Grindstone
Appearance
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Knife_Grinder_-_WGA10060.jpg/170px-Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Knife_Grinder_-_WGA10060.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Finch_Foundry%2C_grindstone.jpg/170px-Finch_Foundry%2C_grindstone.jpg)
A grindstone is a round sharpening stone used for grinding or sharpening ferrous tools. Grindstones are usually made from sandstone.[2][3] Grindstone machines usually have pedals for speeding up and slowing down the stone to control the sharpening process. The earliest known representation of a rotary grindstone,[4] operated by a crank handle, is found in the Carolingian manuscript Utrecht Psalter. This pen drawing from about 830 goes back to a late antique original.[5] The Luttrell Psalter, dating to around 1340, describes a grindstone rotated by two cranks, one at each end of its axle.[6] Around 1480, the early medieval rotary grindstone was improved with a treadle and crank mechanism.[7]
See also
References
- ^ [1]
- ^ Grindstones, archived from the original on 2010-02-10, retrieved 2010-02-10.
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suggested) (help) - ^ Knight, Edward Henry (1876), Knight's American mechanical dictionary, Houghton, Mifflin, pp. 1022–1023.
- ^ White, Jr. 1962, p. 110
- ^ Hägermann & Schneider 1997, pp. 425f.
- ^ White, Jr. 1962, p. 111
- ^ White, Jr. 1962, p. 167
Sources
- Hägermann, Dieter; Schneider, Helmuth (1997), Propyläen Technikgeschichte. Landbau und Handwerk, 750 v. Chr. bis 1000 n. Chr. (2nd ed.), Berlin, ISBN 3-549-05632-X
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - White, Jr., Lynn (1962), Medieval Technology and Social Change, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press
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