500 B.C. where recipes of dog dishes were listed in the Li Ji for ritual consumption.

In Korea, some people eat bosintang (literally "invigorating soup"), believing it to have medicinal properties, particularly as relates to virility. Dog meat is also believed to keep one cool during the intense Korean summer. Many Korean Buddhists consider eating meat an offense, which includes dog meat[citation needed]. Unlike beef, pork, or poultry, dog meat has no legal status as food in South Korea. Hence dog meat farming takes place in a legal grey area.[58] Some in South Korea and abroad believe that dog meat should be expressly legalized so that only authorized preparers can deal with the meat in more humane and sanitary ways, while others think that the practice should be banned by law.

In recent years, many Korean people have changed their attitudes towards eating dog meat from "personal choice" to "unnecessary cruelty." Animal rights activists in South Korea protest against the custom of eating dog meat.[63]

Some Koreans still eat dogs, but not the domestic pet variety.[64] It is believed that civilised people don’t eat dogs in Korea, though nobody can explain why it’s wrong to do so.[64] Many Koreans actually do not eat dog.[64] Korean culture forbids making a meal of animals that are considered companions, but pigs, cows, lamb and other livestock are fair.[64]

A recent survey by the Ministry of Agriculture showed that 59 per cent of Koreans aged under 30 would not eat dog. Some 62 per cent of the same age group said they regard dogs as pets, not food.[58] Many young Koreans think those who eat dog are an anachronism.[58] Although early western media reports that some dogs were beaten to death, [65] Nowadays, the dogs are not beaten to death as they were in the past.[58]

Mexico

Consumption of dog meat is taboo in Mexico. However, in the time of the Aztecs, dogs were historically bred for their meat. Hernán Cortés reported that when he arrived in Tenochtitlan in 1519, "small gelded dogs which they breed for eating" were among the goods sold in the city markets.[66] These dogs, now extinct, were called itzcuintlis, and were similar to the modern Mexican Hairless Dog. They are often depicted in pre-Columbian Mexican pottery.

In May 2008 a man named Rubén Cuellar of Veracruz-Boca del Rio was accused of engaging in the slaughter of dogs and selling the meat to local taco restaurants. He was detained by police pending investigation.[67]

Nigeria

Dogs are eaten in some states of Nigeria including Cross River, Plateau, Taraba and Gombe of Nigeria. They are believed to have medicinal powers.[68]

Philippines

In the capital city of Manila, Metro Manila Commission Ordinance 82-05[69] specifically prohibits the killing and selling of dogs for food. More generally, the Philippine Animal Welfare Act 1998[70] prohibits the killing of any animal other than cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, poultry, rabbits, carabaos, horses, deer and crocodiles except in the following instances:

  1. When it is done as part of the religious rituals of an established religion or sect or a ritual required by tribal or ethnic custom of indigenous cultural communities; however, leaders shall keep records in cooperation with the Committee on Animal Welfare;
  2. When the pet animal is afflicted with an incurable communicable disease as determined and certified by a duly licensed veterinarian;
  3. When the killing is deemed necessary to put an end to the misery suffered by the animal as determined and certified by a duly licensed veterinarian;
  4. When it is done to prevent an imminent danger to the life or limb of a human being;
  5. When done for the purpose of animal population control;
  6. When the animal is killed after it has been used in authorized research or experiments; and
  7. Any other ground analogous to the foregoing as determined and certified by a licensed veterinarian.

Nevertheless, as is reported from time to time in Philippine newspapers, the eating of dog meat is not uncommon in the Philippines.[71] DogMeatTrade.com,[72] an organization working in the Philippines to eliminate the eating of dogs in the country, estimates that 500,000 dogs are killed annually in the Philippine Islands for human consumption.[72]

In the Province of Benguet, Resolution 05-392 has been passed declaring, among other things, "it has been an evolved cultural practice of indigenous peoples of the Cordillera the butchering of animals, dogs included, as part of their rituals and practices leading to its commercialization to a limited extent, and had become an inevitable common necessity in their way of life"; and resolving, among other things, "to seek the help and assistance of the Committee on Animal Welfare, Department of Agriculture, the Regional Police Office, Cordillera Administrative Region, the Provincial Police Office, Benguet Province, for the proper observance of the said rights of indigenous peoples".[73]

Polynesia

Dogs were historically eaten in Tahiti and other islands of Polynesia including Hawaii[74] [75] at the time of first European contact. James Cook, when first visiting Tahiti in 1769, recorded in his journal that "few were there of us but what allowe'd that a South Sea Dog was next to an English Lamb, one thing in their favour is that they live entirely upon Vegetables".[76] In Hawaii, the eating of dog meat was reserved to females until the system of kapu was overthrown in favor of 'Ai Noa (free eating) in 1819. Efforts to restore the kapu ended and free eating became policy after a feast of dog meat that King Kamehameha II partook of with his chiefesses.

Switzerland

According to the November 21, 1996, edition of the Rheintaler Bote, a Swiss newspaper covering the Rhine Valley area, the rural Swiss cantons of Appenzell and St. Gallen are known to have had a tradition of eating dogs, curing dog meat into jerky and sausages, as well as using the lard for medicinal purposes. Dog sausage and smoked dog jerky remains a staple in the Swiss cantons of St. Gallen and Appenzell, where one farmer was quoted in a regional weekly newspaper as saying that "meat from dogs is the healthiest of all. It has shorter fibres than cow meat, has no hormones like veal, no antibiotics like pork."[77]

A few years earlier, a news report on RTL Television on the two cantons set off a wave of protests from European animal rights activists and other concerned citizens. A 7000-name petition was filed to the commissions of the cantons, who rejected it, saying it wasn't the state's right to monitor the eating habits of its citizens.

The production of food from dog meat for commercial purposes, however, is illegal in Switzerland.[78]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, consumption of dog meat is taboo. Killing of dogs by anyone other than veterinarians for humane reasons is illegal and carries a prison sentence.

United States

In the United States, it is considered a social taboo and illegal in some jurisdictions to eat dogs or other animals traditionally considered to be pets or companion animals.[79]

During their 1803–1806 expedition, Meriwether Lewis and the other members of the Corps of Discovery consumed dog meat supplied by Native American tribes including the Paiutes and Wah-clel-lah Indians, a branch of the Watlalas,[80] the Clatsop,[81], the Teton Sioux (Lakota),[82] the Nez Perce Indians,[83] and the Hidatsas.[84] Lewis and the members of the expedition ate dog meat except William Clark who reportedly could not bring himself to eat dogs.[85]

Native Americans

The traditional culture surrounding the consumption of dog meat varied from tribe to tribe among the original inhabitants of North America, with some tribes relishing it as a delicacy and others (such as the Comanche) treating it as an abhorrent practice.[86] Native peoples of the Great Plains, such as the Sioux and Cheyenne, consumed it, but there was a concurrent religious taboo against the meat of wild canines.[87] The usual preparation method was boiling.

Vietnam

See also: Vietnamese cuisine
A dog meat platter found in a street market a few miles east of Hanoi

Dog meat is consumed in Vietnam to varying degrees of acceptability, though it predominantly exists in the north. There are multiple dishes featuring dog meat, and they often include the head, feet and internal organs. On Nhat Tan Street, Tây Hồ District, Hanoi, many restaurants serve dog meat, often imitating each other. Dog meat restaurants can be found throughout the country. Groups of customers, usually male, seated on mats, will spend their evenings sharing plates of dog meat and drinking alcohol. Dog meat is supposed to raise the libido in men and is sometimes considered unsuitable for women. Eating dog meat can serve as a male bonding exercise. Nevertheless, it is not uncommon for women to eat dog meat.[88] The consumption of dog meat can be part of a ritual usually occurring toward the end of the lunar month for reasons of astrology and luck. Restaurants which mainly exist to serve dog meat may only open for the last half of the lunar month.[89]

Almost all dogs that are used for meat are imported from other Southeast Asian countries (Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, etc.)[90] and from dog robbers.[91]

In 2009, dog meat was found to be a main carrier of the Vibrio cholerae bacterium, which caused the ongoing epidemic of cholera in northern Vietnam.[92][93]

Types of dishes

In Vietnamese cuisine there are many ways to cook dog meat. Typically a chef will choose one of seven ways to cook dog, collectively known as "cầy tơ 7 món".

  • Thit cho hap - steamed dog meat
  • Rua man - steamed dog in shrimp paste, rice flour and lemon grass
  • Doi cho - dog sausage
  • Gieng Me Mam Tom - Steamed dog in shrimp paste, ginger, spices and rice vinegar
  • Thit cho nuong - grilled dog meat
  • Canh Xao Mang Cho - Bamboo shoots and dog bone marrow
  • Cho Xao Sa Ot - Fried dog in lemon grass and chili

See also

References

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  41. ^ Fleischbeschaugesetz (Meat Inspection Law), § 1a, RGBl. (Reich Law Gazette) 1937 I p. 458, then becoming § 1 para. 3, RGBl. 1940 I p. 1463 (in German)
  42. ^ Fleischhygienegesetz (Law on Meat Hygiene), § 1 para. 1 sent. 4, BGBl. (Federal Law Gazette) 1986 I p. 398 (in German).
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  50. ^ Template:Ja icon 平成19年動物検疫年報仕出地域別輸入検疫状況, Quarantine Statics, The Animal Quarantine Service,[1] Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan).
  51. ^ Pettid, 25
  52. ^ Template:Ko 대한민국에서 개고기는 불법입니다. 식품위생법 시행규칙 42조 별표 13을 보면, 보건복지부 장관이나 시·도지사가 인정한 혐오식품은 조리·판매해서는 안 된다는 규정이 있습니다. 식약청에서는 개고기는 혐오식품으로 식품 제조가공원료로 허용되지 않는다고 하고요, 서울시 고시에서 보신탕은 혐오식품으로 분류돼 있죠, 한국동물보호연합 [2] Template:Ko
  53. ^ Template:Ko 모든 국가에서는 식품을 『가공·조리』해서 판매할 경우 반드시 나라에서 허가한 것만을 식품으로 가공·조리하도록 정하고 있는데, <식품위생법> 제 7조 1항에 근거하여 식약청장이 고시한 "식품공전" (→아래 참조)을 보면 개는 식품으로 『가공·조리』할 수 있는 원자재 원료에 적혀 있지 않습니다. 정부는 동물의 도축 방법을 규정하는 <축산물 가공처리법> 에서 개는 식용 유통이 가능한 '12가지 가축'에 포함시키지 않음으로 식용으로 개를 도살하거나(동물보호법 "제 6조" 위반) 판매 또는 식용하는 행위 모두가 불법으로 축산물가공처리법 제 45조(벌칙)와 동물보호법 제 12조(벌칙)에 근거하여 개 도살을 처벌할 수 있습니다.Hankyore [3] Template:Ko
  54. ^ a b c d Do Koreans Really Eat Dog? about.com
  55. ^ Hopkins, Jerry. Extreme Cuisine: The Weird & Wonderful Foods that People Eat, Signapore: Tuttle Publishing, 2004, p. 23.
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  57. ^ Dog Meat Foods in Korea,Ann, Yong-Geun, Korean Medical Database
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  59. ^ Pettid, Michael J., Korean Cuisine: An Illustrated History, London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2008, 84-85.
  60. ^ A Study of the favorite Foods of the Balhae PeopleYang Ouk-da
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  62. ^ "S Korea dog meat row deepens". BBC News Asia-Pacific. 2001-11-12. Retrieved 2006-12-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  63. ^ Activists protest against dog meat eating, BBC[4]
  64. ^ a b c d Delicious yet sometimes peculiar Korean cuisine23 April 2009, Helsinki Times
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  72. ^ a b "Official website". dogmeattrade.com. 2006-01-17. Retrieved 2006-10-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  73. ^ "Resolution 05-392". Province of Benguet. 2006-01-17. Retrieved 2006-10-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  75. ^ Ellis, W. (1839). Polynesian Researches. London: Fisher, Jackson. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |volumes= ignored (help)
  76. ^ Mumford, David (1971). The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-22766-9.
  77. ^ Joongang Ilbo, January 13, 2004; Rheintaler Bote, November 21, 1996; excerpts from both articles translated in: "And you thought they just ate fondue", Marmot's Hole (blog), January 14, 2004. Retrieved 2007-08-08.
  78. ^ FDHA Ordinance of 23 November 2005 on food of animal origin, Art.2.
  79. ^ see, e.g., California Penal Code § 598.
  80. ^ Back Through the Gorge, 1806
  81. ^ Ecola
  82. ^ Change of Heart
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  89. ^ Arthurs, Clare (2001-12-31). "Vietnam's dog meat tradition". BBC. Retrieved 2006-10-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  90. ^ Dẫn tôi đi thăm “khu công nghiệp” chó, anh Lai giới thiệu hiện tại đã có 25 trại, mỗi trại thường xuyên có hơn một tấn chó “dự bị”. Mỗi ngày, “khu công nghiệp” này của Sơn Đông cung cấp cho thị trường Hà Nội khoảng 10 tấn chó hơi, chủ yếu là chó ngoại của Lào, Campuchia, Thái Lan, Malaysia... Buôn chó xuyên quốc gia Tuoi Tre Newspaper
  91. ^ Quán “cờ tây” mọc lên như nấm, giá thịt chó cũng leo thang tới 40.000 – 50.000 đồng/kg, nạn trộm chó cũng gia tăng khắp các tỉnh Miền Tây: Nạn… mất chó! Sai Gon Giai Phong Newspaper
  92. ^ "Hanoi dog meat restaurants come under scrutiny after cholera outbreak". Vietnamnet. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
  93. ^ "Cholera, bird flu present, but VN still A/H1N1-free". Vietnamnet. Retrieved 2009-05-15.

Further reading

  • Kim, Rakhyun E. (2008), "Dog Meat in Korea: A Socio-Legal Challenge", Animal Law, 14 (2): 201–236 <Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1325574>
  • Colting, Fredrik (2005-07-10). Magnus Andersson Gadd (ed.). The Pet Cookbook: Have your best Friend for dinner. Canada: Nicotext. ISBN 91-974883-4-8. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Yong-Geun Ann, Ph.D. Dog Meat (in Korean and English). Hyoil Book Publishing Company.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) (contains some recipes)
  • Dressler, Uwe (2003-05-01). Der Kalte Hund (in German). Dresden: IBIS-Ed. ISBN 3-8330-0650-1. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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