Draft:Expulsion of George Santos from the U.S. House of Representatives

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Expulsion of George Santos
DateDecember 1, 2023
LocationUnited States Capitol
CauseHouse Ethics Committee report on George Santos regarding his false biographical statements and involvement in two federal indictments
Outcome
Voting summary
  • 311 voted for
  • 114 voted against
  • 2 abstained
  • 8 absent

On December 1, 2023, the United States House of Representatives voted to expel Congressman George Santos of New York through House Resolution 878 sponsored by Michael Guest of Mississippi, a fellow member of the Republican Party. The vote came as a result of a House Ethics Committee report implicating Santos in fraud, including two federal indictments in which he pleaded not guilty, along with the ongoing scandal regarding his numerous false or dubious claims about his biography and work history.[1] Santos became the sixth member of the House to be expelled, the first Republican, and the only representative expelled without being convicted of a federal crime or having shown support for the Confederate States of America.[2][3]

Background[edit]

Process of expulsion[edit]

Main article: Expulsion from the United States Congress

The Congressional Research Service office describes the process of expulsion as:

The Expulsion Clause states that “[e]ach House may [ . . . ] punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.” Thus, the sole textual standard expressly imposed by the Constitution requires that expulsion of a Member of Congress requires “the Concurrence of two-thirds”—thereby mirroring the supermajority vote threshold by which the Senate may remove officials in the executive and judicial branches of government through the impeachment process. While the Expulsion Clause does not specify the measure of the two-thirds majority, the standard is generally understood to be assessed relative to the number of Members of that body who are present and voting.[4]

Courts have declined to impose any other limitation on expulsion other than a two-thirds majority vote of the chamber.[4]

FEC investigation[edit]

In January 2023, the Campaign Legal Center filed a complaint with the Federal Elections Commission about the Santos campaign. The complaint alleged that Santos used campaign funds to pay personal expenses; concealed the source of $700,000 he had given his campaign; and falsified campaign expenditures.[5] End Citizens United (ECU) filed separate complaints with the FEC, Department of Justice, and Office of Congressional Ethics.[6] Accountable.US filed an additional FEC complaint by the end of the week, alleging over $100,000 in contributions over the limit.[7]

On January 27, it was reported that the Justice Department asked the FEC to suspend its probe while federal prosecutors conduct a parallel criminal investigation.[8] Also on January 27, five members of the House requested that the Attorney General open an investigation into violations of campaign law and the Foreign Agent Registration Act.[9] Four days later, the campaign filed year-end reports signed by a third treasurer, including a resignation letter from Marks dated January 25, although her signature remained on some reports dated later. There was also no paperwork from the campaign confirming the new treasurer's hiring.[10] The position was offered to Thomas Datwyler, who refused the job. On January 27, Datwyler requested the FEC to refer the situation to the "appropriate law enforcement agency to determine whether a crime has occurred.[11]

Federal indictment[edit]

In May 2023, a grand jury in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York indicted Santos on 13 criminal charges: seven counts of wire fraud, three counts of money laundering, one count of theft of public funds, and two counts of making materially false statements to the House of Representatives. Prosecutors accused Santos of "three distinct schemes": fraudulent solicitation of political contributions, unemployment benefits fraud, and making false statements on the financial disclosure reports he submitted to the House of Representatives. In the fraudulent solicitation scheme, Santos allegedly persuaded two supporters to donate $25,000 each to a limited liability company controlled by him and then used the money for personal expenses. He told them it was a Super PAC and that the money would buy TV ads to support his campaign. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Santos also allegedly obtained a total of $24,000 in unemployment benefits from mid-2020 to April 2021 while drawing an annual salary of $120,000.[12][13]

At the arraignment on the day the indictment was unsealed, Santos pleaded not guilty and was granted pretrial release on a $500,000 bond with conditions, including surrendering his passport and restricting his travel to Long Island, New York City, and Washington, D.C. Afterwards, he told reporters that this was a "witch hunt" and that he was still running for reelection in 2024.[12][14][15]

Prosecutors turned over 80,000 pages of material to Santos's lawyers by June 2023.[16]

The names of the guarantors of Santos's $500,000 bail bond were initially under seal.[17] Media outlets sought to unseal the names of the guarantors, a motion Santos opposed.[17][18] District Judge Joanna Seybert denied Santos's appeal and ordered the names unsealed; they were revealed to be Santos's father Gercino dos Santos Jr. and aunt Elma Santos Prevenand.[19][20] They had not been required to put up any cash or property as collateral for the bond but would be liable for the entire amount if Santos fled.[17][19]

In August 2023, Santos said he would not consider a plea deal at that time.[21]> However, a month later, prosecutors told the judge that they were both sharing substantial new evidence with Santos and his lawyer while looking at "possible paths forward" with them, raising speculation regarding a possible plea deal,[22] which Santos has denied.[23]

Marks' guilty plea in October was seen as an ominous development for Santos, referred to as "Co-Conspirator No. 1" in her plea agreement, due to the falsifications in his campaign finance reports she had admitted to making. "One way or another, the government is going to use that information in his case", said one law professor. Kappel said it was "bad news" for him, noting that the lack of a provision in the agreement that she continue cooperating may indicate that the government has enough evidence implicating Santos to believe her testimony would not be needed to convict him.[24] Her plea agreement alludes to text and email exchanges between her and Santos.[25]

Superseding indictment[edit]

Superseding indictment filed October 10, 2023 (document number 50 of the case)

Five days after Marks's plea, prosecutors filed a superseding indictment, alleging 10 additional felonies committed by Santos including conspiracy against the United States, wire fraud, aggravated identity theft, credit card fraud and money laundering. These charges stemmed from not only the same effort to deceive the RNC Marks had admitted to, but the unauthorized use of donor credit cards, the money raised by RedStone by misrepresenting its political status and the purpose of the spending, much of which Santos allegedly converted for personal spending on clothing and other luxury items. In an October 27 court appearance, Santos plead not guilty to the new charges.[26] [27]

Santos learned of the additional charges when questioned by reporters after leaving a House Republican Conference meeting where he said he had not had access to his phone. He called them "bullshit" and explained that he had not handled any of his campaign finance reports. "I didn't even know what the hell the FEC was" when he first ran for office, Santos said.[28] Later he attributed them to Marks's mistakes and malfeasance.[29][a]

Calls for resignation[edit]

On January 11, four Republican New York congressmen who had also been elected in 2022—Anthony D'Esposito, Nick LaLota, Nick Langworthy, and Brandon Williams—called for Santos to resign.[31] The other two freshman Republican members of Congress from New York, Marc Molinaro and Mike Lawler, followed suit.[32] Joseph Cairo, the chair of the Nassau County Republican Party, also called for Santos to resign, saying that he had "disgraced the House of Representatives, and we do not consider him one of our congresspeople".[31]

Santos refused to resign,[33] and has kept the support of Republican House leadership, including former House Speaker Kevin McCarthy, House majority leader Steve Scalise, and Representative Elise Stefanik (the fourth-highest-ranking House Republican), who rely in part on Santos's vote to support their very narrow (four-seat) House majority.[34][35] McCarthy did not deny Santos committee assignments or impose any penalty on him for the misrepresentations he made during his campaign.[35] Santos was assigned to the committees on small business and science, space, and technology. On January 31, he announced at a meeting of House Republicans that he was vacating his committee memberships, but said the move was temporary.[36]

Earlier expulsion resolutions[edit]

In May 2023, after Santos was indicted on federal charges, Robert Garcia and other House Democrats introduced a resolution to expel Santos from the House, which requires a two-thirds vote in favor. Because an expulsion motion is privileged, the Republican House leadership was required to either schedule a vote within two legislative days, table the proposal or refer it to the Ethics Committee. They introduced a motion to send the resolution to the Ethics Committee.[37][38] The House approved the motion by 221–204 along party lines; seven Democrats voted "present".[38] After Santos was indicted on additional charges in October, D'Esposito introduced a second expulsion resolution, cosponsored by the other five Republican House freshmen from New York.[39] Later that month, when Santos threatened to resign, narrowing the tenuous Republican majority, if Republicans compromised with Democrats in any way to elect a replacement Speaker for McCarthy, one of the other cosponsors of the resolution, Marc Molinaro, said it was because Santos knew he would have to face an expulsion vote on the floor.[40] After Rep. Mike Johnson was elected to the position, the sponsors moved to force a floor vote on the resolution.[41]

