United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement
United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement | |
Hangul | 한·미 자유 무역 협정 |
---|---|
Hanja | 韓美自由貿易協定 |
Revised Romanization | Han-Mi jayu muyeok hyeopjeong |
McCune–Reischauer | Han-Mi chayu muyŏk hyŏpchŏng |
![South Korean flag](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/250px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png)
![U.S. flag](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)
The Free trade agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Korea (also known as KORUS FTA)[citation needed] is a trade agreement between the United States and the Republic of Korea. Negotiations were announced on February 2, 2006, and concluded on April 1, 2007. The treaty was first signed on June 30, 2007, with a renegotiated version signed in early December 2010.[1][2]
The agreement was passed by the United States on October 12, 2011, with the Senate passing it 83-15[3] and the House 278-151.[4] It was ratified by the National Assembly of South Korea on November 22, 2011, with a vote of 151-7, with 12 abstentions.[5] The agreement entered into effect in March 2012.[6]
The trade agreement involves an estimated 362 million consumers in the United States and the Republic of Korea.[citation needed] The treaty's provisions eliminate 95% of each nation's tariffs on goods within five years, and also create new protections for multinational financial services and other firms.[2] The treaty would be the United States' first free trade agreement (FTA) with a major Asian economy and its largest trade deal since the controversial[citation needed] North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993. For South Korea, this will be the second largest[how?] FTA following the one signed with the European Union,[7] dwarfing those signed in recent years with Chile, Singapore, the European Free Trade Area and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).[8]
History
Although the treaty was signed on June 30, 2007, ratification of the agreement stalled when President George W. Bush's fast-track trade authority expired and a Democratic U.S. Congress expressed objections to the treaty related to concerns over bilateral trade in automobiles and U.S. beef exports. Nearly three years later, on June 26, 2010, President Barack Obama and President Lee Myung-bak expressed renewed commitment to the treaty, stating that they would direct their governments to resolve remaining obstacles to the agreement by November 2010.[9]
After discussions at the November 2010 G-20 Seoul summit and further intensive negotiations in early December 2010 in Maryland, Presidents Obama and Lee announced on December 4, 2010, that a deal had been reached; they subsequently signed an updated version of the agreement.[2][10][11][12][13] On March 15, 2012, the agreement entered into effect.[6]
2008-2011
2008
Soon after being signed by the US President George W. Bush and his South Korean counterpart, Roh Moo-hyun, rumors spread of a possible renegotiation of the text, citing possible opposition by the U.S. Democrats. However, Kim Jong-Hoon, South Korea's chief negotiator for the 10-month talks that brought the FTA, denied such rumors assuring journalists that "The deal has been done and that's it. There will be no renegotiations."[citation needed] Kim's comment came after his American counterpart, Wendy Cutler, the assistant US trade representative for Japan, Korea and APEC Affairs and chief negotiator of the KORUS FTA negotiations, indicated that the Democrats may demand amendments in the labor area.[14]
On September 16, 2008, U.S. Commerce Secretary Carlos Gutierrez asked the U.S Congress to ratify the Korea-U.S. free trade treaty as soon as possible, arguing that "trade creates more jobs and boosts economic growth". He called on the U.S. Congress to swiftly approve pending trade deals with Colombia and Panama.[15]
The Grand National Party (GNP) was at the same time weighing pros and cons of the National Assembly’s ratification of the agreement. At a meeting of its top council held October 2, 2008, at GNP headquarters in Yeouido, GNP leadership expressed divergent opinions. GNP chairman Park Hee-tae and supreme council member Chung Mong-joon sided with the argument for circumspection. Park said it was first necessary to establish a plan for farmers and fishermen negatively affected by the signing of the agreement. He suggested looking at the government’s countermeasures, then discussing passage of the FTA. But leaders within the National Assembly of South Korea argued for a quick resolution. Floor leader Hong Joon-pyo is reported to have said that the United States could propose renegotiations in the area of automobiles, which they felt was disadvantageous to the U.S. auto industry. He stated this could be done following the U.S. election, but that it was necessary to ratify the FTA before then.[16]
On October 1, 2008, a South Korean trade official declared that ratification was unlikely within the year given the U.S. political climate.[17][18] On October 2, 2008, South Korea completed all procedures for parliamentary ratification. The trade bill was submitted to the National Assembly.[19] The Korean ambassador to the United States, Lee Tae-shik, met with U.S. Congressmen more than 300 times to persuade them to ratify the FTA, which was facing objection from Democrats, who held a majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.[20]
U.S. presidential election
During the 2008 U.S. presidential election, both John McCain of the Republican Party and Barack Obama of the Democratic Party expressed commitment to a U.S.-Korea alliance.
