Breynia androgyna
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2024) |
| Breynia androgyna | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Phyllanthaceae |
| Genus: | Breynia |
| Species: | B. androgyna
|
| Binomial name | |
| Breynia androgyna (L.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr. (2012)
| |
| Synonyms[2][3] | |
|
List
| |
Breynia androgyna, also known as katuk, star gooseberry, or sweet leaf, is a shrub grown in some tropical regions as a leaf vegetable.
Its multiple upright stems can reach 2.5 meters high and bear dark green oval leaves 5–6 cm long.
It is native to India and Bangladesh, Indochina, southern China including Hainan, Malesia, and New Guinea.[2] It inhabits tropical and subtropical humid lowland forest, where it grows on brushy slopes and sunny forest margins from 100 to 400 meters elevation.[1] It is cultivated up to 1,300 m.[4][full citation needed]
It is a good source of vitamin K.[citation needed] and contains high level of provitamin A carotenoids, especially in freshly picked leaves, as well as high levels of vitamins B and C, protein and minerals. The more the leaves mature, the higher the nutrient content of the leaves.[5]
However, a study has suggested that excessive consumption of uncooked and juiced katuk leaves (due to its popularity for body weight control in Taiwan in the mid 1990s) can cause lung damage, due to its high concentrations of the alkaloid papaverine.[6]
Cultural usage
[edit]It is one of the most popular leafy vegetables in South and Southeast Asia and is notable for high yields and palatability.[7] It can be cultivated specifically for edible asparagus stems using heavy fertilization, this cultivation variant is known as "Sabah vegetable." The stems are otherwise not edible.[8]
Indonesia
[edit]In Indonesia, the flowers, leaves, and small purplish fruits of Breynia androgyna has been consumed and used traditionally since ancient times by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups as the alternative medicine in a form of Jamu (traditional concoction native to Java island, originally formulated by the Javanese) to improve the circulation of blocked breast milk for breastfeeding mothers.[9] Interestingly, according to modern research findings on the efficacy of this herb, indicates that the extract of the Breynia androgyna leaf increases the expression of prolactin and oxytocin genes 15 to 25 times in breastfeeding mice.[10]
Malaysia
[edit]In Malaysia, it is commonly stir-fried with egg or dried anchovies.
Vietnam
[edit]In Vietnam, the shoot tips have been sold in cuisine and used similarly like the asparagus; the locals usually cook it with crab meat, minced pork or dried shrimp to make a soup.
Medical
[edit]Various studies have confirmed that Breynia androgyna has notable phytochemical constituents and various pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity activities.[11]
However, although the exact cause is unknown, consumption of large quantities of uncooked Breynia androgyna leaves or raw juice has been reported as being associated with bronchiolitis obliterans, leading to lung failure.[12][13][14]
Nutrition
[edit]Breynia androgyna is a good source of provitamin A carotenoids, and vitamin C and vitamin B.[5]
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 245 kJ (59 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
4.8 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Water | 91.4 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[15] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[16] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
-
Leaves and fruits of Breynia androgyna -
Breynia androgyna
Vernacular names
[edit]- In Chinese, it is called mani cai (马尼菜)
- In Filipino, it is called Chinese malunggay
- In Indonesian, it is called katuk
- In Japanese, it is called amame shiba (アマメシバ)
- In Javanese, it is called kaṭuk (ꦏꦛꦸꦏ꧀)
- In Tamil, it is called Thavasi Keerai (தவசிக்கீரை)
- In Telugu, it is called chakramuni aaku (చక్రముని ఆకు)
- In Malayalam, it is called Madhura cheera (lit. "the Madura's spinach") or Singapura cheera (lit. "the Singapore's spinach")
- In Sinhalese, it is called Singapore leaves ( සිංගප්පුරු කොල) or Japan Batu (ජපන් බටු)
- In Malay, it is called cekur manis (in Malaysian Malay), or asin-asin and cangkok manis (in Brunei Malay)[17][18]
- In Sundanese, it is called kaṭuk (ᮊᮒᮥᮾ)
- In Thai, it is called pak waan (or pak waan ban; to distinguish it from Melientha suavis, a completely different plant)
- In Vietnamese, it is called rau ngót
References
[edit]- ^ a b Barstow, M. 2021. Breynia androgyna. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T183248426A183248512. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T183248426A183248512.en. Accessed 17 March 2024.