In July 2023, House Democrats announced they would introduce a resolution to censure Santos. Unlike an expulsion, the measure would need only a simple majority to pass. Democrats said that Republicans who had informally criticized Santos should have no problem with a censure vote.[42] Five New York Republicans who had already called on Santos to resign—LaLota, Molinaro, D'Esposito, Langworthy and Lawler—said they would vote for censure, as did Ohio Republican Max Miller.[43]

On November 1 the expulsion motion failed 213-179, with 19 voting present. Support was mostly from Democrats, joined by 24 Republicans, while 31 Democrats joined Republicans in opposing. California Rep. Katie Porter, one of those 31, believed that it was wrong to expel Santos before his case had been disposed in the courts. Santos said the result was a victory for due process and dismissed the resolution as a political stunt by his colleagues anxious about their re-election prospects in 2024.[44]

House Ethics Committee investigation[edit]

In January 2023, Ritchie Torres and Dan Goldman, House Democrats from New York, filed an ethics complaint with the House Ethics Committee over Santos's financial disclosure reports. In March, the House Ethics Committee announced a formal inquiry and created a subcommittee to investigate allegations of having failed to provide proper financial disclosures to the House, sexual misconduct, and conflict of interest.[45]

In June, the committee announced that it was expanding its investigation to cover the unemployment fraud alleged in the May 2023 federal indictment of Santos.[46] It announced that it had sought the voluntary cooperation of about 40 witnesses and subpoenaed 30 others.[47]

Two months later, Rep. Steny Hoyer of Maryland, the most senior Democrat in the House and a former member of the party's leadership, wrote the Ethics Committee asking they make public whatever they had found so far about Santos. "More than enough time has passed for the [committee] to conduct a fair and accurate assessment of the veracity of the allegations against Rep. Santos and of the scope of his misconduct", he said.[48]

On November 16, the Ethics Committee released its Investigative Subcommittee's report, accusing Santos of fraud similar to those he had already been criminally charged with,[49] such as diverting campaign funds for personal use, as well as money raised for RedStone Strategies that donors were told would be used on campaigns. The subcommittee listed some of those personal purposes, including over $4,000 to Hermés, plastic surgery and Botox, payments of personal credit card bills and other debts, travel to Atlantic City and Las Vegas that had no campaign purpose, and a small amount on OnlyFans subscriptions. In a news release accompanying the report, the committee said "[it]s investigation revealed a complex web of unlawful activity involving Representative Santos's campaign, personal, and business finances ... [He] sought to fraudulently exploit every aspect of his House candidacy for his own personal financial profit." It believed "there was substantial evidence that Representative Santos violated federal criminal laws, some of which are the subject of the pending charges filed against him in court."[50] Santos subsequently announced he would not run for reelection, although he would remain in Congress for the rest of his term. He called the report "a disgusting politicized smear that shows the depths of how low our federal government has sunk."[51]

Sexual harassment allegation[edit]

Also in February 2023, Derek Myers, the prospective staffer who secretly recorded Santos admitting "errors of judgment" in making some of his claims, filed a sexual harassment complaint against Santos with the House Ethics Committee, alleging Santos had touched his groin inappropriately while inviting him out to a karaoke bar and telling Myers that his husband was out of town. Myers also alleged that Santos had violated House rules by having him work as a volunteer for a week before his paperwork was processed.[52] Santos denied the allegation. In June, Myers told the Ethics Committee that he had gotten the job after sending seven payments of $150 each to Santos's director of operations.[53]

In its November report, the committee said it could not substantiate the allegation. Myers (unnamed in the report) had said the incident occurred while he and Santos were alone in the office going over mail from constituents. However, witnesses told the committee that staff did not want someone from outside the office going over mail, and that Santos had never been alone with Myers that day. The committee also noted inconsistencies in Myers's testimony to them, and his admission that after the incident he reported it to the FBI in the hope of collecting money as an informant.[54]

Vote to expel[edit]

In the wake of the Ethics Committee's report on Santos two weeks later, Garcia announced he would introduce another expulsion resolution, with the expectation that it would be voted on after the Thanksgiving recess. It was seen as possible that some of the representatives who had voted against expelling Santos previously would reconsider their positions in the wake of the report. One, Maryland Democrat Jamie Raskin, said he would vote to expel, as "[t]he report’s findings are extremely damning".[51]

Rep. Michael Guest, chair of the Ethics Committee, introduced an expulsion resolution of his own after the report was released. "The evidence uncovered in the Ethics Committee’s "investigative subcommittee investigation is more than sufficient to warrant punishment," he said in a statement. "And the most appropriate punishment is expulsion.” Other members who had opposed the earlier resolution appeared, like Raskin, to be revising their positions. All the other Republican representatives from New York save Stefanik had indicated they would vote to expel. Rep. Jim Himes, a Connecticut Democrat, told the Times that Santos had received all the due process he deserved.[55]

Over the holiday recess, Santos said on an X Space hosted by Monica Matthews that he expected to be expelled the following week when Congress returned. "I can do math [and] count votes", he said.[56] He said he would "wear it like a badge of honor" and went on to call Guest a "pussy" and that no one from Mississippi was going to push a New Yorker out of Congress. Santos said it was hypocritical of the House to expel him when:[57]

I have colleagues who are more worried about getting drunk every night with the next lobbyists that they're going to screw and pretend like none of us know what's going on and sell off the American people ... Not show up to vote because they're too hungover or whatever the reason is, or not show up to vote at all and just give their card out like fucking candy for someone else to vote for them ... This shit happens every single week. Where are the ethics investigations?

On December 1, the House voted to expel Santos by a margin of 311–114.[58] 206 Democrats and 105 Republicans voted for the resolution to expel Santos, with 2 Democrats[b] and 112 Republicans voting against his expulsion. 10 Representatives did not vote, with 2 voting present and the rest absent.[59] He is the sixth member of the House to be expelled.[60]

Results[edit]

Voting results on House Resolution 878[61]
Party Yes No Present Not voting
Republican (222) 105 112 –
5
Democratic (213) 206
2
2
3
Total (435) 311 114 2 8
Result Adopted[c]

Reactions[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The House Ethics Committee's report, by contrast, cites former staffers and documentary evidence to show that Santos and Marks had a close personal and work relationship, to the point that the other staffers considered the campaign's finances a "black box" accessible only to the two of them; he was involved enough, his later protestations to the contrary, that he would have been aware of any mistakes she made at the time she made them. Some staffers did bring issues with Marks's competence to Santos's attention. He told them that he would discuss them with her personally, but appeared to do little, if anything, to address the staffers' concerns. He reportedly told some that Marks was "untouchable".

    The committee also reviewed records from other campaigns Marks had served as treasurer and noted that they had a much lower rate of putative errors than Santos's did.[30]

  2. ^ Robert C. Scott and Nikema Williams
  3. ^ Adopted based on a supermajority

References[edit]