However, the Democratic Party expressed anxiety about globalization and renewed doubts about trade liberalization, which it argued could jeopardize the Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement, which had yet to be ratified. Then-presidential-candidate Barack Obama opposed the KORUS FTA as "badly flawed" during his campaign, claiming it wouldn't do enough to increase U.S. auto sales. His criticism echoed the auto labor unions.[21] Presidential Candidate and then-Senator Obama said he would vote against the FTA if it came to the floor of the U.S. Senate. He also stated he would send it back to Korea if elected president.
Obama had expressed similar negative feelings about the North American Free Trade Agreement between the U.S., Canada and Mexico, threatening during February 2008 campaign stops in industrial states to unilaterally "opt out" of the three-nation agreement. News outlets later reported that his senior economic advisor Austan Goolsbee assured Canadian officials in a private meeting on February 9 that Obama's rhetoric was "more reflective of political maneuvering than policy".[22]
The Republican Party pointed to a $20 billion increase in annual bilateral trade as evidence that both countries would benefit economically from lowering trade barriers, citing the Korea-U.S. trade deal as an example of the rewards of free trade in an era of growing economic globalization.
During the last half of 2008, U.S. officials expressed confidence that the trade deal would be approved after the November 4 election.[17]
December 2010 agreement
The December 2010 agreement represented a compromise between the two sides. Significant concessions were granted to the United States on trade in automobiles: tariff reductions for Korean automobiles were delayed for five years, and U.S. autos were granted broader access to the Korean market. At the same time, the negotiators agreed to set aside disagreements over U.S. beef exports for the time being.
The deal was supported by Ford Motor Company, as well as the United Auto Workers, both of which had previously opposed the agreement. Remarking on the UAW's support, an Obama administration official was quoted as saying, "It has been a long time since a union supported a trade agreement" and thus the administration hopes for a "big, broad bipartisan vote" in the U.S. Congress in 2011.[13] At the time of its December 2010 announcement, the White House also published a collection of statements from a wide range of elected officials (Democrats and Republicans), business leaders, and advocacy groups expressing support for the KORUS FTA.[23]
2011
After the opposition party backtracked on their agreement to negotiate the FTA, to a more hardline stance, The ruling Grand National Party could potentially ratify the FTA alone in the parliament.[24]
2011 agreement
Seoul wanted products made by South Korean companies in the Kaesong Industrial Region in North Korea included in the deal; Washington did not. The disagreement is unresolved but was not allowed to scupper the deal, which allows for further talks on the subject.[8]
Judicial reactions
The Seoul Administrative Court has officially decided to release approximately 300 translation errors of the free trade agreement-related documents to public on December 2, 2011.[25]
Lee Jeong-ryeol (이정렬), the chief prosecuting attorney at the Changwon District Court in Gyeongsangnamdo criticized the FTA on his Facebook account, prompting concern from the judicial scene.[26]
There is a judicial movement to establish a special task group to speculate of a possible renegotiation of the agreement.[27][28]
United States reactions
Opponents
Opponents make the following arguments:
- The exclusion of rice is unfair to Korean rice exporters.
- The agreement gives South Korea too much time to eliminate agricultural tariffs on US beef.
- The agreement says little about services, a U.S. strength and the country's chief focus in bilateral negotiations.
- South Korea has long been accustomed to selling cars, computers and ships around the world.
- South Korea provides Korean farmers with levels of subsidy considerably higher than farmers elsewhere in the world.[29]
- During 2008, some U.S. lawmakers opposed the free trade deal with South Korea, citing an imbalance in auto trade. They also wanted more steel shipments to South Korea.
- The U.S. think-tank Economic Policy Institute predicts that it will lead the loss of 159,000 jobs.[30]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Obama_edits_speech_announcing_KORUS_FTA.jpg/220px-Obama_edits_speech_announcing_KORUS_FTA.jpg)
- Much attention has been focused on automobiles, hitherto a major U.S. grievance and a large component of the bilateral trade deficit: during 2006, only about 4,000 U.S.-manufactured cars (excluding GM's Daewoo subsidiary) were sold in South Korea while sales of cars manufactured by South Korean companies (including cars manufactured in Korean-owned U.S. plants) in the United States exceeded 800,000.[8] South Korean automakers sold 730,863 vehicles in the United States in 2005, while American auto companies sold only 5,795 in South Korea, according to Commerce Department figures.[31]
- The FTA will abolish taxes in South Korea "on large cars produced in the United States, which U.S. auto makers have long called an impediment to market access in Korea".[32]
- When President Obama committed to move the Korea FTA in 2010, Democratic members of Congress and Democratic-affiliated groups strongly criticized the decision. President Richard Trumka of the AFL-CIO said: “Our negotiators should go back to the table to address the imbalanced market-access provisions in the agreement and to revisit the flawed investment, procurement, and services provisions as well. President Obama promised a ‘smart, fair and strong’ trade policy. The KORUS FTA does not meet this standard, and we will work closely with the Administration and Congress to improve this agreement on behalf of American and Korean workers. Unless and until the agreement is amended to address these concerns, we will strongly oppose passage of the U.S.-South Korea trade agreement."[33]
- Chairwoman Louise Slaughter (D-N.Y.) of the House Rules Committee said: “I am surprised that the Administration would try to slide this poorly written trade deal past the American public when Congress has already said that the deal is not good for our economy or workers… To try and advance the Korean FTA when so many workers are still struggling to find work would simply move our economy backward. This trade pact was written by a Republican Administration with the corporate bottom line in mind. The President has pledged to work hand in hand with Congress, but there are significant changes that must be made in order for this free trade agreement to gain broad Congressional support."[34]
- Immediately following the passage of KORUS in October 2011, certain companies and industry groups voiced their concern for the deal. According to the United States International Trade Commission, the American textile industry is expected to lose jobs as South Korean manufacturers make the same products at 15 to 20 below the cost to American manufacturers.[35]
- Citing concern over American jobs, Allen E. Gant, Jr., the president and CEO of textile manufacturer Glen Raven, said “We are very much in favor of global trade, but we’re just not about having agreements that are unfair to the U.S. textile industry.[...]The U.S. needs every single job that we can get.” Others in the American textile industry, which has experienced a sustained decline for decades, stated that there was a lack of commitment by the U.S. government to preserve American textile manufacturing.[35]
Advocates
Advocates make the following arguments:
- Allowing South Korea to reduce tariffs on agricultural products over an extended period will ultimately earn the U.S. sufficient preference in this market, keeping out rival suppliers.
