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Jim Yong Kim

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Not to be confused with Jin Yong.

Jim Yong Kim
김용
Kim in 2018
12th President of the World Bank Group
In office
July 1, 2012 – February 1, 2019
Chief ExecutiveKristalina Georgieva
Preceded byRobert Zoellick
Succeeded byKristalina Georgieva (Acting)
17th President of Dartmouth College
In office
July 1, 2009 – June 30, 2012
Preceded byJames Wright
Succeeded byPhilip J. Hanlon
Personal details
Born (1959-12-08) December 8, 1959 (age 65)
Seoul, South Korea
Political partyDemocratic[citation needed]
SpouseYounsook Lim
Children2
EducationUniversity of Iowa
Brown University (BS)
Harvard University (MD, PhD)
Jim Yong Kim
Hangul
김용
Hanja
Revised RomanizationGim Yong
McCune–ReischauerKim Yong
Kim during the WEF 2013

Jim Yong Kim (Korean: 김용; born December 8, 1959), also known as Kim Yong (김용/金墉), is an American physician and anthropologist who served as the 12th president of the World Bank from 2012 to 2019.

A global health leader, Kim was formerly the chair of the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School and a co-founder and executive director of Partners In Health before serving as the President of Dartmouth College from 2009 to 2012, becoming the first Asian American president of an Ivy League institution.[1][2]

Kim was named the world's 50th most powerful person by Forbes Magazine's List of The World's Most Powerful People in 2013.[3]

Background

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Born in Seoul, South Korea in 1959, Jim Yong Kim immigrated with his family to the U.S. at the age of five and grew up in Muscatine, Iowa. His father taught dentistry at the University of Iowa, while his mother received her PhD in philosophy.[4] Kim attended Muscatine High School, where he was valedictorian, class president, and played both quarterback for the football team and point guard on the basketball team. After a year and a half at the University of Iowa, he transferred to Brown University, where he graduated magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in human biology in 1982. He earned an M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1991, and a PhD in anthropology at Harvard University in 1993.[5]

Career

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Partners in Health (1987–2003)

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Kim, Paul Farmer, Todd McCormack, Thomas J. White, and Ophelia Dahl co-founded Partners In Health (PIH) in 1987. The organization began with new, community-focused health care programs in Haiti, which provided treatments based on local needs and trained community members to implement them. By the early 1990s, the program in Haiti was serving more than 100,000 people. It achieved success treating infectious diseases at low cost, spending $150 to $200 to cure tuberculosis patients in their homes, treatment that would have cost $15,000 to $20,000 in a U.S. hospital. Kim was instrumental in designing treatment protocols and making deals for cheaper, more effective drugs.

In 1994, PIH expanded its model into Peru. By 1998, successful results curing both common and serious ailments prompted the World Health Organization to embrace the model and support the adaptation of community-based care for impoverished communities around the world. Particular success in treating multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) prompted international organizations to rededicate efforts to the eradication of the disease, and in June 2002, the World Health Organization adopted prescriptions for dealing with the disease that were virtually the same as PIH had used in Peru. Kim's work with PIH to treat MDR-TB was the first large-scale attempt to treat the disease in a poor country, and the efforts have been replicated in more than 40 countries around the world.[6][7]

PIH employs more than 18,000 people in 11 countries.[8] Kim left the organization as executive director in 2003.[5][9][10][11]

Kim's work with Partners in Health is documented in the 2017 film Bending the Arc.