  1. ^ Gamio, Lazaro; Williams, Josh; Wu, Ashley; Escobar, Molly Cook (December 1, 2023). "How Every Member Voted On The Expulsion of George Santos From Congress". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 1, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
  2. ^ "House votes to expel Rep. George Santos amid fraud scandal". United Press International. December 1, 2023. Archived from the original on December 1, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
  3. ^ Shanahan, Ed (December 1, 2023). "A Brief History of House Expulsions: Traitors, Felons and, Now, Santos". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Expulsion of Members of Congress: Legal Authority and Historical Practice" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. November 7, 2023. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
  5. ^ Schouten, Fredreka (January 9, 2023). "Watchdog group asks FEC to investigate embattled New York Rep. George Santos' campaign finances". CNN. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  6. ^ Metzger, Bryan (January 9, 2023). "George Santos hit with 3 new ethics complaints over his campaign spending, fundraising, and financial disclosure". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 12, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  7. ^ Saksa, Jim (January 13, 2023). "Legal woes grow for George Santos as another watchdog files FEC complaint". Roll Call. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  8. ^ Stanley-Becker, Isaac; O'Connell, Jonathan; Brown, Emma (January 27, 2023). "Justice Department asks FEC to stand down as prosecutors probe Santos". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
  9. ^ Kaptur, Marcy; Torres, Ritchie; Johnson, Hank; Blumenauer, Earl; Swalwell, Eric (January 27, 2023). "[P]otential violations of U.S. campaign laws, and potentially the Foreign Agents Registration Act, by New York Representative George Santos (NY-03)" (PDF). Letter to Merrick Garland. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 11, 2023. [...] Rep. Santos' campaign warrants scrutiny. The funding of Rep. Santos's campaign has come into question following the disclosure that he lent his campaign $700,000 in funds from his company, Devolder Organization. [...] Rep. Santos also received campaign donations from Andrew Intrater (the cousin of sanctioned Russian billionaire Viktor Vekselberg, who has close ties to Russian President Vladimir Putin) and Intrater's wife during his 2022 campaign.
  10. ^ Ashford, Grace; Gold, Michael (January 31, 2023). "George Santos's Treasurer Has Resigned, Leaving a Trail of Questions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  11. ^ Lanard, Noah; Corn, David (January 27, 2023). "We tried to call the top donors to George Santos' 2020 campaign. Many don't seem to exist". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  12. ^ a b Fandos, Nicholas (July 1, 2023). "George Santos: An Accused Con Man Who Happened to Trade in Politics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 11, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  13. ^ https://www.justice.gov/d9/2023-05/santos.indictment.pdf Archived November 16, 2023, at the Wayback Machine Santos Federal indictment document
  14. ^ Lowell, Hugo; Pengelly, Martin; Helmore, Edward (May 10, 2023). "George Santos pleads not guilty to fraud and money laundering". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 11, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  15. ^ Legare, Robert (October 10, 2023). "George Santos charged with conspiracy, wire fraud and more". CBS News. Archived from the original on October 10, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
  16. ^ Offenhartz, Jake (July 1, 2023). "Prosecutors in Rep. George Santos' case say they have given his defense over 80K pages of material". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
  17. ^ a b c Fandos, Nicholas; Ashford, Grace (June 21, 2023). "George Santos Loses Ruling on Anonymity of His Bail Guarantors". The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
  18. ^ Sisak, Michael R. (June 7, 2023). "Lawyer says Rep. George Santos would go to jail to keep identities of bond cosigners secret". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 7, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  19. ^ a b Gold, Michael; Ashford, Grace (June 22, 2023). "George Santos Was Bailed Out by His Father and Aunt, Court Records Show". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
  20. ^ Shamsian, Jacob (June 23, 2023). "Judge blames George Santos for personally feeding 'media frenzy' into his mysterious bail sponsors before making their names public". Business Insider. Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  21. ^ Nazzaro, Miranda (August 18, 2023). "George Santos on whether he'd take a plea deal: 'Look, right now, no'". The Hill. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
  22. ^ Ashford, Grace (September 5, 2023). "Santos Talks to Prosecutors About 'Paths Forward' as New Evidence Looms". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 5, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  23. ^ Zanger, Jesse (September 13, 2023). "Rep. George Santos denies reports he's working on a plea deal with prosecutors". CBS News. Archived from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
  24. ^ Hymes, Claire; Legare, Robert (October 6, 2023). "What does George Santos' ex-campaign treasurer Nancy Marks' guilty plea mean for his criminal defense?". CBS News. Archived from the original on October 8, 2023. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
  25. ^ Ashford, Nancy (October 9, 2023). "A Fake Loan Could Mean Real Trouble for George Santos". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 9, 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  26. ^ Gold, Michael; Ashford, Grace (October 10, 2023). "Santos Faces New Charges Accusing Him of Lies and Credit Card Fraud". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 10, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
  27. ^ Ngo, Emily (October 27, 2023). "Santos pleads not guilty to new fraud charges". Politico. Archived from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