- ^ a b Breynia androgyna (L.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ The basionym of S. androgynus (Clutia androgyna) was originally described and published in Mantissa Plantarum 1: 128. 1767. "Name – Clutia androgyna L." Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
- ^ "Globinmed – Globinmed". www.globinmed.com.
- ^ a b Fletcher, Rob. "Sauropus androgynus (sweet leaf bush)". The Australian New Crops Newsletter. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012.
Sauropus has a high level of provita-min A carotenoids, especially in freshly picked leaves, as well as high levels of vitamins B and C, protein and minerals. Nutrient content of the leaves is usually higher in more mature leaves.
- ^ Kao CH; Ho YJ; Wu CL; ChangLai SP (1999). "Using 99mTc-DTPA Radioaerosol Inhalation Lung Scintigraphies to Detect the Lung Injury Induced by Consuming Sauropus androgynus Vegetable and Comparison with Conventional Pulmonary Function Tests". Respiration. 66 (1). Karger AG: 46–51. doi:10.1159/000029336. PMID 9973690. S2CID 38378580.
- ^ Padmavathi, P.; Rao, M. Prabhakara (April 1990). "Nutritive value ofSauropus androgynus leaves". Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 40 (2): 107–113. doi:10.1007/BF02193767. PMID 2385571. S2CID 21391484.
- ^ Hutton, Wendy (2004). A Cook's Guide to Asian Vegetables. Singapore: Periplus Editions. pp. 52–53. ISBN 0794600786.
- ^ N., Andarwulan; R., Batari; D. A., Sandrasari; B., Bolling; H., Wijaya (2010). "Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Vegetables from Indonesia". Food Chemistry. 121 (4). Europe PMC: 1231–1235. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.01.033. PMC 5555161.
- ^ Martha Tilaar, Dr.; Bernard T. Widjaja, MM, Prof. Dr. Ir. (2015). The Tale of Jamu: The Green Gold of Indonesia. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. p. 162. ISBN 9786020322803.
- ^ Bo-dou Zhang,Jia-xin Cheng,Chao-feng Zhang,Yi-dan Bai,Wen-yuan Liu,Wei Li,Kazuo Koike,Toshihiro Akihisa,Feng Feng,Jie Zhang. Sauropus androgynus L. Merr.- A phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological review Journal of Ethnopharmacology Volume 257, 15 July 2020, 112778 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112778
- ^ Oonakahara, Kenichi; Matsuyama, Wataru; Higashimoto, Ikkou; Machida, Kentarou; Kawabata, Masaharu; Arimura, Kimiyoshi; Osame, Mitsuhiro; Hayashi, Miho; Ogura, Takashi; Imaizumi, Kazuyoshi; Hasegawa, Yoshinori (2005). "Outbreak of Bronchiolitis obliterans Associated with Consumption of Sauropus androgynus in Japan – Alert of Food-Associated Pulmonary Disorders from Japan". Respiration. 72 (2): 221. doi:10.1159/000084058. PMID 15824537. S2CID 34939585.
- ^ Lai, Ruay-Sheng; Chiang, Ambrose A; Wu, Ming-Ting; Wang, Jyh-Seng; Lai, Nin-Sheng; Lu, Jau-Yeong; Ger, Luo-Ping; Roggli, Victor (1996). "Outbreak of bronchiolitis obliterans associated with consumption of Sauropus androgynus in Taiwan". The Lancet. 348 (9020): 83–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)00450-3. PMID 8676721. S2CID 2653113.
- ^ Kakaes, Konstantin (14 August 2014). "Sayur Manis: Delicious, But Also Deadly, Greens From Borneo". NPR.org. Retrieved 2021-09-22.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ Coope, A.E. (1993). Malay-English, English-Malay Dictionary (Rev. ed.). New York: Hippocrene Books. pp. 18, 61. ISBN 0-7818-0103-6.
- ^ Bangchik (2009-10-08). "Cups in the air. asin-asin". Retrieved 2010-05-18.
External links
[edit]
- IUCN Red List least concern species
- Breynia
- Flora of Assam (region)
- Flora of Bangladesh
- Flora of South-Central China
- Flora of Southeast China
- Flora of East Himalaya
- Flora of Hainan
- Flora of India (region)
- Flora of Indo-China
- Flora of Malesia
- Flora of New Guinea
- Leaf vegetables
- Plants described in 1767
- Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus