Hitler family
Hitler | |
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Earlier spellings | Hiedler |
Place of origin | Austria |
Members |
The Hitler family comprises the relatives and ancestors of Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) who was an Austrian-born German[1] politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as head of state as Führer und Reichskanzler from 1934 to 1945. He is most remembered for his central leadership role in the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II and the Holocaust.
Before the birth of Adolf Hitler, the family surname had many variations that were often used almost interchangeably. Some of the common variances were Hitler, Hiedler, Hüttler, Hytler, and Hittler. Alois Schicklgruber (Adolf's father) changed his name on 7 January 1877 to "Hitler", which was the only form of the last name that Adolf used.[2]
The family has long been of interest to historians and genealogists because of the sometimes-disputed paternity of Adolf Hitler's father as well as the family's inter-relationships and their psychological effect on Adolf during his childhood.
Family history
Earliest family members
The Hitler family descends from Stefan Hiedler (born 1672) and his wife, Agnes Capeller. Their grandson was Martin Hiedler (17 November 1762 – 10 January 1829), who married Anna Maria Göschl (23 August 1760 – 7 December 1854). Martin and Anna were the parents of at least three children, Lorenz, about whom there is no further information, Johann Georg (baptised 28 February 1792 – 9 February 1857), who was the stepfather of Alois Hitler (father of Adolf), and Johann Nepomuk (19 March 1807 – 17 September 1888), a maternal great-grandfather of Adolf Hitler.[2] They were from Spital (part of Weitra), Austria.
Johann Georg and Johann Nepomuk
Brothers Johann Georg and Johann Nepomuk Hiedler are connected to Adolf Hitler in several ways, although the biological relationship is disputed.
Johann Georg was legitimized and considered the officially accepted paternal grandfather of Adolf Hitler by the Third Reich. Whether or not he was actually Hitler's biological paternal grandfather remains unknown as he was not put as the father on Alois's birth certificate, but most historians are satisfied that Alois' father was Johann Georg Hiedler.[3] He married his first wife in 1824, but she died in childbirth five months later. In 1842, he married Maria Anna Schicklgruber and became the legal stepfather to her illegitimate five-year-old son, Alois.
Johann Nepomuk Hiedler (also known as Johann Nepomuk Hüttler) was named after a Bohemian saint, Johann von Nepomuk. Some view this name as evidence that Johann Nepomuk and therefore his great-grandson Adolf Hitler had some Czech blood. However, Johann von Pomuk/Johann Nepomuk was an important saint for Bohemians of both German and Czech ethnicity. The name "Nepomuk" merely indicates ties to Bohemia, without indication of ethnicity. Johann Nepomuk became a relatively prosperous farmer and was married to Eva Maria Decker (1792–1873), who was fifteen years his senior.
Father of Alois Hitler
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alois_Hitler.jpeg/250px-Alois_Hitler.jpeg)
The identity of Alois' actual father is disputed. Legally, Johann Nepomuk was the step-uncle of Alois Schicklgruber (later Alois Hitler), the stepson of his brother Johann Georg Hiedler, a wandering miller.[4] For reasons unknown, he took in Alois when he was a boy and raised him. It is possible that he was, in fact, Alois' natural father but could not acknowledge this publicly due to his marriage. Another, perhaps simpler, explanation for this kindness is that he took pity on the ten-year-old Alois. Alois was, after all, Johann Georg's stepson, and after the death of Alois' mother Maria, it could hardly have been a suitable life for a ten-year-old child to be raised by an itinerant miller. Johann Nepomuk died on 17 September 1888.
In any case, when he died, Johann Nepomuk left Alois a considerable portion of his life savings. Johann Nepomuk's granddaughter, Klara, had a longstanding affair with Alois before marrying him in 1885 after the death of his second wife. In 1889, she gave birth to Adolf Hitler.