- According to the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC), KORUS would add a minimum of $9.7 billion to U.S. exports and boost U.S. GDP by at least $10.1 billion.[36]
- The U.S. Chamber of Commerce, a business lobbying group in favor of the FTA, predicts that the Korea FTA will create U.S. jobs.[30]
- U.S. financial services firms such as Citigroup have pushed for the Korea FTA. Citigroup’s Laura Lane, corporate co-chair of the U.S.-Korea FTA Business Coalition, stated that “it is the best financial services chapter negotiated in a free trade agreement to date”.[37]
- On September 28, 2008, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's Vice President of Asia and President of the U.S.-Korea Business Council Myron Brilliant argued the automobile trade imbalance between the United States and South Korea could be leveled by the U.S. Congress passing the KORUS FTA. He stated, "it includes strong commitments by the Korean government to address virtually every tariff and non-tariff market access barrier to U.S. automobiles in Korea raised by the U.S. auto industry during the FTA negotiations."[38]
- One poll in April 2007 indicated support for the FTA at 58.5%.[39]
- In March 2006, prior to the formal U.S.-Korea negotiations, the Coalition of Service Industries (CSI) stated that one of its primary objectives in the negotiation related to data processing services:
- The agreement requires Korea to reduce "car taxes that are based on engine displacement that allegedly disadvantage U.S.-made cars, which tend to be larger than domestically-produced Korean cars".[40]
- The Obama administration has opposed these engine displacement taxes even while vowing to support domestic limits on greenhouse gas emissions.[41]
- More than $1 billion worth of U.S. farm exports to South Korea will become duty-free immediately. Most remaining tariffs and quotas will be phased out over the first 10 years the agreement is in force. KORUS FTA would remove tariffs on 95% of consumer and industrial products between the countries within three years. South Korean industrial tariffs average 6.5% – and many are 8% – making market access a very important issue for U.S. industries.[32]
- The agreement does require both countries to enforce their own labor and environmental laws, and ensures access to legal mechanisms to ensure enforcement.[32]
- South Korean public companies receive opportunities for privatization.[42]
- Rice is excluded, at Seoul's insistence. In return, South Korea will reduce its 40% tariff on U.S. beef over 15 years.[8]
- The Coalition of Service Industries testified that “Korean laws make it difficult for foreign companies to outsource and offshore activities. These laws often relate to privacy (private data protection law and real name law). Under the Protection and Use of Credit Information Law and its Presidential Decree, foreign companies operating in Korea are prohibited from transferring any customer data whatsoever out of Korea, even for the purposes of processing data to their own affiliates. In addition, as a result of the revision of the Insurance Business Act in May 2003, it is mandatory for insurance companies to maintain in-house the basic human and non-human resources, including IT systems, necessary for insurance business. These restrictions seriously undermine the government’s goal of making Korea into a financial ‘hub’ by significantly increasing the cost of operating in Korea. These regulations should be modified to permit companies to follow their global operating models for outsourcing and offshoring provided they have existing practices to protect consumer information.”[43]
South Korea reactions
As it does in the United States, the FTA proves a highly divisive issue in Korea. Opposition arguments tend to focus on perceived disparities in the agreement as well as public opinion. Advocates tend to focus on economic predictions.
Opponents
- The Korea Rural Economic Institute predicts that U.S. agricultural exports to South Korea, currently $2.8 billion, could double after the FTA, causing the loss of up to 130,000 jobs.[8]
- Citizens' groups worried about transparency, the environment and labor standards say the deal was deficient as it was agreed on behind closed doors. The South Korean government, for example, has not allowed open, public debate about the FTA's impact on the nation's economy and sovereignty. The Korean Advertising Broadcasting Agency blocked the running of an advertisement produced by farmers protesting the deal.[32] "Should the FTA become law after an undemocratic process and in spite of mass popular opposition, the FTA will drive the perception in South Korea that America's democratic rhetoric is merely a cover for profit-seeking behavior", Korean Americans for Fair Trade said.[32]
- Baek Il, professor of Commercial Distribution Studies at Ulsan College, protested against the free trade agreement as "a destruction of the South Korean domestic manufacturing industry" in 2006 and in 2011.[44][45]
- Several massive protests against the FTA have taken place in the country. A nationwide protest on November 22, 2006, reportedly drew 65,000 to 80,000 people, with 9,000 to 20,000 of them gathering at the city hall in Seoul. A protester named Heo Se-uk set himself on fire Sunday shouting "Stop the Korea-U.S. FTA" outside the hotel where negotiators were meeting.[31] He was being treated for third-degree burns, police said. The overall opinion of the population has fluctuated over time and is difficult to gauge.