World Health Organization (2003–2006)

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Kim left PIH in 2003 to join the World Health Organization (WHO) as an adviser to the director-general. In March 2004, he was appointed as director of WHO's HIV/AIDS department, after having success creating programs to fight the disease at PIH. Kim oversaw all of WHO's work related to HIV/AIDS, focusing on initiatives to help developing countries scale up their treatment, prevention, and care programs. This included an ambitious "3x5 initiative" designed to put three million people in developing countries on AIDS treatment by the end of 2005. The goal was not met until 2007, but according to the WHO, served to push the treatment strategy for AIDS in Africa further and faster than could have otherwise been hoped.[12][13] As of 2012, the program has treated more than 7 million Africans with HIV.[14][15]

Harvard University (1993–2009)

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Beginning in 1993, Kim served as a lecturer at Harvard Medical School, eventually holding professorships in medicine, social medicine and human rights. At the time of his departure in 2009, Kim was chair of the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, chief of the Division of Global Health Equity at Brigham and Women's Hospital, and director of the François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights at the Harvard School of Public Health,[12][13][16] known internally as "The Four Pillars"[17][18] a term and concept taken from his earlier WHO work with HIV/AIDS (the 3x5 program).[19]

During his time at Harvard, Kim published numerous articles for leading academic and scientific journals, including the New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, Science, and others; and contributed to several books. An expert on tuberculosis, Kim also chaired or served on a number of committees on international TB policy.[16]

Cover of The Dartmouth, March 2, 2009, Global Health Leader Jim Yong Kim is Dartmouth's 17th President.[20]

Dartmouth College (2009–2012)

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In March 2009, Kim was named the 17th president of Dartmouth College, becoming the first Asian-American president of an Ivy League institution. He oversaw the development of several innovative programs at Dartmouth, utilizing his past experience in health care and international affairs.

In January 2010, Kim helped partner Dartmouth students and faculty with Partners In Health and other organizations to respond to the devastating earthquake in Haiti, forming the Dartmouth Haiti Response. The initiative resulted in over $1 million in donations, the delivery of 18 tons of medical supplies and 25 volunteer medical professionals to Haiti, as well as hundreds of student volunteers contributing on campus.[21][22] In April 2010, Kim launched the National College Health Improvement Project (NCHIP), which convenes a number of expert institutions to develop quantitative methods to address student health issues. The project launched its inaugural program, an effort to address binge drinking, in April 2011.[23][24] In May 2010, Kim helped secure a $35 million anonymous grant to establish the Dartmouth Center for Health Care Delivery Science. The Center creates a groundbreaking new field of graduate study, fostering international collaboration between researchers and medical practitioners to design, implement, and scale new models of high-quality low-cost care.[25][26] In 2012, following considerable concern[27] and an extended effort by Kim to address sexual violence on campus, Dartmouth adopted a new campus-wide initiative to educate students on the importance of bystander intervention in sexual assault cases as part of a larger Sexual Assault Awareness Program.[28][29]

Controversies during tenure

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In 2011, Kim was criticized for refusing to release the college's budget, prompting the passage of a resolution by faculty demanding more details.[30][31] He answered this criticism by releasing a large supplementary report on the budget and holding a public meeting with faculty, who expressed satisfaction with the response.[32] But he did not address a Student Assembly request for access to information about all budget items exceeding $10,000.[31] In 2011, a handful of editorials appeared in Dartmouth's student newspaper expressing dissatisfaction with Kim's presidency, with one calling him "unpopular among many students these days."[33][34] His leadership was also criticized in the wake of a hazing scandal, which resulted in charges against the fraternity and the creation of a task force to address hazing amid comments from some that Kim did not spend enough time on campus.[35][36] After he announced that he would leave Dartmouth for the World Bank if elected, the student body president called Kim's presidency an "aberration" and a failure.[37] Forbes also criticized Kim's presidency, calling it "disappointing" and a "cautionary tale" to other "me-first" leaders.[38]

World Bank presidency (2012–2019)

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President Obama announces Dr. Jim Yong Kim as nominee to lead the World Bank.[39]

On March 23, 2012, U.S. President Barack Obama announced his nomination of Kim for president of the World Bank.[40] That same day Kim sent a letter addressed to the Dartmouth community stating that the position was "one of the most critical institutions fighting poverty and providing assistance to developing countries in the world today. After much reflection, I have accepted this nomination to national and global service" and that "if I am elected, our Board will take appropriate steps to ensure continuity of leadership and determine the timing of a search. For now, I remain president of Dartmouth."[41]

On April 16, 2012, the World Bank officially elected Kim president.[42] He was the first Bank leader whose professional background is not in the political or financial sectors, and the first to have previous experience personally tackling health issues in developing countries.[43]

In a statement from Kim regarding his election as the president, he said that the World Bank would deliver more powerful results to support sustained growth, prioritize evidence-based solutions over ideology, and amplify the voices of developing countries.[44] Upon assuming office, he said he was "honored to assume the Presidency of the World Bank Group. I do so at a moment that is pivotal for the global economy, and defining for the World Bank as an institution."[45] Kim's presidency was controversial among World Bankers.[46] He faced pushback in 2014 from the staff led by Senior Country Officer Fabrice Houdart after awarding a very unusual bonus, eventually deemed unethical to his CFO, Bertrand Badré, eventually rescinding it and apologizing publicly.[47][48]

On September 27, 2016, Kim was reappointed as the World Bank president, for a five-year term beginning July 1, 2017.[49] On January 7, 2019, Kim announced that he would step down as president, effective February 1, 2019.[50] It was announced that he would be joining Global Infrastructure Partners after departing the World Bank presidency.[51]

In 2021, an independent inquiry revealed that World Bank leaders, including Kim, pressured bank staff to alter data to inflate the rankings of China, Azerbaijan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[52]

Personal life

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Kim is married to Younsook Lim,[53] a pediatrician, and they have two children. Kim is actively involved in a variety of sports, including basketball, volleyball, tennis, and golf.[16][54] He speaks Korean, which he learned at age 24 when he moved to Korea for his dissertation, and Spanish.

Board memberships and honors

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Kim received a MacArthur Fellowship in 2003,[55] was named one of America's 25 Best Leaders by U.S. News & World Report in 2005, and in 2006 was listed as one of the top 100 most influential people in the world by Time Magazine.[56] He serves on the Advisory Board of Incentives for Global Health, the NGO formed to develop the Health Impact Fund proposal. He is also a member of the Institute of Medicine of the United States National Academies.[16] Kim was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010.[57]

Publications

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  • Farmer Paul E, Kim JY. Community-based approaches to the control of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: Introducing "DOTS-plus". British Medical Journal 1998; 317:671-4.
  • Becerra MC, Bayona J, Freeman J, Farmer PE, Kim JY. Redefining MDR-TB transmission "hot spots." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2000; 4(5):387-94.
  • Farmer Paul, Leandre F, Mukherjee JS, Claude M, Nevil P, Smith-Fawzi MC, Koenig SP, Castro A, Becerra MC, Sachs J, Attaran A, Kim JY. Community-based approaches to HIV treatment in resource-poor settings. Lancet 2001; 358(9279):404-9.
  • Farmer Paul, Leandre F, Mukherjee J, Gupta R, Tarter L, Kim JY. Community-based treatment of advanced HIV disease: Introducing DOT-HAART (Directly Observed therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy). Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2001; 79(12):1145–51.
  • Mitnick C, Bayona J, Palacios E, Shin S, Furin J, Alcántara F, Sánchez E, Sarria M, Becerra M, Fawzi MCS, Kapiga S, Neuberg D, Maguire JH, Kim JY, Farmer PE. Community-based therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Lima, Peru. New England Journal of Medicine 2003; 348(2):119-28.
  • Gupta Raj, Irwin A, Raviglione MC, Kim JY. Scaling up treatment for HIV/AIDS: Lessons learned from multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Lancet 2004; 363(9405):320-4.
  • Kim Jim Yong, Farmer P. AIDS in 2006 – Moving toward one world, one hope? New England Journal of Medicine 2006; 355:645-7.
  • Kim Jim Yong. Unexpected political immunity to AIDS. Lancet 2006; 368(9534):441-2.
  • Kim Jim Yong. A lifelong battle against disease. U.S. News & World Report 2007; 143(18):62-4.
  • Kim Jim Yong. Toward a Golden Age- Reflections on Global Health and Social Justice. Harvard International Review 2007; 29 (2): 20–25.
  • Kim Jim Yong, Farmer Paul. Surgery and Global Health: A View from Beyond the OR. World Journal of Surgery 2008; 32(4): 533–6.
  • Kim Jim Yong, Millen JV, A Irwin, J Gershman (eds.). Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2000.
  • Jain Sachin H, Weintraub R, Rhatigan J, Porter ME, Kim JY. Delivering Global Health. Student British Medical Journal 2008; 16:27.[1]
  • Kim Jim Yong, Rhatigan J, Jain SH, Weintraub R, Porter ME. From a declaration of values to the creation of value in global health: a report from Harvard University's Global Health Delivery Project. Glob Public Health. 2010 Mar; 5(2):181-8.