It was later claimed that Johann Georg had fathered Alois prior to his marriage to Maria, although Alois had been declared illegitimate on his birth certificate and baptism papers; the claim that Johann Georg was the true father of Alois was not made after the marriage of Maria and Johann Georg, or, indeed, even during the lifetime of either of them. In 1877, 20 years after the death of Johann Georg and almost 30 years after the death of Maria, Alois was legally declared to have been Johann Georg's son.[5]
Accordingly, Johann Georg Hiedler is one of three people most cited by modern historians as having possibly been the actual paternal grandfather of Adolf Hitler. The other two possibilities regarding the paternity are Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, the younger brother of Johann Georg, and a Graz Jew by the name of Leopold Frankenberger (rumored by ex-Nazi Hans Frank during the Nuremberg Trials). In the 1950s, the third possibility became popular among historians, but modern historians have now concluded that Frank's speculation is not reliable as it has many contradictions. He said that Maria came from "Leonding near Linz", when in fact she came from the hamlet of Strones, near the village of Döllersheim. No evidence has ever been found that a "Frankenberger" even existed; the Jews were expelled from Styria (which includes Graz) in the 15th century and were not permitted to return until the 1860s, several decades after Alois' birth.[6][7][8]
Although Johann Georg Hiedler was later legitimized and considered the officially accepted paternal grandfather of Adolf Hitler by the Third Reich, the question of whether or not he was Hitler's grandfather remains unknown and has caused speculation.[9][10][11] However, his case is considered the most plausible and widely accepted.[3]
Pölzl family
Johanna Hiedler, the daughter of Johann Nepomuk and Eva Hiedler (née Decker) was born on 19 January 1830 in Spital (part of Weitra) in the Waldviertel of Lower Austria. She lived her entire life there and was married to Johann Baptist Pölzl (1825–1901), a farmer and son of Johann Pölzl and Juliana (Walli) Pölzl. Johanna and Johann had 5 sons and 6 daughters, of whom 2 sons and 3 daughters survived into adulthood, the 3 daughters being Klara, Johanna, and Theresia.
1870s
At the age of 36, Alois Hitler was married for the first time, to Anna Glasl-Hörer, who was a wealthy, 50-year-old daughter of a customs official. She was sick when Alois married her and was either an invalid or became one shortly afterwards. Not long after marrying her, Alois Hitler began an affair with 19-year-old Franziska "Fanni" Matzelsberger, one of the young female servants employed at the Pommer Inn, house #219, in the city of Braunau am Inn, where he was renting the top floor as a lodging. Smith states that Alois had numerous affairs in the 1870s, resulting in his wife initiating legal action; on 7 November 1880 Alois and Anna separated by mutual agreement. Matzelsberger became the 43-year-old Hitler's girlfriend, but the two could not marry since under Roman Catholic canon law, divorce is not permitted. In 1876, three years after Alois married Anna, he hired Klara Pölzl as a household servant. She was the 16-year-old granddaughter of his step-uncle (and possible father or biological uncle) Nepomuk. If Nepomuk was Alois' father, Klara was Alois' half-niece. If his father was Johann Georg, she was his first cousin once removed. Matzelsberger demanded that the "servant girl" Klara find another job, and Hitler sent Pölzl away.
1880s
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Klara_Polz_Hitler.jpg/200px-Klara_Polz_Hitler.jpg)
On 13 January 1882, Matzelsberger gave birth to Hitler's illegitimate son, also named Alois, but since they were not married, the child was Alois Matzelsberger. Hitler kept Matzelsberger as his wife while his lawful wife Anna grew sicker and died on 6 April 1883. The next month, on 22 May at a ceremony in Braunau with fellow customs officials as witnesses, Hitler, 45, married Matzelsberger, 21. He then legitimized his son as Alois Hitler, Jr.[12] Matzelsberger went to Vienna to give birth to Angela Hitler. When she was still only 23, she acquired a lung disorder and became too ill to function. She was moved to Ranshofen, a small village near Braunau. During the last months of Matzelsberger's life, Klara Pölzl returned to Alois' home to look after the invalid and their two children.[13] Matzelsberger died in Ranshofen on 10 August 1884 at the age of 23. After her death, Pölzl remained in Hitler's home as housekeeper.[13]
Pölzl was soon pregnant by Alois. Smith writes that if Hitler had been free to do as he wished, he would have married Pölzl immediately, but because of the affidavit concerning his paternity, Hitler was now legally Pölzl's first cousin once removed, too close to marry. He submitted an appeal to the church for a humanitarian waiver.[14] Permission came, and on 7 January 1885 a wedding was held at Hitler's rented rooms on the top floor of the Pommer Inn. A meal was served for the few guests and witnesses. Hitler then went to work for the rest of the day. Even Klara found the wedding to be a short ceremony. Throughout the marriage, she continued to call him uncle.
On 17 May 1885, five months after the wedding, the new Frau Klara Hitler gave birth to her first child, Gustav. A year later, on 25 September 1886, she gave birth to a daughter, Ida. Her son Otto followed Ida in 1887, but he died shortly after birth.[15] During the winter of 1887–1888, diphtheria struck the Hitler household, resulting in the deaths of both Gustav (8 December) and Ida (2 January). Klara and Alois had been married for three years, and all their children were dead, but Alois still had the children from his relationship with Matzelsberger, Alois Jr., and Angela. On 20 April 1889, Klara gave birth to Adolf.
1890s
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0322-506%2C_Adolf_Hitler%2C_Kinderbild.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0322-506%2C_Adolf_Hitler%2C_Kinderbild.jpg)
Adolf was a sickly child, and his mother fretted over him. Alois was 51 when he was born, had little interest in child rearing and left it all to his wife. When not at work he was either in a tavern or busy with his hobby: keeping bees. In 1892, Hitler was transferred from Braunau to Passau. He was 55, Klara 32, Alois Jr. 10, Angela 9, and Adolf was three years old. In 1894, Hitler was reassigned to Linz. Klara gave birth to their fifth child, Edmund, on 24 March 1894, and so it was decided that she and the children would stay in Passau for the time being.
