Et cetera

Et cetera (in English; /ɛtˈsɛtərə/; Latin pronunciation: [ɛt ˈkeːtɛra]), abbreviated to etc., etc, &c., or &c,^[1]^[2] is a Latin expression that is used in English to mean "and other similar things", or "and so forth". Translated literally from Latin, et means 'and', while cētera means 'the rest'; thus the expression means 'and the rest (of such things)'. It is a calque of the Koine Greek καὶ τὰ ἕτερα kai ta hetera, 'and the other things'. (The more usual Greek form was και τα λοιπά καὶ τὰ loipa, 'and the remainder'.)

Spellings and usage

The one-word spelling "etcetera" appears in some dictionaries.^[3] The abbreviated form &c. or &c is still occasionally used. (The ampersand character, &, derives from a ligature of et.)

The phrase et cetera is often used to denote the logical continuation of some sort of series of descriptions. For example, in the following expression:

We will need a lot of bread: wheat, granary, wholemeal, etc.

In blackletter (Gothic or Fraktur) typography, the "r rotunda" (ꝛ) is sometimes used for et in place of the similar-looking Tironian et (⁊), followed by c, to yield ꝛc.

Similar Latin expressions

In lists of people, et alii (abbreviated as et al., meaning "and others") is used in place of etc.
In lists of places, et alibi may be used, which is also abbreviated et al. et alibi means "and elsewhere".
In references to literature or texts in general, et sequentes (versus) or et sequentia 'and the words etc. following' (abbreviated et seq., plural et seqq.) are used to indicate that only the first portion of a known reference is given explicitly, with broad reference to the following passages which logically follow in sequence to the explicit reference. Hence "Title VII, Section 4, Subsection A, Paragraph 1, et seq." might refer to many subsections or paragraphs which follow Paragraph 1. Legal briefs and legislative documents make heavy use of et seq. Notice that there is a functional difference between et seq. and etc. Et seq. and its variations refer specifically to known text; etc. may do so too, but is more likely to leave the reader to supply the unspecified items for himself. It would not be helpful to say: "Various paragraphs of import similar to those in Title VII, Sections 4, 7, and 2 et seq." though it might make sense to use etc. in such a context.^[4]

In popular culture

In the 1956 film The King and I, Yul Brynner repeatedly used the expression "...et cetera, et cetera, et cetera..." in his portrayal of King Mongkut of Siam, to characterize the king as wanting to impress everyone with his breadth of great knowledge and the importance of one with no need to expound.^[5] This reflected the usage in the novel, Anna and the King of Siam, which expressed that king's playful understanding of innumerable things with the phrase, "&c., &c."^[5]

Other uses

"Et cetera" and derivatives, such as "etceteras", have long been, and still are, used airily, humorously or dismissively, often as a cadigan, for example:

... he still wanted numberless appendages to make him a fine gentleman, such as a fashionable tailor and hairdresser, an unblushing confidence, together with a long train of etceteras. These fashionable introductories being wanting, Mr Whitmore was obliged to find a substitute...^[6] (1823)
The cost of the locomotives and their etceteras, is to be $136000 – their wear and tear $75600. Etceteras $90000...^[7] (1834)
The etceteras: asteroids, comets and interplanetary dust are chemically speaking, "impurities" and are just a minuscule fraction of planetary matter.^[8] (1989)
Having tried "to recover myth outside the books," the hidalgo crosses paths with common sense, everyday toils, and the religious dictates of the Counter-Reformation on a journey that tries to rescue chivalric etceteras of old.^[9] (2008)
/etc, a folder in UNIX-like operating systems, responsible mainly for storing system-wide configurations, preferences, etc.^[10]^[11]

In other languages

Afrikaans: ensovoorts; also ensovoort and en so voort(s). (abbreviation: ens.)
Albanian: e të tjera (abbr.: etj.)
Arabic: إلى آخره، إلخ (ila akhereh, ilakh-kh)
Armenian: և այլն (yev ayln)
Azerbaijani: və sairə (abbr.: və s.) or və sairə və ilaxır (abbr.: və s. və i.a.)
Basque: eta abar (abbr.: etab.)
Bengali: ইত্যাদি or প্রভৃতি is used for et cetera while "প্রমুখ" is used for et alii
Bulgarian: и така нататък (abbr.: и т.н.)^{[romanization needed]}
Catalan: etcètera (abbr.: etc.)
Chinese: 等 (děng) or "等等" (děngděng)
Croatian language: i tako dalje (abbr.: itd.)
Czech: a tak dále (abbr.: atd.)
Danish: og så videre (abbr.: osv.)
Dutch: enzovoort or enzovoorts (abbr.: enz.)
Esperanto: kaj tiel plu (abbr.: ktp.)
Estonian: ja nii edasi (abbr.: jne.)
Faroese: og so framvegis (abbr.: osfr. or o.s.fr.)
Finnish: ja niin edelleen (abbr.: jne.) or "ynnä muuta sellaista" (abbr.: yms.)
French: et cetera, or et caetera (abbr.: etc.)
Galician: e o demais, or etcétera (abbr. etc.)
Georgian: და ასე შემდეგ (abbr.: და ა.შ.)^{[romanization needed]}
German: usw. for und so weiter ("and so forth").
Greek: και τα λοιπά (ke ta lipá, abbr.: κτλ.)
Gujarati: વગેરે ^{[romanization needed]}
Ancient Greek: καὶ τὰ ἕτερα (ke ta étera)
Hebrew: וכולי (abbr.: 'וכו) or וכדומה (abbr.: וכד')^{[romanization needed]}
Hindi: इत्यादि ^{[romanization needed]} (roman: ityadi with a half-t)
Hungarian: és a többi (abbr.: stb.), és így tovább; etc. is in regular use, too
Icelandic: og svo framvegis (abbr.: o.s.frv.)
Indonesian: dan lain-lain (abbr.: dll.), dan sebagainya (used for similar things; abbr.: dsb.), dan seterusnya (used for sequences; abbr.: dst.)
Irish: agus mar sin de
isiXhosa: njalo-njalo
Italian: eccetera, pronounced [etˈtʃɛːtera] (abbr.: ecc. or etc.)
Japanese: "その他" (sono hoka) or "その他" (sono ta) or "等/など" (nado)
Kannada: "ಇತರೆ" (itarae) or "ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ" (ityadi)
Korean: "등/等"(deung) or "기타/其他" (gita)
Kyrgyz: жана башкалар (abbr.: ж.б.), дагы ушул сыяктуулар (abbr.: д.у.с.)^{[romanization needed]}
Latvian: un tā tālāk (abbr.: utt.)
Lithuanian: ir taip toliau (abbr.: ir t.t.)
Macedonian: и така натаму (abbr.: итн.)^{[romanization needed]}
Malagasy: sy ny sisa (abbr.: sns.)
Malayalam: തുടങ്ങിയവ (pronounced thudangiyava)
Maltese: eċċetera (abbr.: eċċ.)
Marathi: इत्यादी (pron. ityadi)
Mongolian: гэх мэт (abbr.: г.м.)^{[romanization needed]}
Nepali language: आदि, इत्यादि ^{[romanization needed]}
Norwegian (bokmål): og så videre (abbr.: osv.)
Norwegian (nynorsk): og så bortetter (abbr.: osb.) or og så vidare (osv.)
Odia: ଇତ୍ୟାଦି
Persian: وغیره (va gheireh)
Polish: i tak dalej (abbr.: itd.)
Portuguese: et cetera (abbr.: etc.)
Punjabi: ਆਦਿਕ (pron. aadik) and ਆਦਿ (pron. aadi)
Romanian: și așa mai departe (abbr.: ș.a.m.d.), or și celelalte (abbr.: ș.cl.); the latter somewhat obsolete
Russian: и так далее (rom.: i tak daleje) (abbr.: и т.д.), or и тому подобное (rom.: i tomu podobnoje) (abbr.: и т.п.)
Sanskrit: इत्यादिः (ityaadih)
Serbo-Croatian: i tako dalje / и тако даље (abbr.: itd. / итд.)
Sesotho: jwalo-jwalo (abbr.: j.j.)
Slovak: a tak ďalej (abbr.: atď.)
Slovenian: in tako dalje (abbr.: itd.)
Sorani:هەتادوایی،هتد (hata dwayy, abbr.: htd)
Spanish: etcétera (abbr.: etc.)
Swahili: na kadhalika (abbr.: n.k.)
Swedish: och så vidare (abbr.: o.s.v.)
Tagalog: at iba pa (abbr: atbp.)
Tamil: இன்ன பிற (pron. iṉṉa piṟa), முதலியன (pron. mutaliyaṉa)
Telugu: "ఇత్యాది" "మొదలైనవి"(pronounced as "inthyadhi" "modhalainavi")
Thai: ฯลฯ ^{[romanization needed]} (called ไปยาลใหญ่ paiyan yai or เปยยาลใหญ่ poei-yan yai or "greater paiyan/poei-yan")^{[clarification needed]}
Turkish: ve benzerleri (abbr.: vb.) or vesaire (abbr.: vs.)
Turkmen: we şuňa meňzeşler (abbr.: we ş.m.)
Ukrainian: тощо "toshcho"
Urdu: وغیرہ وغیرہ (wagherah wagherah)
Uyghur: قاتارلىق ^{[romanization needed]}
Vietnamese: vân vân (abbr.: v.v.)
Welsh: ac yn y blaen (abbr.: ayyb)
Yiddish: און אזוי ווייטער (abbr.: Template:Rtl-lang)^{[romanization needed]}