References

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  1. ^ Rastello, Sandrine. "Dartmouth President Kim Nominated by Obama for World Bank". Bloomberg. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
  2. ^ 김용 총장 세계银 총재 후보 지명. Yonhap News. March 24, 2012. Archived from the original on May 20, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
  3. ^ Howard, Caroline. "No. 50: Jim Yong Kim - pg.52". Forbes. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013.
  4. ^ "Profile of Jim Yong Kim". Immigration.about.com. December 8, 1959. Archived from the original on May 4, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
  5. ^ a b Falkenberg, Kai, "First Responder", Forbes, November 16, 2011.
  6. ^ "Office of the President – Biography of Jim Yong Kim", Dartmouth College website.
  7. ^ Hayoun, Massoud, "How Jim Yong Kim, Obama's World Bank Pick, Changed Global Health Aid", The Atlantic, March 23, 2012.
  8. ^ "Countries". www.pih.org. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
  9. ^ "Partners in Health History" Archived April 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, pih.org.
  10. ^ Satchell, Michael, “Wiping out TB and AIDS”, U.S. News & World Report, October 31, 2005.
  11. ^ Gustin, Sam, "Obama’s World Bank Pick, Dr. Jim Yong Kim, Links Global Health and Economic Development", TIME Magazine, March 23, 2012
  12. ^ a b "MIT Sloan Biography" Archived May 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, MIT Sloan Lecturer Biography.
  13. ^ a b "Leading Voices Lecturer Jim Yong Kim", Dartmouth Now, June 23, 2011.
  14. ^ "A biographical snapshot of Jim Yong Kim, Obama’s choice to head the World Bank", Associated Press, March 23, 2012.
  15. ^ Boseley, Sarah, “WHO says Aids drug target unlikely to be hit”, The Guardian, June 30, 2005.
  16. ^ a b c d “Introducing Dr. Jim Yong Kim, 17th President of Dartmouth” Dartmouth College website.
  17. ^ "Improving Your Business Through a Culture of Health". Professional and Lifelong Learning. March 21, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
  18. ^ Kim, Jim (March 23, 2017). "MEMORANDUM TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) Strategy & Business Outlook FY18-20" (PDF). World Bank Group. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  19. ^ "WHO - The 3 by 5 Initiative". www.who.int.
  20. ^ Zhang, Fan, "Global Health Leader Jim Yong Kim is Dartmouth's 17th President", The Dartmouth, March 2, 2009.
  21. ^ Fischer, Karin, "Dartmouth's President, a Global Health Leader, Offers Perspectives on Helping Haiti", The Chronicle on Higher Education, January 14, 2010.
  22. ^ Barber, Bonnie, "Dartmouth Rallies to Help Haiti" Archived July 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Dartmouth Now, March 1, 2010.
  23. ^ NCHIP, "The National College Health Improvement Project".
  24. ^ Blumberg, Joseph, "Dartmouth Engineering Students Help Tackle Binge Drinking", Dartmouth>Now, November 29, 2011.
  25. ^ "$35-Million Gift to Dartmouth to Create Center on Health-Care Delivery Science", The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 17, 2010.
  26. ^ "The missing piece in health care reform: health care delivery science" Archived April 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Dartmouth News, May 17, 2010.
  27. ^ "Annual Security and Fire Safety Report", Dartmouth College, September 2011.
  28. ^ Johnston, Sophia, "Program combats sexual violence" Archived July 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The Dartmouth, February 17, 2012.
  29. ^ Kekeh, Nicole, “Dartmouth President Is Surprise Pick To Lead The World Bank”, Forbes, March 23, 2012.
  30. ^ Acosta, Amelia, "Faculty votes to see budget report" Archived July 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The Dartmouth, May 10, 2011.
