List of state leaders in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC

State leaders in the 20th century BC – State leaders by year

This is a list of state leaders in the 4th and 3rd millennium BC (4000–2001 BC).

Africa: Northeast

Lower Egypt

Type	Name	Title	Royal house	From	To
Sovereign	Hsekiu	Pharaoh	—	?	?
Sovereign	Khayu	Pharaoh	—	?	?
Sovereign	Tiu	Pharaoh	—	?	?
Sovereign	Thesh	Pharaoh	—	?	?
Sovereign	Neheb	Pharaoh	—	?	?
Sovereign	Wazner	Pharaoh	—	Around 3100 BC?
Sovereign	Mekh	Pharaoh	—	?	?

Upper Egypt

Type	Name	Title	Royal House	From
Sovereign	Scorpion I	Pharaoh	—	Around 3200 BC?
Sovereign	Iry-Hor	Pharaoh	—	Around 3150 BC?
Sovereign	Ka	Pharaoh	—	Around 3150 BC?
Sovereign	Scorpion	Pharaoh	—	Around 3150 BC?
Sovereign	Narmer	Pharaoh	—	Around 3150 BC?

Egypt united: Old Kingdom

Type	Name	Title	Royal house	From	To	Refs
Sovereign	Narmer	Pharaoh	First dynasty	3150 BC?	3125 BC?	^[1]
Sovereign	Hor-Aha	Pharaoh	First dynasty	Around 3050 BC?
Sovereign	Djer	Pharaoh	First dynasty	41–54 years
Sovereign	Djet	Pharaoh	First dynasty	10–23 years
Sovereign	Merneith	Regent	First dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Den	Pharaoh	First dynasty	14–42 years
Sovereign	Anedjib	Pharaoh	First dynasty	8–10 years
Sovereign	Semerkhet	Pharaoh	First dynasty	8.5–9 years
Sovereign	Qa'a	Pharaoh	First dynasty	2916 BC?	2890 BC?	^[2]
Sovereign	Hotepsekhemwy	Pharaoh	Second dynasty	2890 BC?	2853 BC?	^[2]
Sovereign	Raneb	Pharaoh	Second dynasty	10–39 years
Sovereign	Nynetjer	Pharaoh	Second dynasty	40–45 years
Sovereign	Weneg	Pharaoh	Second dynasty	8 years
Sovereign	Senedj	Pharaoh	Second dynasty	20 years
Sovereign	Seth-Peribsen	Pharaoh	Second dynasty	17 years
Sovereign	Sekhemib-Perenmaat	Pharaoh	Second dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Khasekhemwy	Pharaoh	Second dynasty	17–18 years	2686 BC?
Sovereign	Sanakht	Pharaoh	Third dynasty	2686 BC	2668 BC
Sovereign	Djoser	Pharaoh	Third dynasty	2668 BC	2649 BC	^[3]^[4]
Sovereign	Sekhemkhet	Pharaoh	Third dynasty	2649 BC	2643 BC	^[5]
Sovereign	Khaba	Pharaoh	Third dynasty	2643 BC	2637 BC
Sovereign	Huni	Pharaoh	Third dynasty	2637 BC	2613 BC	^[6]
Sovereign	Sneferu	Pharaoh	Fourth dynasty	2613 BC	2589 BC
Sovereign	Khufu	Pharaoh	Fourth dynasty	2589 BC	2566 BC
Sovereign	Djedefre	Pharaoh	Fourth dynasty	2566 BC	2558 BC
Sovereign	Khafre	Pharaoh	Fourth dynasty	2558 BC	2532 BC
Sovereign	Menkaure	Pharaoh	Fourth dynasty	2532 BC	2503 BC
Sovereign	Shepseskaf	Pharaoh	Fourth dynasty	2503 BC	2498 BC
Sovereign	Userkaf	Pharaoh	Fifth dynasty	2498 BC or 2494 BC	2491 BC or 2487 BC
Sovereign	Sahure	Pharaoh	Fifth dynasty	2490 BC or 2487 BC	2477 BC or 2475 BC
Sovereign	Neferirkare Kakai	Pharaoh	Fifth dynasty	2477 BC or 2475 BC	2467 BC or 2455 BC
Sovereign	Neferefre	Pharaoh	Fifth dynasty	2460 BC	2458 BC or 2425 BC
Sovereign	Shepseskare	Pharaoh	Fifth dynasty	2467 BC or 2455 BC	2460 BC or 2448 BC
Sovereign	Nyuserre Ini	Pharaoh	Fifth dynasty	2445 BC or 2425 BC	2422 BC or 2421 BC
Sovereign	Menkauhor Kaiu	Pharaoh	Fifth dynasty	2422 BC or 2421 BC	2414 BC
Sovereign	Djedkare Isesi	Pharaoh	Fifth dynasty	2414 BC	2375 BC
Sovereign	Unas	Pharaoh	Fifth dynasty	2375 BC	2375 BC
Sovereign	Teti	Pharaoh	Sixth dynasty	2345 BC	2333 BC
Sovereign	Userkare	Pharaoh	Sixth dynasty	2333 BC	2332 BC
Sovereign	Pepi I Meryre	Pharaoh	Sixth dynasty	2332 BC	2283 BC
Sovereign	Merenre Nemtyemsaf I	Pharaoh	Sixth dynasty	2283 BC	2278 BC
Sovereign	Pepi II Neferkare	Pharaoh	Sixth dynasty	2278 BC	2184 BC
Sovereign	Merenre Nemtyemsaf II	Pharaoh	Sixth dynasty	2184 BC		^[7]
Sovereign	Neitiqerty Siptah	Pharaoh	Sixth dynasty	2184 BC	2181 BC