References

^ "Guardian Style Guide".
^ "UK Government Style Guide".
^ Brown, Lesley (1993). The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon. ISBN 0-19-861271-0.
^ Sir Ernest Gowers, Fowler's Modern English Usage, Second Edition. Published: Book Club Associates (1965)
^ ^a ^b Overstreet, Maryann (1999), Whales, candlelight, and stuff like that, p. 130, ISBN 978-0-19-512574-0
^ Helme, Elizabeth. "The farmer of Inglewood Forest: or, An affecting portrait of virtue and vice" Printed and Published by J. Cleave and Son, 1823
^ The Farmer's register, Volume 1. Snowden & M'Corkle, 1834. (Google Books)
^ Degens, Egon T. "Perspectives on Biogeochemistry" Springer-Verlag 1989. ISBN 978-0387501918
^ Maiorino, Giancarlo. "First pages: a poetics of titles" Penn State Press, 2008
^ "/etc". www.tldp.org. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
^ "Filesystem Hierarchy Standard". www.pathname.com. Retrieved 2017-07-06.

External links

I.E., ETC., et al AND E.G. –Comparison, Difference

[1] "Guardian Style Guide".

[2] "UK Government Style Guide".

[isbn0-19-861271-0-3] Brown, Lesley (1993). The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon. ISBN 0-19-861271-0.

[4] Sir Ernest Gowers, Fowler's Modern English Usage, Second Edition. Published: Book Club Associates (1965)

[Wcs-5] Overstreet, Maryann (1999), Whales, candlelight, and stuff like that, p. 130, ISBN 978-0-19-512574-0

[6] Helme, Elizabeth. "The farmer of Inglewood Forest: or, An affecting portrait of virtue and vice" Printed and Published by J. Cleave and Son, 1823

[7] The Farmer's register, Volume 1. Snowden & M'Corkle, 1834. (Google Books)

[8] Degens, Egon T. "Perspectives on Biogeochemistry" Springer-Verlag 1989. ISBN 978-0387501918

[9] Maiorino, Giancarlo. "First pages: a poetics of titles" Penn State Press, 2008

[10] "/etc". www.tldp.org. Retrieved 2017-07-06.

[11] "Filesystem Hierarchy Standard". www.pathname.com. Retrieved 2017-07-06.

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