  31. ^ a b Ulrich, Ashley,"SA supports faculty’s call for budget details" Archived July 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The Dartmouth, October 19, 2011.
  32. ^ Owen, Tom, "Faculty receives new college budget info" Archived July 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The Dartmouth, October 25, 2011.
  33. ^ Blair, Peter, "Blair: K.D.S." Archived March 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Opinion, The Dartmouth, April 4, 2011.
  34. ^ Kornberg, Josh, "Kornberg: Wail to the Chief" Archived July 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Opinion, The Dartmouth, March 28, 2011
  35. ^ Ulrich, Ashley, "College charges SAE for hazing violations" Archived April 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The Dartmouth, March 5, 2012.
  36. ^ Carmichael, Mary, "World Bank nod draws praise for Kim, unsettles Dartmouth", Boston Globe, March 23, 2012.
  37. ^ Yoeli, Max, "Image Over Impact Archived March 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine", Opinion, The Dartmouth, March 29, 2012.
  38. ^ Solomon, Brian. "Me-First Leadership: Jim Yong Kim's Unfulfilled Promise At Dartmouth." Forbes. 3/23/2012.
  39. ^ Matt Compton (March 23, 2012). "President Obama Nominates Dartmouth College President to Lead World Bank". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved April 17, 2012 – via National Archives.
  40. ^ "Jim Yong Kim, Obama's Nominee, Selected As World Bank President". Huffington Post. April 16, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
  41. ^ "Announcement from President Jim Yong Kim". Dartmouth.edu. March 23, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
  42. ^ Reddy, Sudeep. "World Bank Names Jim Yong Kim Next President". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
  43. ^ "Global Players: Dr. Jim Yong Kim | Thomas White International". Thomaswhite.com. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  44. ^ "Statement from Dr. Jim Yong Kim regarding his selection by the World Bank's Executive Directors as 12th President of the World Bank", World Bank press release, April 16, 2012.
  45. ^ "Statement of World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim", World Bank press release, July 2, 2012.
  46. ^ Edwards, Sophie (February 4, 2019). "Jim Kim's World Bank legacy". Devex. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
  47. ^ "Jim Yong Kim's efforts to reform the World Bank are in trouble". The Economist. November 17, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
  48. ^ Rice, Andrew (April 27, 2016). "Is Jim Kim Destroying the World Bank — or Saving it From Itself?". Foreign Policy Magazine. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
  49. ^ Picker, Leslie (September 28, 2016). "World Bank Picks Jim Yong Kim for Second Term as President". The New York Times. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  50. ^ BBC (January 7, 2019). "Jim Yong Kim steps down as President of World Bank". BBC News.
  51. ^ Gillian Tan and Andrew Mayeda (January 8, 2018). "GIP Hires Kim as World Bank President Shifts to Private Role". Bloomberg. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  52. ^ "Inquiry puts ex-World Bank officials under scrutiny on China". AP News. September 17, 2021.
  53. ^ "Dartmouth Life - Meet Dr. Younsook Lim". www.dartmouth.edu. January 12, 2024.
  54. ^ Guy Adams Selection process under fire as bank head named 18 April 2012 nzherald.co.nz Retrieved 18 April 2012
  55. ^ "Global Health Champions Jim Yong Kim", PBS: Rx for Survival.
  56. ^ "The 2006 TIME 100: Scientists and Thinkers", TIME Magazine.
  57. ^ American Academy of Arts and Sciences website.
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