Eleonora Gonzaga (1630–1686)

For other women of the same name, see Eleanor Gonzaga (disambiguation)

Eleonora Gonzaga
Portrait by Frans Luycx, ca. 1651. Nationalmuseum, Stockholm.
Holy Roman Empress; German Queen; Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia; Archduchess consort of Austria
Tenure	30 April 1651 – 2 April 1657
Born	(1630-11-18)18 November 1630 Mantua, Duchy of Mantua
Died	6 December 1686(1686-12-06) (aged 56) Vienna, Austria
Spouse	Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Issue	Eleanor, Queen of Poland Maria Anna Josepha, Electoral Princess of the Palatinate
House	House of Gonzaga
Father	Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers
Mother	Maria Gonzaga, Duchess of Montferrat
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Eleonora Gonzaga (18 November 1630 – 6 December 1686), was by birth Princess of Mantua, Nevers and Rethel from the Nevers branch of the House of Gonzaga and by marriage Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia.

Nicknamed the Younger (de: Jüngere) to distinguish herself from her namesake aunt, she was considered one of the most educated and virtuous women of her time. Fascinated by religious poetry, she founded a literary academy and was also a patron of musical theater. As Holy Roman Empress, she promotes the development of cultural and spiritual life at the Imperial court in Vienna, and despite being an staunch Catholic and benefactress of several monasteries, she had a tolerant attitude towards the Protestantism.

She established two female orders: the Order of Virtuosity (1662) and the Order of the Starry Cross (1668).

Life

Early years

Eleonora was born on 18 November 1630 in Mantua, as the second child of Charles Gonzaga, styled Duke of Nevers (heir of the Duchy of Mantua) and his wife and cousin Maria Gonzaga (heiress to the Duchy of Montferrat). On her father's side her grandparents were Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers and Rethel and Catherine of Mayenne –a member of the House of Lorraine– and on her mother's side her grandparents were Francesco IV Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Margaret of Savoy.

She was named after her father's cousin Holy Roman Empress Eleonora, who was also her godmother. The marriage of Eleonora's parents was made with the purpose to reinforce the claims of the Nevers branch of the House of Gonzaga to the Duchies of Mantua and Montferrat when the main line would became extinct. The Duke of Nevers, a vassal of the Kingdom of France, had to face the opposition of Ferrante II Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla, who counted with the support of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Spain and Duchy of Savoy, and thus started the War of the Mantuan Succession, during which infant Eleonora, with her parents and older brother Charles leave Mantua, but returned one year later after the signing of the Treaty of Cherasco (19 June 1631), under which were recognized the rights of Duke Charles of Nevers over the Duchies of Mantua (as the closest male relative of the extinct main line of the House of Gonzaga) and Montferrat (due to the marriage of his heir with Maria Gonzaga, the last surviving scion of the main Gonzaga line and heiress of that Duchy, which was demonstrably heritable by females since the Gonzagas had acquired it through marriage to Margherita Paleologa in 1540); however one month later (30 August 1631), Eleonora's father died of tuberculosis, and began a series of political conflicts between Duke Charles and her daughter-in-law, who ended with the banishment of Dowager Duchess Margaret of Savoy (Maria's mother) from Mantua.

During this time, Eleonora lived in the Church of Sant'Orsola, where she remained with her mother until 1637, when after the death of her grandfather, her older brother became in the new Duke of Mantua and Montferrat under the regency of their mother Maria. The princess received an excellent education, being fluent in French, Spanish and Italian, well versed in literature, music and art, and expert in dances and embroidery. Already in the adolescence she manifested a poetic talent, which was expressed in her compositions of philosophical and religious poems.

Marriage and children

Eleonora's marriage was arranged by her godmother and namesake, the Dowager Holy Roman Empress, who maintained close ties with her niece, the Duchess-Regent Maria (Eleonora's mother), and became in the main supporter of her election as wife of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III; previously, the Dowager Empress was also able to arrange the marriage of Duke Charles II of Mantua (Eleonora's brother) with Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria (a member of the Tyrolese branch of the House of Habsburg) in 1649.

During the nuptial negociations, the Emperor promoted the following conditions: the Duchy of Mantua keeps his loyalty to the interests of the Holy Roman Empire, the bride could retain her possible inheritance rights over the Duchy of Montferrat, and a dowry of 400,000 thalers. Duke Charles II agreed with only minor changes: Mantua will kept the loyalty to the Holy Roman Empire only if this alliance couldn't bring negative consequences to the Duchy, and the bride's dowry would be paid in several installments in the next years.

The marriage by proxy was solemnized on 2 March 1650 at the Basilica palatina di Santa Barbara, in which the Emperor was represented by his ambassador, Count Johann Maximilian von Lamberg. The celebrations lasted until 22 March, when Eleonora, accompanied by some relatives, traveled from Mantua to Vienna. The cortege arrived to the Austrian city of Villach, where the bride said goodbye to her relatives and in company of her godmother the Dowager Empress continue the trip to Wiener Neustadt, where on 30 April 1651 took place the official wedding ceremony between Eleonora and Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III. After the ceremony, the Emperor gave his new wife the family jewels who didn't had the right to possession and a gift of 50,000 florins. For Ferdinand III, this was his third marriage, and had children from both unions.

Empress Eleonora as Diana, by Frans Luycx, 1651.

In spite of the great difference in age, the marriage was a happy one. The active and sweet nature of the young Empress helped her gain the sympathy of all members of the Imperial family. She established an excellent relationship with all her stepchildren. She learned German, and the Emperor Italian. Together they participated in religious and secular ceremonies. Genuine piety of both spouses didn't prevent them to patronize literature and music activities, like visits to theaters or hunting, which was one of the passions of the Empress. In her portrait by Frans Luycx, Eleonora is depicted in the image of Diana, the ancient goddess of hunting.

During her marriage, Eleonora gave birth four children, two of whom survived into adulthood:

• Theresa Maria Josepha (27 March 1652 – 26 July 1653), Archduchess of Austria.
• Eleonora Maria Josepha (21 May 1653 – 17 December 1697), Archduchess of Austria; she married first Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki, King of Poland, and then Charles Léopold, Duke of Lorraine.
• Maria Anna Josepha (30 December 1654 – 4 April 1689), Archduchess of Austria; she married John William, Elector Palatine.
• Ferdinand Joseph Alois (11 February 1657 – 16 June 1658), Archduke of Austria.

Holy Roman Empress and German Queen

Eleonora was a cultured woman. Together with her husband she founded a literary academy, and, despite their religious and strict adherence to Catholicism, they does not discriminate the Protestant writers. The Empress has always been in a society of educated people, encouraged the development of science. After her arrival to Vienna, increased the influence of the italians, and her native language became in the most used among the German aristocracy. Italian aristocrats and clergy held high positions. The Imperial court was, thanks to her, dominated by Italian fashion. The enormous influence of Italian culture was also noted in the local literature, music, theater, architecture and painting.

From the beginning her married life Eleonora accompanied her husband during his trips to the Holy Roman Empire. In 1652–1654 she was with him in Regensburg during the Reichstag. While her husband was engaged in public affairs, she was responsible for organizing celebrations such as the Carnival before Lent, culminating in the premiere of the opera L’Inganno d’amore (the Cheating of Love) by Antonio Bertali. On 4 August 1653 she was crowned Holy Roman Empress in Regensburg Cathedral; in 1655, she was crowned Queen of Hungary and on 11 September 1656 was crowned Queen of Bohemia. In April 1657 Eleonora became a widow, and a year later her only son also died.

Widowhood

Archduke Leopold Wilhelm, Ferdinand III's younger brother, thought to marry Eleonora (who enjoyed the respect of her subjects) to strengthen its position as a candidate for the Imperial crown. However, the Dowager Empress put all her efforts to ensure the election of her stepson Leopold I as the new Holy Roman Emperor. Under the will of Ferdinand III, Eleonora assumed the guardianship of all his children. Her dower was provided by the cities of Graz and Linz and also was determined for her an annual pension of 200,000 florins (later increased to 230,000). During the summer she spent in the Favorita palace, which, together with Schönbrunn and Laxenburg she received from her godmother the late Dowager Empress. Under her supervision, was added an extension to the Hofburg Palace, which then suffered a fire and was rebuilt again.

The small court of the Empress Dowager was a meeting place for politicians and diplomats. There were often visitors like Minister Václav Eusebius František, Prince of Lobkowicz, ambassadors Jacques Bretel de Grémonville and Lorenzo Magalotti, and General Raimondo Montecuccoli. For some time was considered the possibility of a second marriage for Eleonora, with the Polish King John II Casimir Vasa, but this project was never implemented.

Eleonora enjoyed great respect from Leopold I, who consulted with his stepmother on many political and personal issues. The Dowager Empress established good relations with her stepson's first wife, Infanta Margaret Theresa of Spain. The relationship with Leopold I's second wife Archduchess Claudia Felicitas of Austria were tense, but didn't last long due to her early death. Finally, she had a friendly relation with Leopold I's third and final wife, Countess Palatine Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, who became, thanks to her protection, in the Emperor's wife.

The Dowager Empress engaged in politics only when on behalf to her family's interests. In 1669, Eleonora had to resolve the conflict between the Imperial court in Vienna and the Holy See, wich arose due to the fact that the Pope didn't appoint any Cardinal of the candidates proposed by the Emperor. Then, Leopold I resorted to the mediation of his stepmother to solve the crisis. In 1671 she arranged the marriage of her nephew Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat with Anna Isabella Gonzaga, the heiress of the Guastalla line with the purpose to unite the two Gonzaga rival families. She tried that her eldest daughter's second husband Charles V, Duke of Lorraine could be elected King of Poland, but he was defeated by John Sobieski in 1674.