- Other polls indicated a majority opposed to the agreement, including an 83% no confidence rating in the government's ability to negotiate the agreement.[46] The Lee Myung-bak administration has taken considerable political heat for its part in advancing the FTA, as did the previous Roh Moo-hyun administration. President Lee had to endure months of protests over the decision to reopen American beef imports, a decision that was made primarily with an eye towards securing American support for the FTA.[22]
- Agriculture in South Korea is expected to be adversely affected, and $119 billion in aid to South Korean farmers has been announced over the next ten years to offset the effects of the finalized agreement.[47]
- Fifteen anti-KORUS FTA university students were arrested in front of the Blue House fountain on December 10, 2011.[48]
- Around 100 people who work the domestic beef industry protested against the Lee Myung-bak government in Jeonju on January 5, 2012, as the authorities are alleged to abandon the South Korean farmers in favor of American beef.[49]
Advocates
- South Korean public companies receive opportunities for privatization.[42]
- The Korea Institute for International Economic Policy estimates that exports to the United States will rise by 12% per year, or $5.4 billion, and grow by 15% in the longer run.
- Proponents of the FTA cite that it will create more jobs than the ones destroyed, and will be, on the long term, beneficial for the country.[50]
- Business groups welcomed the news that South Korea concluded the free trade agreement with the U.S. business leaders stressed the importance of smoothly implementing the next steps, including ratifying the agreement in the National Assembly of South Korea.
- Lee Hee-beom, the chairman of the Korea International Trade Association (KITA) declared that "This is our country's first step in its endeavor to join the group of advanced economies", adding that "the government should work out measures to compensate those who might suffer from the market opening and continue the restructuring process. The National Assembly should ratify the FTA as soon as possible so that the negotiations will show results quickly." Similar statements were made by the Federation of Korean Industries: "With the successful conclusion of the FTA talks with the U.S. as momentum, this agreement will upgrade the traditional alliance with the United States to a higher level, and greatly help our enterprises advance into the US".[51]
- The Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry said, "We should view the FTA from the broad standpoint of promoting national interests rather than the interests of specific industries or groups".[51]
- The free trade agreement is expected to increase the growth rate of the South Korean GDP by 0.6% per year for the next 10 years. The South Korean government also cite increased foreign direct investment in Korea and heightened competition.
- The trade accord will knock down tariff and non-tariff barriers between the world's largest and 11th-largest economies, which did US$74 billion in two-way trade in 2006.[17]
Effects
![]() | This article duplicates the scope of other articles. (April 2014) |
- The 775,000 vehicles Korea sold in the United States in 2007 include 250,000 that were made at the Hyundai plant in Alabama. When Hyundai brings its Kia factory in Georgia on line, it will increase Korea's total production capacity in the United States to 600,000 units per year. If GM Daewoo vehicles are included in U.S. companies' sales in Korea, their market share there rises to 12.8%, versus a U.S. market share of 5% for Korean manufacturers.[52]
- Market opening already underway in law and accounting will widen, but major service sectors such as education and healthcare were excluded. Labor productivity in the South Korean service sector is just 56% of that in manufacturing, far below OECD's average of 93%.[8]
See also
References
- ^ "United States and the Republic of Korea Sign Landmark Free Trade Agreement". Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
- ^ a b c "US, South Korea sign sweeping free-trade agreement". Agence France-Presse. December 5, 2010.