In February 1895, Hitler purchased a house on a 9-acre (36,000 m²) plot in Hafeld near Lambach, approximately 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Linz. The farm was called the Rauscher Gut. He moved his family to the farm and retired on 25 June 1895 at the age of 58 after 40 years in the customs service. He found farming difficult; he lost money, and the value of the property declined. On 21 January 1896, Paula was born. Alois was often home with his family. He had five children ranging in age from infancy to 14; Smith suggests he yelled at the children almost continually and made long visits to the local tavern. Robert G. L. Waite noted, "Even one of his closest friends admitted that Alois was 'awfully rough' with his wife [Klara] and 'hardly ever spoke a word to her at home.'" If Hitler was in a bad mood, he picked on the older children or Klara herself, in front of them.
After Hitler and his oldest son Alois Jr had a climactic and violent argument, Alois Jr left home at 14, and the elder Alois swore he would never give the boy a penny of inheritance beyond what the law required. Apparently his relations with his stepmother Klara were also strained. After working as an apprentice waiter in the Shelbourne Hotel in Dublin, Ireland, he was arrested for theft and served a five-month sentence in 1900, followed by an eight-month sentence in 1902.
1900s
Edmund, the youngest Hitler boy, died of measles on 2 February 1900. Alois wanted his son Adolf to seek a career in the civil service. However, Adolf had become so alienated from his father that he was repulsed by whatever Alois wanted. Adolf sneered at the thought of a lifetime spent enforcing petty rules. Alois tried to browbeat his son into obedience while Adolf did his best to be the opposite of whatever his father wanted.
Alois Hitler died in 1903, leaving Klara a government pension. She sold the house in Leonding and moved with young Adolf and Paula to an apartment in Linz, where they lived frugally. Three or four years later a tumor was diagnosed in her breast. Following a long series of painful iodoform treatments given by her doctor Eduard Bloch, Klara died at home in Linz on 21 December 1907. Adolf and Paula were at her side.[16][17] The siblings were left with some financial support from their mother's pension and her modest estate. Klara was buried in Leonding.
Adolf Hitler had a close relationship with his mother, was crushed by her death and carried the grief for the rest of his life. Speaking of Hitler, Bloch later recalled that after Klara's death he had seen in "one young man never so much pain and suffering".[18]
On 14 September 1903[19][20] Angela Hitler, Adolf's half-sister, married Leo Raubal (11 June 1879 – 10 August 1910), a junior tax inspector, and on 12 October 1906 she gave birth to a son, Leo. On 4 June 1908 Angela gave birth to Geli and in 1910 to a second daughter, Elfriede (Elfriede Maria Hochegger, 10 January 1910 – 24 September 1993).
1910s
In 1909, Alois Hitler, Jr. met an Irishwoman by the name of Bridget Dowling at the Dublin Horse Show. They eloped to London and married on June 3, 1910. William Dowling, Bridget's father, threatened to have Alois arrested for kidnapping, but Bridget dissuaded him. The couple settled in Liverpool, where their son William Patrick Hitler was born in 1911. The family lived in a flat at 102 Upper Stanhope Street. The house was destroyed in the last German air-raid on Liverpool on 10 January 1942. Nothing remains of the house or those that surrounded it, and the area was eventually cleared and grassed over. Bridget Dowling's memoirs claim Adolf Hitler lived with them in Liverpool from 1912 to 1913 while he was on the run for dodging the draft in his native Austria-Hungary, but most historians dismiss this story as a fiction invented to make the book more appealing to publishers.[21] Alois attempted to make money by running a small restaurant in Dale Street, a boarding house on Parliament Street and a hotel on Mount Pleasant, all of which failed. Alois Jr. left his family in May 1914 and he returned alone to the German Empire to establish himself in the safety-razor business.
Paula had moved to Vienna, where she worked as a secretary. She did not have contact with Adolf during the period comprising his difficult years as a painter in Vienna and later Munich, military service during World War I and early political activities back in Munich. She was delighted to meet him again in Vienna during the early 1920s, though she later claimed to have been privately distraught at his subsequent rising fame.
World War I
When World War I broke out, Alois Jr. was stranded in Germany and it was impossible for his wife and son to join him. He married another woman, Hedwig Heidemann (or Hedwig Mickley[22]), in 1916. After the war, a third party informed Bridget that he was dead.
At the outbreak of World War I, Hitler was a resident of Munich and volunteered to serve in the Bavarian Army as an Austrian citizen.[23] Posted to the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (1st Company of the List Regiment).[24][23] Hitler's case was not exceptional as he was not the only Austrian soldier in the List Regiment. It is likely Hitler was accepted into the Bavarian army either simply because nobody had asked him whether or not he was a German citizen when he first volunteered or because the recruiting authorities were happy to accept any volunteer and simply did not care what Hitler's nationality was, or because he might have told the Bavarian authorities that he intended on becoming a German citizen. We cannot know.[25]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1974-082-44%2C_Adolf_Hitler_im_Ersten_Weltkrieg.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1974-082-44%2C_Adolf_Hitler_im_Ersten_Weltkrieg.jpg)
He served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium,[26] spending nearly half his time well behind the front lines.[27][28] He was present at the First Battle of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Arras, and the Battle of Passchendaele, and was wounded at the Somme.[29]
He was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross, Second Class, in 1914.[29] Recommended by Hugo Gutmann, he received the Iron Cross, First Class, on 4 August 1918,[30] a decoration rarely awarded to one of Hitler's rank (Gefreiter). Hitler's post at regimental headquarters, providing frequent interactions with senior officers, may have helped him receive this decoration.[31] Though his rewarded actions may have been courageous, they were probably not highly exceptional.[32] He also received the Black Wound Badge on 18 May 1918.[33]
During his service at the headquarters, Hitler pursued his artwork, drawing cartoons, and instructions for an army newspaper. During the Battle of the Somme in October 1916, he was wounded either in the groin area[34] or the left thigh by a shell that had exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout.[35]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Hitler_1921.jpg/170px-Hitler_1921.jpg)
Hitler spent almost two months in the Red Cross hospital at Beelitz, returning to his regiment on 5 March 1917.[36] On 15 October 1918, he was temporarily blinded by a mustard gas attack and was hospitalised in Pasewalk.[37] While there, Hitler learnt of Germany's defeat,[38] and—by his own account—on receiving this news, he suffered a second bout of blindness.[39]
Hitler became embittered over the collapse of the war effort, and his ideological development began to firmly take shape.[40] He described the war as "the greatest of all experiences", and was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery.[41] The experience reinforced his passionate German patriotism and he was shocked by Germany's capitulation in November 1918.[42] Like other German nationalists, he believed in the Dolchstoßlegende (stab-in-the-back legend), which claimed that the German army, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" on the home front by civilian leaders and Marxists, later dubbed the "November criminals".[43]
The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany must relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise the Rhineland. The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied heavy reparations on the country. Many Germans perceived the treaty—especially Article 231, which declared Germany responsible for the war—as a humiliation.[44] The Versailles Treaty and the economic, social, and political conditions in Germany after the war were later exploited by Hitler for political gains.[45]
1920s
On 14 March 1920, Heinrich "Heinz" Hitler was born to Alois Jr and his second wife, Hedwig Heidemann. In 1924, Alois Jr was prosecuted for bigamy, but acquitted due to Bridget's intervention on his behalf. His older son, William Patrick, stayed with Alois and his new family during his early trips to Weimar Republic Germany in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
When Adolf was confined in Landsberg, Angela made the trip from Vienna to visit him. Angela's daughters, Geli and Elfriede, accompanied their mother when she became Hitler's housekeeper in 1925; Geli Raubal was 17 at the time and would spend the next six years in close contact with her half-uncle.[46] Her mother was given a position as housekeeper at the Berghof villa near Berchtesgaden in 1928.[47] Geli moved into Hitler's Munich apartment in 1929 when she enrolled in the Ludwig Maximilian University to study medicine. She did not complete her medical studies.[48]
As he rose to power as leader of the Nazi Party, Adolf kept a tight rein over his half-niece and behaved in a domineering and possessive manner.[49] When he discovered she was having a relationship with his chauffeur, Emil Maurice, he forced an end to the affair and dismissed Maurice from his service.[48][50] After that he did not allow her to freely associate with friends, and attempted to have himself or someone he trusted near her at all times, accompanying her on shopping trips, to the movies, and to the opera.[49]
Adolf met Eva Braun, 23 years his junior, at Heinrich Hoffmann's photography studio in Munich in October 1929.[51] He occasionally dated other women as well, including Hoffmann's daughter, Henrietta, and Maria Reiter.[52]
1930s
Hitler's half-niece, Geli Raubal committed suicide in 1931. Rumours immediately began in the media about a possible sexual relationship, and even murder.[48][53] Historian Ian Kershaw contends that stories circulated at the time as to alleged "sexual deviant practices ought to be viewed as ... anti-Hitler propaganda".[49]
After having little contact with her brother Adolf, Paula was delighted to meet him again in Vienna during the early 1930s.[54] By her own account, after losing a job with a Viennese insurance company in 1930 when her employers found out who she was, Paula received financial support from her brother (which continued until his suicide in late April 1945). She lived under the assumed family name Wolf at Hitler's request (this was a childhood nickname of his which he had also used during the 1920s for security purposes) and worked sporadically. She later claimed to have seen her brother about once a year during the 1930s and early 1940s.[citation needed]
In 1934, Alois Jr. established a restaurant in Berlin which became a popular meeting place for SA Stormtroopers. He managed to keep the restaurant open through the duration of World War II.[citation needed]
Angela strongly disapproved of Adolf's relationship with Eva Braun; she eventually left Berchtesgaden as a result and moved to Dresden. Hitler broke off relations with Angela and did not attend her second wedding. On 20 January 1936 she married German architect Professor Martin Hammitzsch, the Director of the State School of Building Construction in Dresden.[citation needed]
World War II
As Adolf led Germany into World War II, he became distant to his family. Despite having previously becoming estranged after disapproval of Adolf's relationship with Eva Braun, Angela and Adolf eventually re-established contact during the war. Angela was his intermediary to the rest of the family, because Adolf did not want contact. In 1941, she sold her memoirs of her years with Hitler to the Eher Verlag, which brought her 20,000 Reichsmark. Meanwhile, Alois Jr. continued to manage his restaurant throughout the duration of the war. He was arrested by the British, but released when it became clear he had played no role in his brother's regime.
A couple of Adolf's relatives served in Nazi Germany during the war. Adolf's nephew Heinz was a member of the Nazi Party. He attended an elite Nazi military academy, the National Political Institutes of Education (Napola) in Ballenstedt/Saxony-Anhalt[1]. Aspiring to be an officer, Heinz joined the Wehrmacht as a signals NCO with the 23rd Potsdamer Artillery Regiment in 1941, and he participated in the invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa. On 10 January 1942, he was captured by Soviet forces and sent to the Moscow military prison Butyrka, where he died, aged 21, after interrogation and torture.
Adolf's other nephew, Leo Rudolf Raubal, was drafted by the Luftwaffe. He was injured in January 1943 during the Battle of Stalingrad,[55] and Friedrich Paulus asked Hitler for a plane to evacuate Raubal to Germany.[56] Hitler refused and Raubal was captured by the Soviets on 31 January 1943. Hitler gave orders to check out the possibility of a prisoner exchange with the Soviets for Stalin's son Yakov Dzhugashvili, who was in German captivity since 16 July 1941.[57] Stalin refused to exchange him either for Raubal or for Friedrich Paulus,[58] and said "war is war."[59]
In the spring of 1945, after the destruction of Dresden in the massive bomb attack of February 13/14, Adolf moved Angela to Berchtesgaden to avoid her being captured by the Soviets. Also, he let her and his younger sister Paula have over 100,000 Reichsmark. Paula barely saw her brother during the war. There is some evidence Paula shared her brother's strong German nationalist beliefs, but she was not politically active and never joined the Nazi Party.[60] During the closing days of the war, at the age of 49, she was driven to Berchtesgaden, Germany, apparently on the orders of Martin Bormann.
Adolf and Eva Braun committed suicide in the Führerbunker on 30 April 1945.[61]
Post-World War II
In Hitler's Last Will and Testament, he guaranteed Angela a pension of 1,000 Reichsmark monthly. It is uncertain if she ever received a penny of this amount. Nevertheless, she spoke very highly of him even after the war, and claimed that neither her brother nor she herself had known anything about the Holocaust. She declared that if Adolf had known what was going on in the concentration camps, he would have stopped them.
Adolf's sister Paula was arrested by US intelligence officers in May 1945 and debriefed later that year.[62] A transcript shows one of the agents remarking she bore a physical resemblance to her sibling. She told them the Russians had confiscated her house in Austria, the Americans had expropriated her Vienna apartment and that she was taking English lessons. She characterized her childhood relationship with her brother as one of both constant bickering and strong affection. Paula said she could not bring herself to believe her brother had been responsible for the Holocaust. She also told them she had met Eva Braun only once. Paula was released from American custody and returned to Vienna where she lived on her savings for a time, then worked in an arts and crafts shop.
Other relatives of Adolf Hitler were approached by the Soviets. In May 1945, five of Adolf Hitler's relatives were arrested, his first cousins, Maria, Johann, and Eduard Schmidt, along with Maria's husband Ignaz Koppensteiner, their son Adolf, and Johann Schmidt, Jr., son of Maria and Eduard's deceased brother Johann. Koppensteiner was arrested by the Soviets on the basis that he "approved of [Hitler's] criminal plans against the USSR." He died in a Moscow prison in 1949. Both Eduard and Maria died in Soviet custody in 1951 and 1953, respectively. Johann Jr. was released in 1955. These relatives were posthumously pardoned by Russia in 1997.[63][64][65]
In 1952, Paula Hitler moved to Berchtesgaden, Germany, reportedly living "in seclusion" in a two-room flat as Paula Wolff. During this time, she was looked after by former members of the SS and survivors of her brother's inner circle.[62] In February 1959, she agreed to be interviewed by Peter Morley, a documentary producer for British television station Associated-Rediffusion. The resulting conversation was the only filmed interview she ever gave and was broadcast as part of a programme called Tyranny: The Years of Adolf Hitler. She talked mostly about Hitler's childhood. Angela died of a stroke on 30 October 1949. Her brother, Alois Jr., died on 20 May 1956 in Hamburg. Paula, Adolf's last surviving sibling, died on 1 June 1960, at the age of 64.[66]
Children
It is alleged that Hitler had a son, Jean-Marie Loret, with a Frenchwoman named Charlotte Lobjoie. Jean-Marie Loret was born in March 1918 and died in 1985, aged 67.[67] Loret married several times, and had up to nine children. His family's lawyer has suggested that, if their descent from Hitler could be proven, they may be able to claim royalties for Hitler's book, Mein Kampf.[68] However, several historians such as Anton Joachimsthaler,[69] and Sir Ian Kershaw,[70] say that Hitler's paternity is unlikely or impossible to prove.
Just two of Adolf Hitler's siblings and half-siblings, Angela and Alois, married. Of the former's children, Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr had one son, Peter Raubal, in 1931; Elfriede Raubal married Dr. Ernst Hochegger in 1937 and had a son, Heiner Hochegger, in 1945; and Geli Raubal committed suicide without issue in 1931. Both Peter and Heiner have had no children.
Alois's son Heinz from his second marriage died in a Soviet military prison in 1942 without children, but his son from his first marriage, William Patrick, married Phyllis Jean-Jacques in 1947 in the US, where they had four children. Alexander Adolf Stuart-Houston (1949), Louis Stuart-Houston (1951), Howard Ronald Stuart-Houston (1957), and Brian William Stuart-Houston (1965) have all had no children;[71] none of them married, with the exception of Howard, who died in a car crash in 1989. It is rumoured that the brothers made a pact not to have any children and thus end the bloodline, but Alexander has publicly denied this.
According to David Gardner, author of the Last of the Hitlers: "They didn’t sign a pact, but what they did is, they talked amongst themselves, talked about the burden they’ve had in the background of their lives, and decided that none of them would marry, none of them would have children. And that’s...a pact they’ve kept to this day."[72] Though none of Stuart-Houston's sons had children, his son Alexander, now a social worker, said that contrary to speculation, there was no pact to intentionally end the Hitler bloodline.[73]
List of family members
- Adolf Hitler (1889–1945), German Chancellor
- Eva Braun (1912–1945), wife
- Alois Hitler, Sr. (1837–1903), father
- Klara Hitler (1860–1907), mother
- Alois Hitler, Jr. (né Matzelsberger) (1882–1956), elder half-brother
- Angela Hitler (1883–1949), elder half-sister
- Four of Adolf's siblings died in infancy or early childhood of illnesses:
- Gustav Hitler (1885–1887), died of diphtheria
- Ida Hitler (1886–1888), died of diphtheria
- Otto Hitler (1887–1887), died of diphtheria
- Edmund Hitler (1894–1900), died of measles
- Paula Hitler (1896–1960), younger sister and only full sibling to survive into adulthood
- Bridget Dowling, sister-in-law
- Geli Raubal, niece
- Gretl Braun, sister-in-law through Hitler's marriage to Eva Braun
- Heinz Hitler, nephew
- Ilse Braun, sister-in-law through Hitler's marriage to Eva Braun
- Johann Georg Hiedler (1792–1857), presumed grandfather
- Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, maternal great-grandfather, presumed great uncle, and possibly Hitler's true paternal grandfather
- Leo Raubal Jr, nephew
- Maria Schicklgruber (1795–1847), paternal grandmother
- Johann Pölzl, maternal grandfather
- Johanna Hiedler, maternal grandmother
- William Patrick Hitler, nephew, born in Liverpool, England
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
Hitler family tree
Note: For simplicity, the first (childless) marriage of Alois Hitler (b. 1837) to Anna Glasl-Hörer has been excluded, as have any marriages that may have occurred after 1945.
Stefan Hiedler (1672–?) | Agnes Capeller (1674–?) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Johann Hiedler (1725–?) | Maria Anna Neugesch- wandter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Martin Hiedler (1762–1829) | Anna Maria Goschl (1760–1854) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lorenz Hiedler | Johannes Schicklgruber (1764–1847) | Theresia Pfeisinger (1769–1821) | Johann Nepomuk Hiedler (1807–1888) | Eva Maria Decker (1792–1873) | Laurenz Pölzl (1788–1841) | Juliana Walli (1797–1831) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Disputed paternity: Read details | Maria Schicklgruber (1795–1847) | Johann Georg Hiedler (1792–1857) | Walburga Hiedler (1832–1900) | Johanna Hiedler (1830–1906) | Johann Baptist Pölzl (1828–1902) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{{{[}}} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Franziska Matzelberger (1861–1884) | Alois Hitler (1837–1903) | Klara Pölzl (1860–1907) | Johanna Pölzl (1863–1911) | Theresia Pölzl (1868–1935) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bridget Dowling (1891–1969) | Alois Hitler, Jr. (1882–1956) | Hedwig Heidemann | Leo Raubal Sr. (1879–1910) | Angela Hitler (1883–1949) | Martin Hammitzsch (1878–1945) | Gustav Hitler (1885–87) | Ida Hitler (1886–88) | Otto Hitler (1887–87) | Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) | Eva Braun (1912–1945) | Edmund Hitler (1894–1900) | Paula Hitler (1896–1960) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
William Patrick Hitler (1911–1987) | Heinz Hitler (1920–1942) | Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr (1906–1977) | Geli Raubal (1908–1931) | Elfriede Raubal (1910–1993) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Braun family tree
Note: For simplicity, the second marriages after 1945 of Ilse and Gretl have been excluded.
Friedrich Braun (1879–1964) | Franziska Kronberger (1885–1976) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Herr) Hofstätter | Ilse Braun (1909–1979) | Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) | Eva Braun (1912–1945) | Gretl Braun (1915–1987) | Hermann Fegelein (1906–1945) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Eva Barbara Fegelein (1945–1971) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes
- ^ a b Jeremy Roberts (1 February 2001). Adolf Hitler: A Study in Hate. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-0-8239-3317-4.
- ^ a b See, e.g., Adolf Hitler's online family tree (1998, drawn by Jennifer Rosenberg) at about.com, Online Family Tree. Family trees can also be found in various Hitler biographies; see, e.g., Toland, John (1976). Adolf Hitler. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company. pp. 10–11. ISBN 0-385-03724-4 ("Toland"); Kershaw, p. 5.
- ^ a b Kershaw 1999, p. 4.
- ^ Toland, p. 4.
- ^ Toland, pp. 4–5. Johann Georg's younger brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, engineered the plan to change Alois' surname to "Hitler" and to have Johann Georg declared the biological father of Alois in 1876. Johann Nepomuk collected three "witnesses" (his son-in-law and two others) who testified before a notary in Weitra that Johann Georg had several times stated in their presence that he was the actual father of Alois and wanted to make Alois his legitimate son and heir. The parish priest in Doellersheim, where the original birth certificate of Alois resided, altered the birth register. Alois was 39 years old at the time and was well-known in the community as "Alois Shicklgruber".
- ^ Brigitte Hamann; Hans Mommsen (3 August 2010). Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant As a Young Man. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-1-84885-277-8.
- ^ Donald McKale (16 December 2011). Nazis After Hitler: How Perpetrators of the Holocaust Cheated Justice and Truth. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-1-4422-1318-0.
- ^ See Toland, pp. 246–47; Kershaw, pp. 8–9. Toland's conclusion is based on the research of Nikolaus Preradovic, University of Graz, who examined the books of the Jewish congregation at Graz and concluded that prior to 1856 there had not been "one single Jew" in Graz since the 15th century. Kershaw concludes that, whoever Alois' father may have been, he was not a Jew from Graz.
- ^ "Hitler - No proof of Aryan descent". Der Spiegel.
It is clear that Adolf Hitler proof of Aryan ancestry, he demanded to most Germans, for his own person could hardly have been able to provide. His paternal grandfather is unknown.
- ^ http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-46251821.html
- ^ Joachim C. Fest. The Face of the Third Reich. ISBN 978-0-306-80915-6.
- ^ "Hitler As He Knows Himself", report by Walter Langer for the OSS
- ^ a b Langer, Walter (1972). The Mind of Adolf Hitler, New York, p. 114
- ^ Alois petitioned the church for an episcopal dispensation citing "bilateral affinity in the third degree touching the second" to describe his rather complicated family relationship to Klara. The local bishop apparently believed this relationship was too close to approve on his own authority, so he forwarded the petition to Rome on behalf of Alois, seeking instead a papal dispensation, which was approved before the birth of the couple's first child. See Rosenblum article.
- ^ Binion, Rudolph (1976). Hitler among the Germans. New York: Elsevier. p. 144. ISBN 0-444-99033-X.
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(help) - ^ http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/mother.htm
- ^ Biography of Klara Hitler Spartacus Educational. Retrieved on 17 August 2007.
- ^ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/hitler.html
- ^ Hauner, Milan (1983). Hitler: a chronology of his life and time. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-30983-9.
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(help) - ^ Zdral, Wolfgang. Die Hitlers. Campus Verlag GmbH. p. 104. ISBN 3-593-37457-9.
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(help) - ^ "Hitler: His Irish Relatives", by Tony McCarthy in Irish Roots magazine. Retrieved: 2010-10-22.
- ^ cicero.de/97
- ^ a b Kershaw 1999, p. 90.
- ^ Weber 2010, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Weber 2010, p. 16.
- ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 53.
- ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 54.
- ^ Weber 2010, p. 100.
- ^ a b Shirer 1960, p. 30.
- ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 59.
- ^ Bullock 1962, p. 52.
- ^ Kershaw 1999, p. 96.
- ^ Steiner 1976, p. 392.
- ^ Jamieson 2008.
- ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 57.
- ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 58.
- ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 59, 60.
- ^ Kershaw 1999, p. 97.
- ^ Kershaw 1999, p. 102.
- ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 61, 62.
- ^ Keegan 1987, pp. 238–240.
- ^ Bullock 1962, p. 60.
- ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 61–63.
- ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 96.
- ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 80, 90, 92.
- ^ Bullock 1999, p. 393.
- ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 177.
- ^ a b c Görtemaker 2011, p. 43.
- ^ a b c Kershaw 2008, p. 219.
- ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 220.
- ^ Görtemaker 2011, p. 13.
- ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 218.
- ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 221.
- ^ Langer, Walter (1972). The Mind of Adolf Hitler, New York 1972 pp. 122-123
- ^ Deighton, Len (1987). Winter: a novel of a Berlin family. New York: Knopf. p. 464. ISBN 0-394-55177-X.
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(help) - ^ Hauner, Milan (1983). Hitler: A Chronology of his Life and Time. London: Macmillan. p. 181. ISBN 0-333-30983-9.
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(help) - ^ Elliott, Mark R. (1982). Pawns of Yalta: Soviet refugees and America's role in their repatriation. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 185. ISBN 0-252-00897-9.
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(help) - ^ Bailey, Ronald Albert (1981). Prisoners of War. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books. p. 123. ISBN 0-8094-3391-5.
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(help) - ^ Tolstoy, Nikolai (1978). The Secret Betrayal. New York: Scribner. p. 296. ISBN 0-684-15635-0.
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(help) - ^ Interrogation II with Paula Hitler.
- ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 955.
- ^ a b Template:Wayback
- ^ "Russia pardons alleged Hitler kin". j. Weekly. 1997-12-19. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
- ^ "Hitler relatives vindicated". The Independent. 1998-04-07. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
- ^ "HITLER RELATIVES ALLEGEDLY ARRESTED". Associated Press. 1998-07-18. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
- ^ "Paula Hitler". Associated Press in Washington Post. June 3, 1960. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
Berchtesgaden, Germany (AP) Paula Hitler, sister of Adolph [sic] Hitler, died Wednesday, according to police.
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(help) - ^ Peter Allen (2012-02-17). "Hitler had son with French teen". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2012-02-22.
- ^ Wordsworth, Araminta (February 17, 2012). "Is Jean-Marie Loret Hitler's long-lost son?". National Post. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
- ^ Korrektur einer Biographie. Adolf Hitler, 1908–1920 [Emendation of a Biography. Adolf Hitler, 1908–1920], Munich, 1989, pp. 162–64
- ^ Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris; Vol. 1, note 116 to Chapter 3
- ^ "Hitler's family tree" (PDF).
- ^ "The End of Hitler's Family Line – The Pact Between the Sons of Hitler's Nephew Never to Have Children".
- ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1382115/Getting-to-know-the-Hitlers.html
References
- Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0.
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(help) - Jamieson, Alastair (19 November 2008). "Nazi leader Hitler really did have only one ball". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
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(help) - Kershaw, Ian (1999). Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris. W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04671-0.
- Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
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(help) - Maser, Werner (1973). Hitler: Legend, Myth and Reality. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 0-06-012831-3.
- Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.
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(help) - Smith, Bradley F. (1967). Adolf Hitler: His Family, Childhood and Youth. Hoover Instituted. ISBN 0-8179-1622-9.
- Steiner, John Michael (1976). Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction. The Hague: Mouton. ISBN 978-90-279-7651-2.
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(help) - Vermeeren, Marc (2007). De jeugd van Adolf Hitler 1889–1907 en zijn familie en voorouders (in Dutch). Soesterberg: Uitgeverij Aspekt. pp. 420 blz. ISBN 90-5911-606-2.
- Weber, Thomas (2010). Hitler's First War: Adolf Hitler, The Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923320-5.
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Further reading
- Fest, Joachim C. (1973). Hitler. Verlag Ullstein. ISBN 0-15-141650-8.
- Toland, John (1992) [1976]. Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-42053-2.
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