John McDougal
John McDougall | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of McDougall by William F. Cogswell | |
| 2nd Governor of California | |
| In office January 9, 1851 – January 8, 1852 | |
| Lieutenant | David C. Broderick (acting) |
| Preceded by | Peter H. Burnett |
| Succeeded by | John Bigler |
| 1st Lieutenant Governor of California | |
| In office December 20, 1849 – January 9, 1851 | |
| Governor | Peter Burnett |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | David C. Broderick as Acting Lieutenant Governor |
| Personal details | |
| Born | February 17, 1818 Union, Ohio |
| Died | March 30, 1866 (aged 48) San Francisco, California |
| Political party | Independent Democrat |
| Profession | Miner politician |
John McDougall (February 17, 1818 – March 30, 1866) was the first lieutenant governor of California from 1849 to 1851, and later the second governor of California from January 9, 1851 until January 8, 1852.
Biography
McDougall was born in Union, Ohio ca. 1818 to John McDougall, an Ohio state representative from 1813–1815, and Margaret Stockton.[1] The family produced four other sons: William Creighton McDougall, married to abolitionist Frances Harriet Whipple Green McDougall; Dr. Charles McDougal, surgeon in the US Army; Admiral David McDougal, commander of USS Wyoming during the Battle of Shimonoseki; and George P. McDougall, California and Colorado pioneer.[2][3] The family later moved to Indianapolis.
In 1846 McDougall joined the Indiana Volunteer Infantry as a lieutenant in the 1st Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment and served in the Mexican-American War. He was soon elected as captain of Company H.[4] He later re-enlisted in the 5th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment.
In 1848, after the Mexican-American War, McDougall moved to California, arriving in 1849 aboard SS California with his wife Jane and their daughter Sue.[5] He worked as a miner and then a merchant during the gold rush. Shortly after his arrival, he entered into the new territory's politics, attending the first constitutional convention in Monterey in 1849. McDougall was one of the original signers of the Constitution of California. During the convention, McDougall was nominated for lieutenant governor, whereupon he remarked, “I reckon I'll take that. I don't believe anyone else will have it.”[6] After defeating five other contenders for the office, McDougall was sworn in as the state's first lieutenant governor in December 1849, along with Peter Burnett, the state's first governor.
Governorship
Due to widespread discontent with his administration by the California State Legislature and press, Burnett resigned from the governorship in early January 1851. McDougall assumed the post on January 9. He was relatively inexperienced with any political office. In one of his first acts, McDougall signed legislation sponsored by state senator and former Mexican general Mariano Vallejo on February 4 to remove the capitol from its cramped quarters in San Jose forty miles north to Vallejo.[7]
In the first weeks of his governorship, McDougall was pressured by miners and residents in Mariposa County to intervene in a growing conflict later known as the Mariposa War, with the local Miwok, Chowchilla, and Yokut tribes opposing encroachment on their land.[8] In late January, he authorized the creation of the 200-man Mariposa Battalion, a state militia unit, to tackle natives he believed were in open rebellion against the state government. In the ensuing conflict, which left over forty dead, the Mariposa Battalion became the first Whites to see Yosemite, while the local tribes ceased violent reprisals on the miner and trader population.[9]
While McDougall continued with the earlier policies of the Burnett administration in taking violent action against California Native Americans and supporting exclusion laws prohibiting African-Americans from entering California, he favoured Chinese immigration to meet the state's labor shortage and settle undeveloped lands. Declaring in his address to the State Legislature on January 7, 1852, that the Chinese "were one of the most worthy classes of our newly adopted citizens, to whom the climate and the character of California were peculiarly suited."[10]
McDougall's popularity peaked in the early days of his administration. Known for his earthy personality, McDougall's demeanor connected well with Sierra Nevada miners and Mexican-American War veterans. However, recurring drinking, gambling with assembly and senate members, and frequent quarrels over minor bureaucratic matters hurt his political career.[11] McDougall's political mannerisms were also a source of popular amusement. McDougall issued so many proclamations beginning, “I, John McDougall,” that the Governor was soon known throughout the state as “I John”.
Towards the end of 1851, McDougall quarreled with the growing vigilante movement in San Francisco. In a gubernatorial proclamation, he openly condemned the movement's lynching of two criminals that year, citing its complete disregard of the city's municipal authorities.[11] State law enforcement was still in its infancy, however, and his proclamation was ignored. Bureaucratic frustration with San Francisco's vigilante movement would return again during the administration of Governor J. Neely Johnson five years later.
During the 1851 state general elections, the Democratic Party refused to renominate McDougall as the party's choice for governor. Instead, state Democrats nominated Assembly Speaker John Bigler as their party's nominee.
Post-political career
McDougall left office on January 8, 1852, after completing the single two-year term left vacant by previous Governor Burnett. At the time, California governors served two-year terms, a limit that would not change until the governorship of Leland Stanford in the early 1860s. Just four days after leaving the state's highest office, McDougall was involved in a pistol duel with A.C. Russell, editor of The San Francisco Picayune. Russell's hand was injured in the duel. After attempting to start yet another duel with another individual who had insulted the ex-governor, McDougall was arrested by the San Francisco Police. As governor, McDougall had opposed state legislation that would have outlawed dueling, remarking duelers were not fit to live and would eventually kill each other off.[6]
Never taken as a serious political candidate again, McDougall fell out of public view after 1852. The former governor increasingly turned to alcohol as he sank into deep depression. According to some accounts, McDougall attempted suicide on several occasions.[12]
McDougall died in San Francisco on March 30, 1866, at the age of 48. Along with J. Neely Johnson, McDougall is one of the youngest governors to die after leaving office. He was buried in Laurel Hill Cemetery in San Francisco, sharing a plot with his brother David McDougal. When this cemetery was removed from San Francisco, his remains were moved to the Laurel Hill Mound of the Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, California.
References
- ^ Johnson, Rossiter; Brown, John Howard (1904). The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans. Vol. Vol. II. Boston: Biographical Society. OCLC 600014896. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ Sarah C. O'Dowd. A Rhode Island Original. UPNE.
- ^ Rossitier Johnson, Howard Brown. The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans. The Biographical Society.
- ^ William Robeson Holloway. Indianapolis: A historical and statistical sketch of the railroad city. Indianapolis Journal Print.
- ^ Sandra L. Myres. Ho for California!. Huntington Library Press.
- ^ a b California State Library. "Governor John McDougall of California". State of California. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
- ^ The Office of the Assembly Chief Clerk (May 2000). "California's State Capitols" (.PDF). Second Edition. State of California. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ David A. Smith. "California and the Indian Wars: The Mariposa War". The California State Military Museum Foundation. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
- ^ "Yosemite at a Glance". National Park Service. 22 December 2004. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
- ^ Barth, Gunther Paul (1964). Bitter Strength: A History of the Chinese in the United States, 1850–1870. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. OCLC 242460.
- ^ a b Judson A. Grenier (2003). "'Officialdom': California State Government, 1849–1879". California History. 89 (part 3): 137–168. doi:10.2307/25161703. OCLC 108243065.
- ^ Theodore H. Hittell (1897) [1885]. History of California, Vol IV. San Francisco, CA: N.J. Stone & Company.