  28. ^ Ali, Shirin (October 13, 2023). "George Santos Didn't Even Know 'What the Hell the FEC Was'". Slate. Archived from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  29. ^ Ashford, Grace (October 22, 2023). "George Santos Swore He'd Never Talk to Me. Then the Phone Rang". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 23, 2023. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  30. ^ Investigative Subcommittee 2023, p. 11.
  31. ^ a b Gold, Michael; Ashford, Grace (January 11, 2023). "George Santos Faces Calls to Resign From 4 G.O.P. Congressmen". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 26, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  32. ^ Blake, Aaron (January 13, 2023). "The growing GOP calls for George Santos to resign, by the numbers". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.
  33. ^ Vakil, Carolyn (January 11, 2023). "Local NY Republicans call on Santos to resign". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  34. ^ Freking, Kevin (May 11, 2023). "Expel George Santos? GOP leaders aren't ready to take that step". Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 12, 2023.
  35. ^ a b Karni, Annie; Gold, Michael (January 13, 2023). "Nassau Republicans Want Santos Gone, but National Leaders Balk". The New York Times. p. A12. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  36. ^ Brooks, Emily (January 31, 2023). "Santos steps down from committee assignments". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  37. ^ Beavers, Olivia (May 16, 2023). "House GOP leaders reassure their Santos critics after Dems launch expulsion push". Politico. Archived from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  38. ^ a b Gold, Michael (May 17, 2023). "House Republicans Stall Effort to Kick George Santos Out of Congress". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 19, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  39. ^ Fortinsky, Sara (October 11, 2023). "New York's first-term GOP reps will move to expel Santos after new charges". The Hill. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
  40. ^ Paybarah, Azi (October 16, 2023). "Campaign of Rep. George Santos refunds more money than it raises". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  41. ^ Schnell, Mychael (October 26, 2023). "New York Republicans move to force a vote on Santos expulsion". The Hill. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
  42. ^ Fandos, Nicholas (July 17, 2023). "House Democrats Prepare Push to Censure George Santos". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  43. ^ Beavers, Olivia; Ferris, Sarah; Wu, Nicholas (July 18, 2023). "Some New York Republicans plan to support Santos censure". Politico. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  44. ^ Gold, Michael; Broadwater, Luke; Ashford, Grace (November 1, 2023). "George Santos to Keep Seat After House Votes Not to Expel Him". The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
  45. ^ Ashford, Grace; Gold, Michael (March 2, 2023). "House Ethics Committee Opens Inquiry Into George Santos". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  46. ^ Vazquez, Maegan (June 22, 2023). "Ethics panel expands Santos probe to include conduct covered in federal indictment". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  47. ^ Richards, Zoë (June 22, 2023). "GOP-led House ethics panel has issued over 30 subpoenas in its probe of Rep. George Santos". NBC News. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
  48. ^ Robertson, Nick (August 31, 2023). "Top Democrat demands ethics panel's findings from Santos investigation". The Hill. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  49. ^ "Statement of the Chairman and Ranking Member of the Committee on Ethics Regarding Representative George Santos". House Committee on Ethics. November 16, 2023. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
  50. ^ "Statement of the Chairman and Ranking Member of the Committee on Ethics Regarding Representative George Santos" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: U.S. House. November 16, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
  51. ^ a b Schnell, Mychael; Brooks, Emily; Lillis, Mike (November 16, 2023). "House Ethics Committee releases scathing report on George Santos". The Hill. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
  52. ^ Ashford, Grace; Gold, Michael (February 4, 2023). "George Santos Is Accused of Sexual Harassment in His Capitol Office". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
  53. ^ Offenhartz, Jake (May 31, 2023). "Aide fired by George Santos says he got his job after sending money to Republican's deputy". Associated Press. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
  54. ^ Investigative Subcommittee 2023, p. 51–52.
  55. ^ Fandos, Nicholas; Ashford, Grace; Gold, Michael (November 17, 2023). "Santos Faces New Expulsion Push Led by His Own Party After Damning Report". The New York Times. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
  56. ^ Bade, Rachael; Daniels, Eugene; Lizza, Ryan (November 25, 2023). "Playbook: Santos goes off". Politico. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
  57. ^ Metzger, Bryan (November 25, 2023). "George Santos says he'll treat expulsion as a 'badge of honor' as he claims his colleagues are drunkenly having sex with lobbyists 'every night'". Business Insider. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
  58. ^ Wong, Scott; Gregorian, Dareh; Santaliz, Kate; Stewart, Kyle (December 1, 2023). "House votes to expel indicted Rep. George Santos from Congress". Retrieved December 1, 2023.
  59. ^ Becket, Stefan (December 1, 2023). "Who voted to expel George Santos? Here's the count on the House expulsion resolution". CBS News. Archived from the original on December 1, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
  60. ^ Gamio, Lazaro; Williams, Josh; Wu, Ashley; Escobar, Molly Cook (December 1, 2023). "How Every Member Voted On The Expulsion of George Santos From Congress". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 1, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
  61. ^ "H.Res.878 - Providing for the expulsion of Representative George Santos from the United States House of Representatives". congress.gov. United States Congress.
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