- ^ http://www.c-span.org/Events/Congress-Passes-Free-Trade-Agreements/10737424723/
- ^ Liberto, Jennifer (2011-10-12). "Congress passes trade deals". CNN.
- ^ https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf
- ^ a b "Landmark U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement Enters Into Force". The National Law Review. McDermott Will & Emery, LLP. 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
- ^ "EU agrees free trade deal with S.Korea". AFP. 2009-09-16.
- ^ a b c d e f "SOUTH KOREA/US: FTA jumps major hurdles, faces others". International Herald Tribune. 2007-04-03. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
- ^ Remarks by President Obama and President Lee Myung-Bak of the Republic of Korea After Bilateral Meeting The White House Office of the Press Secretary June 26, 2010
- ^ President Barack Obama, "Remarks by the President at the Announcement of a U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement," The White House Office of the Press Secretary, December 04, 2010 [1]
- ^ Kim, Yeonhee (Dec 4, 2010). "U.S. and South Korea welcome long-awaited trade deal". Reuters.
- ^ Kirk, Donald (December 5, 2010). "Can Obama, Lee sell lawmakers on US-South Korea free trade deal?". Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ a b Howard Schneider (December 6, 2010). "Obama, Lee outlined U.S.-Korea trade deal in Seoul, official says". Washington Post. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
- ^ "SKorea will not renegotiate FTA with US – top negotiator". AFX News Limited. 2007-04-13. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) [dead link] - ^ "US Officials Call for FTA Ratification". KBS. 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
- ^ "GNP stands divided on free trade agreement". Hankyoreh Media Company. 2008-10-03. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
- ^ a b c "S Korea's Fta With U.S. Unlikely to be Ratified in 08: Official". Yonhap. 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ^ "Ratification of S. Korea-US FTA Unlikely This Year". KBS. 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
- ^ "South Korea to submit U.S. FTA bill for parliamentary approval next week". Balita News. 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ^ "Seoul's Envoy in PR Blitz for Korea-U.S. FTA". Digital Chosun Ilbo. 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-09-17. [dead link]
- ^ "S. Korea-US Alliance Hinges on US Election: Experts". The Korea Times. 2008-09-28. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
- ^ a b "McCain, Obama and Korea". The Korea Times. 2008-09-08. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ^ "Statements of Support for the U.S-Korea Trade Agreement," The White House Office of the Press Secretary, December 03, 2010 [2]
- ^ Lee (이), Dong-hun (동훈) (2011-11-04). ""때가 됐다" FTA 강행처리로 기우는 한나라". Hankook Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 2011-11-05.
- ^ Kim (김), Jong-cheol (종철) (2011-12-02). "'누더기' 한미FTA 협정문 번역, 다시 도마에". OhMyNews (in Korean). Retrieved 2011-12-08.
- ^ Nam (남), Sang-uk (상욱) (2011-11-28). "또 다른 부장판사도 FTA 비판". Hankook Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 2011-12-08.
- ^ "'한미 FTA 반대' 판사 청원문 작성 착수". YTN (in Korean). 2011-12-03. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
- ^ Im (임), Su-jeong (수정) (2011-12-06). "FTA연구 청원 초안 완성…판사들 회람". Yonhap News (in Korean). Retrieved 2011-12-17.
- ^ "FTA is not the way". International Herald Tribune. 2007-04-03. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
- ^ a b Robert Scott Trade Policy and Job Loss: U.S. Trade Deals with Colombia and Korea Will be Costly, Economic Policy Institute, 25 February 2010.
- ^ a b Olsen, Kelly (2007-04-02). "U.S., South Korea Reach Free Trade Deal". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
- ^ a b c d e "US readies for Korean business". Asia Times. 2007-04-04. Retrieved 2007-04-07. Cite error: The named reference "Asia Times 2007-04-04" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Statement by AFL-CIO President Richard Trumka on the U.S.- South Korea Trade Agreement, June 29, 2010
- ^ Slaughter Asks White House Not to Push Korea Trade Deal Forward – Congresswoman Louise Slaughter. Louise.house.gov (2010-06-28). Retrieved on 2010-12-05.
- ^ a b Appelbaum, Binyamin (2011-10-11). "Foes of South Korea Free Trade Deal Struggle to be Heard". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-10-14.
- ^ [3]. Retrieved on 2010-12-05.
- ^ U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement: Potential Economy-wide and Selected Sectoral Effects. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2010-12-05.
- ^ "U.S. Chamber Testifies on Korea FTA's Boon to U.S. Automakers". The Financial. 2008-09-25. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
- ^ "Three in Five Koreans Support FTA: Poll". The Chosun Ilbo. April 4, 2007.
- ^ "The Proposed South Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA)" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. 2007-07-18.
- ^ Chang, Richard S. (2009-01-26). "Obama Vows to Follow California's Lead in Cutting Emissions". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
- ^ a b Song (송), Gi-ho (기호) (2011-11-17). "한미FTA는 어떻게 공공을 파괴하는가". Pressian (in Korean). Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ Coalition of Service Industries Written Testimony on the Free Trade Agreement Between the United States and Korea for the Trade Policy Staff Committee, Office of the United States Trade Representative, March 14, 2006
- ^ Choi (최), Byeong-seong (병성) (2006-06-14). "백일 교수 "한미FTA 체결시 한국 제조업 궤멸할 것"". Views&News (in Korean). Retrieved 2012-01-03.
- ^ Park (박), Min-sik (민식) (2011-11-25). "한미 FTA에 걸리면 유통·상생법 '도루묵'". Hankook Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 2012-01-03.
- ^ "Democracy loses in Korea trade pact". The San Diego Union-Tribune. April 3, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-04.
- ^ AgWeb.com Editors (2007-04-02). "U.S., Korea FTA Deal Reached". AgWeb.com. Archived from the original on 2008-01-18. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
{{cite web}}
:|author1=
has generic name (help) - ^ Kim (김), Yeong-eun (영은) (2011-12-10). 청와대 분수대 앞 기습 시위 대학생 15명 연행. KBS News (in Korean). Retrieved 2011-12-10.
- ^ Park (박), Hyo-ik (효익) (2012-01-05). "경쟁력 강화? MB가 소 한 번 키워봐라". MoneyToday (in Korean). Retrieved 2012-01-05.
- ^ "The Korea-U.S. FTA Will Bring More Gain Than Pain". Digital Chosun Ilbo. 2007-04-03. Archived from the original on May 9, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-13.
- ^ a b "Business Groups React Positively to FTA Deal". Digital Chosun Ilbo. 2007-04-03. Archived from the original on March 11, 2008. Retrieved 2007-05-21.
- ^ "Moving the KORUS FTA Forward in a Time of Economic Uncertainty". GLOCOM. 2008-12-08.
External links
- United States – Korea FTA Full Legal Text
- Summary of the KORUS FTA
- Korea Will be Largest FTA Partner in 15 Years
- Video on South Korea-US Relations from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
- KORUS FTA: Opportunities for Agriculture
- Launch of U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement – Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, February 2, 2006
- Workers hold protests against U.S.-South Korea free-trade talks – International Herald Tribune, November 22, 2006
- United States, South Korea Conclude Free-Trade Agreement, USINFO, April 2, 2007
- United States and Korea Conclude Historic Trade Agreement, Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, April 2, 2007
- The Administration's Focus on Promoting Free Trade and Enhancing U.S. Trade and Export Opportunities US Department of State, September 26, 2008
- US readies for Korean business Asia Times Online
- Korean Americans for Fair Trade Official Website
- Corporate Win, Loss for the 99%: U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement Takes Effect
- Embassy of the Republic of Korea Statistics on KORUS FTA
- Where Is The 'Free Trade' In The TPP IP Chapter?, Techdirt, 2013.11.19