Miji languages

Miji
Miji
Sajolang
Dhammai
Native to	India
Region	Arunachal Pradesh, India and Shannan Prefecture, China
Ethnicity	Miji people
Native speakers	28,000 (2007)
Language family	possibly Sino-Tibetan, or a language isolate Hrusish? Mijiic Miji; ; ;
Dialects	East Miji (Namrai); West Miji (Sajolang);
Language codes
ISO 639-3	sjl
Glottolog	saja1240
ELP	Sajalong

Miji, also given the dialect names Sajolang and Dhammai, is a dialect cluster traditionally counted as one of the Sino-Tibetan languages that is spoken in Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. The varieties are not particularly close, with only half of the vocabulary in common between the languages of East Kameng District and West Kameng District. Long assumed to be Sino-Tibetan languages, Miji and the recently discovered Bangru language may instead form a small independent language family.^[2]

Varieties

There are two divergent varieties of Miji:^[2]

Western Miji: spoken in and around Nafra and Thrizino circles, West Kameng District. Western Miji speakers refer to themselves as the Sajalang (sadʑalaŋ) or Dhəmmai (ðəmmai) (Bodt & Lieberherr 2015:70).^[3]
Eastern Miji: spoken in Lada Circle,^[4] East Kameng District. Eastern Miji speakers refer to themselves as the Nəmrai (nəmrai) (Bodt & Lieberherr 2015:70).^[3]

Bangru (treated in a separate article), sometimes called "Northern Miji", is more divergent.

Distribution

According to Ethnologue, Miji is spoken in the following areas of Arunachal Pradesh.

West Kameng District, Nafra circle, Bichom and Pakesa river valley – 25 villages including Debbing, Ditchik, Rurang, Nachinghom, Upper Dzang, Naku, Khellong, Dibrick, Nizong, Najang, Zangnaching, Chalang, Nafra, and Lower Dzang
East Kameng District: Bameng and Lada circles – Wakke, Nabolong, Kojo, Rojo, Sekong, Panker, Zarkam, Drackchi, Besai, Naschgzang, Sachung, Gerangzing, Kampaa, Salang, Pego, and Dongko villages

I.M. Simon (1979:iii)^[5] lists the following Miji villages from the Census of 1971.

1. Chalang [Cinlang]
2. Díbín [Díbín]
3. Ditchik [Dícik]
4. Dzang [Dzang]
5. Jangnachin [Zanachin]
6. Khazolang
7. Khelong
8. Laphozu
9. Mathow
10. Nakhu
11. Nachibun
12. Nizung
13. Rurang

Smaller hamlets include Dishin [Dícin], Devrik [Dívih], Diyung [Diyong], Nazang [Natsang], Nanthalang, and Otung [Uthung]. Some Mijis have also live in Aka villages such as Dijungania, Buragaon, Tulu, Sarkingonia, and Yayung.

Phonology

Consonants

In all Miji varieties the "p" "t" and "k" sounds are always aspirated.^[4]^[6]

Consonant phonemes
		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palato- alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m		n		ɳ	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	pʰ		tʰ		ʈʰ		kʰ	ʔ
Plosive	voiced	b		d		ɖ		ɡ
Affricate	voiceless			ts	tʃ		tɕ
Affricate	voiced			dz	dʒ
Fricative	voiceless	f	θ	s	ʃ	ʂ		x	h
Fricative	voiced	v	ð	z	ʒ	ʐ	ʑ		ɦ
Lateral fricative	voiceless			ɬ
Lateral fricative	voiced			ɮ
Rhotic				r		ɽ
Approximant		ʋ		l, ɫ		ɭ	j	w

Vowels

**Monophthong phonemes**
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ə ~ ɨ	u
Close-mid	e	ə ~ ɨ	o
Open-mid	ɛ		ʌ • ɔ
Open		a ~ ɑ

Tones

The Miji languages have a relatively simple tonal system with only two tones: high and low. There is a third rising tone but it is so scarcely used that in some of the languages it is disregarded completely.^[4]

References

^ Miji at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ ^a ^b Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2011), (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26
^ ^a ^b Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus; Lieberherr, Ismael (2015). "First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 38 (1): 66–123. doi:10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod.
^ ^a ^b ^c Blench, Roger. 2015. The Mijiic languages: distribution, dialects, wordlist and classification. m.s.
^ Simon, I. M. 1979. Miji Language Guide. Shillong: Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh.
^ Weedall, Christopher S. (2021). A grammar of West Kameng Sajolang (Miji) (Upper Dzang and Khellong villages). Australian National University.

[e18-1] Miji at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[:0-2] Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2011), (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26

[Bodt-Lieberherr-3] Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus; Lieberherr, Ismael (2015). "First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 38 (1): 66–123. doi:10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod.

[Blench2015-4] Blench, Roger. 2015. The Mijiic languages: distribution, dialects, wordlist and classification. m.s.

[5] Simon, I. M. 1979. Miji Language Guide. Shillong: Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh.

[6] Weedall, Christopher S. (2021). A grammar of West Kameng Sajolang (Miji) (Upper Dzang and Khellong villages). Australian National University.

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