Besides her political activity, most of her time Eleonora spent on works of charity and piety. In 1680 she invited to Linz the famous missionary and preacher Capuchin friar Marco d'Aviano. She also provided of patronage the poet and painter Johann Georg Seidenbusch. To the Jesuits she ordened the built in Vienna of a Baroque facade for the Kirche am Hof. The Discalced Carmelites were also under her special patronage, and in Wiener Neustadt she also help them to built a monastery. To raise the level of education among girls Eleonora invited the Ursulines to Vienna in 1663, where they builded a complex that included a monastery, a church and a school. She also established two women Orders: the Order of Virtuosity (de: Sklavinnen der Tugend) in 1662 and the Order of the Starry Cross (de: Sternkreuzorden) in 1668.

Death

The last years of Eleonora's life were overshadowed by the epidemic of plague in 1679 and beginning of the Great Turkish War in 1683, in which, although the Empire won, was inflicted serious material damage to the possessions of the Dowager Empress. In both cases she had to flee from Vienna: the first time to Prague and Linz, and in the second to Linz and Innsbruck. Eleanora died in Vienna on 6 December 1686 and was buried in the Imperial Crypt.

Ancestry

Family of Eleonora Gonzaga (1630–1686)

16. Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua 8. Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers 17. Margaret Palaeologina 4. Charles I, Duke of Mantua 18. Francis I of Cleves, Duke of Nevers 9. Henriette of Cleves 19. Marguerite of Bourbon-La Marche 2. Charles Gonzaga 20. Francis, Duke of Guise 10. Charles, Duke of Mayenne 21. Anna d'Este 5. Catherine de Lorraine 22. Honorato II de Savoy 11. Henriette of Savoy, Marquise de Villars 23. Jeanne Françoise of Foix 1. Eleonora Gonzaga 24. Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua 12. Vincenzo I Gonzaga 25. Archduchess Eleanor of Austria 6. Francesco IV Gonzaga 26. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 13. Eleonora de' Medici 27. Archduchess Joanna of Austria 3. Maria Gonzaga 28. Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 14. Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy 29. Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry 7. Margaret of Savoy 30. Philip II of Spain 15. Catherine Michelle of Spain 31. Elisabeth of Valois

References

• Braun, Bettina; Keller, Katrin; Schnettger, Matthias (4 April 2016). Nur die Frau des Kaisers?: Kaiserinnen in der Frühen Neuzeit (in German). Böhlau Verlag Wien. p. 117. ISBN 978-3-205-20085-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Hengerer, Mark (2012) [2008]. Mazohl, Brigitte (chair); Rumpler, Helmut (deputy chair); et al. (eds.). Kaiser Ferdinand III. (1608–1657), Eine Biographie (PDF). Publications Commission for Recent History of Austria. Vienna: Böhlau. pp. 4, 79. ISBN 978-3-205-77765-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lundy, Darryl (3 March 2007). Carlo Gonzaga, Duc de Rethel. ThePeerage.Com. p. 11207 § 112064. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lundy, Darryl (19 July 2007b). Eleanora Gonzaga Principessa di Mantova. ThePeerage.Com. p. 11207 § 112063. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Louda, Jirí; MacLagan, Michael (1999). Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe (2nd ed.). London, U.K.: Little, Brown and Company. table 80. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Morby, John (1989). Dynasties of the World: a chronological and genealogical handbook. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press. p. 107. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• "Eleonore von Gonzaga (1628 — 1686) als Diana, Kaiserin, 3. Gemahlin von Ferdinand III". Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien (Museum of Fine Arts Vienna). Retrieved 4 November 2016. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
• Mutschlechner, Martin. "Ferdinand III, Eleonora of Gonzaga and the Italians in Vienna". The world of the Hapsburgs (www.habsburger.net/en). Retrieved 4 November 2016.
• Mutschlechner, Martin. "Ferdinand III: marriage and offspring". The world of the Hapsburgs (www.habsburger.net/en). Retrieved 4 November 2016.
• BDI staff (1993). Eleonora Gonzaga Nevers, imperatrice (in Italian). Vol. 42. Retrieved 4 November 2016. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |journal= ignored (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Further reading

• Media related to Eleanor Gonzaga (1630-1686) at Wikimedia Commons
• Wurzbach, C. von (2012) [1860]. "Eleonore Gonzaga". Biographisches Lexikon des Kaisertums Österreich (in German). Austria: Austrian Literature Online, University of Innsbruck. p. 161–162, 458.
• Hamann, Brigitte (Hg.) (1988). "Eleonore". Die Habsburger (in German). 79.