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Emperor Nakamikado

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Nakamikado
Emperor of Japan
Reign1709–1735
PredecessorHigashiyama
SuccessorSakuramachi
BornJanuary 14, 1702
DiedMay 10, 1737 (aged 35)
Burial
Tsuki no wa no misasagi (Kyoto)
FatherHigashiyama

Emperor Nakamikado (中御門天皇, Nakamikado-tennō, January 14, 1702 – May 10, 1737) was the 114th emperor of Japan,[1] according to the traditional order of succession.[2]

Nakamikado's reign spanned the years from 1709 through 1735.[3]

Genealogy

Before Nakamikado's ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Yoshihito (慶仁)[4] or Yasuhito;[2] and his pre-accession title was Masu-no-miya (長宮).

Nakamikado was the fifth son of Emperor Higashiyama. His mother was the lady-in-waiting Fujiwara no Yoshiko, but he was brought up as if he were the son of the Empress consort, Arisugawa no Yukiko.[2]

Nakamikado's Imperial family lived with him in the Dairi of the Heian Palace. This family included at least 16 children:

  • Court lady: Konoe Hisako (近衛尚子)
  • Lady in waiting: Shimizutani Iwako (清水谷石子)
    • Second son: Prince Kōjyun (公遵法親王) (Buddhist priest)
    • Fourth daughter: Princess Risyū (理秀女王)
    • Sixth daughter: Princess Sonjō (尊乗女王)
    • Eighth daughter: Chika-no-miya (周宮)
  • Lady in waiting: Sono Tsuneko (園常子)
    • Third son: Prince Cyūyo (忠與法親王) (Buddhist priest)
  • Handmaid?: Kuze Natsuko (久世夏子)
    • Second daughter: San-no-miya (三宮)
    • Third daughter: Go-no-miya (五宮)
    • Fifth daughter: Imperial Princess Fusako (成子内親王))
    • Seventh daughter: Princess Eikō (永皎女王)
    • Fifth son: Nobu-no-miya (信宮)
  • Handmaid?: Gojō Hiroko (五条寛子)
    • Sixth son: Prince Jyun'nin (遵仁法親王) (Buddhist priest)
  • Consort: Komori Yorisue's daughter
    • First daughter: Princess Syōsan (聖珊女王)
    • Fifth son: Prince Ji'nin (慈仁法親王) (Buddhist priest)
  • Adopted sons
    • Prince ?? (叡仁法親王) (Son of Imperial Prince Arisugawa-no-miya Yorihito (有栖川宮職仁親王)) (Priest)
    • Prince ?? (公啓法親王) (Son of Imperial Prince Kan'in-no-miya Naohito (閑院宮直仁親王))

Events of Nakamikado's life

In 1708, Nakamikado became Crown Prince.

  • July 27, 1709 (Hōei 6, 21st day of the 6th month): Emperor Higashiyama abdicated and the throne passed to his son.[5]
  • January 16, 1710 (Hōei 6, 17th day of the 12th month): Higashiyama died.[6]

Immediately after the abdication, Prince Yashuhito became the emperor. Because of his youth, first his father, the retired Emperor Higashiyama, and then his grandfather, the retired Emperor Reigen exercised Imperial powers in his name.

Nakamikado reign corresponded to the period from the sixth shōgun, Tokugawa Ienobu, to the eighth shōgun, Tokugawa Yoshimune. During this period, relations with the Bakufu were fairly good. Talk of a marriage between Imperial Princess Yaso-no-miya Yoshiko (八十宮吉子内親王), daughter of Retired Emperor Reigen and the seventh shōgun, Tokugawa Ietsugu were halted by the sudden death of the shogun in Edo.[7]

  • July 7, 1710 – March 22, 1711 (Hōei 7, 11th day of the 6th month – Shōtoku 1, 4th day of the 2nd month): A Ryukyuan diplomatic mission from Shō Eki of the Ryūkyū Kingdom was received by the shogunate. This was the largest delegation—168 people—in the Edo period.[8]
  • 1711 (Shōtoku 1): A Korean diplomatic mission from Sukjong of Joseon was received by the shogunate;[6] and formal greetings were presented to mark the succession of Shogun Ienobu.[9]
  • November 12, 1712 (Shōtoku 2, 14th day of the 10th month): Shogun Tokugawa Ienobu died.[6]
  • 1713 (Shōtoku 3): Minamoto no Ietsugu became the 7th shogun of the Edo bakufu.[6]
  • 1714 (Shōtoku 4): The shogunate introduces new gold and silver coins into circulation.[6]
  • April 20, 1715 (Shōtoku 5, 17th day of the 3rd month): The 100th anniversary of the death of Tokugawa Ieyasu (posthumously known as Gongen-sama), which was celebrated throughout the empire.[3]
  • 1716 (Shōoku 6, 30th day of the 4th month): Shogun Ietsugu died of complications of a cold, at the age of six.[10]
  • 1717 (Kyōhō 2): Kyōhō reforms are directed and overseen by Shogun Yoshimune.[11]
  • 1718 (Kyōhō 3): The bakufu repaired the Imperial mausolea.[12]
  • 1718 (Kyōhō 6, 8th month): The bakufu established a petition-box (目安箱, meyasubako) at the office of the machi-bugyō in Heian-kyō.[12]
  • 1720 (Kyōhō 8): The chronological annals and the biographies which comprised the first completed portions of the Dai Nihonshi were presented to the bakufu.[13]
  • 1721 (Kyōhō 9): Edo population of 1.1 million is world's largest city.[14]
  • 1730 (Kyōhō 15): The Tokugawa shogunate officially recognizes the Dojima Rice Market in Osaka; and bakufu supervisors (nengyoji) are appointed to monitor the market and to collect taxes.[15] The transactions relating to rice exchanges developed into securities exchanges, used primarily for transactions in public securities.[16] The development of improved agriculture production caused the price of rice to fall in mid-Kyohō.[17]
  • August 3, 1730 (Kyōhō 15, 20th day of the 6th month): A fire broke out in Muromachi and 3,790 houses were burnt. Over 30,000 looms in Nishi-jin were destroyed. The bakufu distributed rice.[12]
  • 1732 (Kyōhō 17): The Kyōhō famine was the consequence after swarms of locusts devastated crops in agricultural communities around the inland sea.[18]
  • 1735: Nakamikado abdicated in favor of his son, but he continued to exercise Imperial powers in the same way his predecessors had done.[19]
  • 1736 (Genbun 1): The shogunate published an edict declaring that henceforth, the sole, authorized coinage in the empire would be those copper coins which were marked n the obverse with the character 文 (pronounced bun in Japanese or pronounced wen in Chinese—which is to say, the same character which is found in this era name of Genbun.[20]
  • 1737 (Genbun 2, 11th month): A comet is noticed in the western part of the sky.[20]

In 1737, Nakamikado died.[2] His kami is enshrined in an Imperial mausoleum (misasagi), Tsuki no wa no misasagi, at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also enshrined in this location are his immediate Imperial predecessors since Emperor Go-Mizunoo – Meishō, Go-Kōmyō, Go-Sai, Reigen, and Higashiyama. Nakamikado's immediate Imperial successors, including Sakuramachi, Momozono, Go-Sakuramachi and Go-Momozono, are enshrined here as well.[21]

Kugyō

Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Nakamikado's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

Eras of Nakamikado's reign

The years of Nakamikado's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[19]

Notes

Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^ Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 中御門天皇 (114)
  2. ^ a b c d e Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 118.
  3. ^ a b Titsingh, Issac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 416–417.
  4. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 10.
  5. ^ Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999). Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit, pp. 45–46.
  6. ^ a b c d e Titsingh, p. 416; Meyer, p. 46.
  7. ^ Titsingh, p. 415; Ponsonby-Fane, p. 118.
  8. ^ National Archives of Japan: Ryūkyū Chuzano ryoshisha tojogyoretsu, scroll illustrating procession of Ryūkyū emissary to Edo, 1710 (Hōei 7)
  9. ^ Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations citing Dongsarok by Jo Tae-eok et al.
  10. ^ Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns, p. 98.
  11. ^ Bowman, John Stewart. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture, p. 142.
  12. ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital, 794–1869, p. 320.
  13. ^ Brownlee, John S. (1999). Japanese Historians and the National Myths, p. 29.
  14. ^ Foreign Press Center. (1997). Japan: Eyes on the Country, Views of the 47 Prefectures, p. 127.
  15. ^ Adams, Thomas. (1953). Japanese Securities Markets: A Historical Survey, p. 11.
  16. ^ Adams, p. 12.
  17. ^ Hayami, Akira et al. (2004) The Economic History of Japan: 1600–1990, p. 67.
  18. ^ Hall, John. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan, p. 456.
  19. ^ a b Titsingh, p. 417.
  20. ^ a b Titsingh, p. 418.
  21. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 423.

References

  • Adams, Thomas Francis Morton. (1953). Japanese Securities Markets: A Historical Survey, Tokyo: Seihei Okuyama. OCLC 4376900
  • Brownlee, John S. (1999). Japanese Historians and the National Myths, 1600–1945: The Age of the Gods and Emperor Jinmu. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0645-9; OCLC 248071153
  • Hall, John Whitney. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 4. Early Modern Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22355-3; OCLC 489633115
  • Foreign Press Center. (1997). Japan: Eyes on the Country, Views of the 47 Prefectures. Tokyo: Foreign Press Center. ISBN 978-4-900849-16-7; OCLC 39537893
  • Hayami, Akira, Osamu Saitō, Ronald P Toby. (2004) The Economic History of Japan: 1600–1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-828905-0; OCLC 314513300
  • Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999). Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867. Münster: LIT Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8258-3939-0; OCLC 42041594
  • Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 182637732
  • __________. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
  • Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-203-09985-8; OCLC 65177072
  • Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
  • Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842

See also

Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Japan:
Nakamikado
1709–1735 		Succeeded by
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