First Intermediate Period of Egypt

Type	Name	Title	Royal house	From	To
Sovereign	Menkare	Pharaoh	Eighth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Neferkare II	Pharaoh	Eighth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Neferkare Neby	Pharaoh	Eighth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Djedkare Shemai	Pharaoh	Eighth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Neferkare Khendu	Pharaoh	Eighth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Merenhor	Pharaoh	Eighth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Neferkamin	Pharaoh	Eighth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Nikare	Pharaoh	Eighth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Neferkare Tereru	Pharaoh	Eighth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Neferkahor	Pharaoh	Eighth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Neferkare Pepiseneb	Pharaoh	Eighth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Neferkamin Anu	Pharaoh	Eighth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Qakare Ibi	Pharaoh	Eighth dynasty	2169 BC	2167 BC
Sovereign	Neferkaure II	Pharaoh	Eighth dynasty	2167 BC	2163 BC
Sovereign	Neferkauhor	Pharaoh	Eighth dynasty	2163 BC	2161 BC
Sovereign	Neferirkare	Pharaoh	Eighth dynasty	2161 BC	2160 BC
Sovereign	Neferkare III	Pharaoh	Ninth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Senenh/Setut	Pharaoh	Ninth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Mer[ibre Khety]	Pharaoh	Ninth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Shed—	Pharaoh	Ninth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	H—	Pharaoh	Ninth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Meryhathor	Pharaoh	Tenth dynasty	2130 BC	?
Sovereign	Neferkare IV	Pharaoh	Tenth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Wahkare Khety I	Pharaoh	Tenth dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Merikare	Pharaoh	Tenth dynasty	?	2040 BC
Sovereign	Mentuhotep I	Pharaoh	Eleventh dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Intef I	Pharaoh	Eleventh dynasty	2134 BC	2118 BC or 2117 BC
Sovereign	Intef II	Pharaoh	Eleventh dynasty	2117 BC or 2112 BC	2069 BC or 2063 BC
Sovereign	Intef III	Pharaoh	Eleventh dynasty	2069 BC	2061 BC or 2060 BC
Sovereign	Mentuhotep II	Pharaoh	Eleventh dynasty	2061 BC or 2060 BC	2040 BC

Egypt reunited: Middle Kingdom

Eleventh Dynasty of Middle Kingdom Egypt (complete list) –

Mentuhotep I, King (c.2135 BC)
Intef I, King (c.2120 BC or c.2070 BC)
Intef II, King (2112–2063 BC)
Intef III, King (2069–2061 BC, 2063–2055 BC, or 2016–2009 BC)
Mentuhotep II, King (c.2061–2010 BC)
Mentuhotep III, King (2010 BC – 1998 BC)

Asia: West

Assyria

Kings who Lived in Tents

Type	Name	Title	Royal house	From	To
Sovereign	Tudiya	King	—	23rd century BC?
Sovereign	Adamu	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Yangi	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Suhlamu	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Harharu	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Mandaru	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Imsu	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Harsu	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Didanu	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Hanu	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Zuabu	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Nuabu	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Abazu	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Belu	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Azara	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Ushpia	King	—	Around 2030 BC?
Sovereign	Apiashal	King	—	?	?

Kings whose Fathers Are Known

Type	Name	Title	Royal house	From	To
Sovereign	Apiashal	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Hale	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Samani	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Hayani	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Ilu-Mer	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Yakmesi	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Yakmeni	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Yazkur-el	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Ila-kabkabu	King	—	?	?
Sovereign	Aminu	King	—	?	?

Kings whose Eponyms Are not Known

Type	Name	Title	Royal house	From
Sovereign	Sulili	King	—	21st century BC?
Sovereign	Kikkiya	King	—	21st century BC?
Sovereign	Akiya	King	—	21st century BC or early 20th century BC?

Elam

Type	Name	Title	Royal house	From	To
Sovereign	Humbaba	?	—	Around 2700 BC	Around 2680 BC
Sovereign	Humban-Shutur	?	—	?	?
Sovereign	The unnamed king of Awan	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	Around 2580 BC	?
Sovereign	...Lu	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Kur-Ishshak	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	?	Around 2550 BC
Sovereign	Peli	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	Around 2500 BC	?
Sovereign	Tata I	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Ukku-Tanhish	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Hishutash	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Shushun-Tarana	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Napi-Ilhush	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Kikku-Siwe-Temti	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Hishep-Ratep I	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Luh-Ishshan	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	?	Around 2325 BC
Sovereign	Hishep-Ratep II	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	Around 2325 BC	?
Sovereign	Emahsini	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	Around 2315 BC	2311 BC
Sovereign	Helu	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Hita	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	Around 2270 BC
Sovereign	Kutik-Inshushinak	King of Awan	Awan dynasty	Around 2100 BC
Sovereign	The unnamed king of Simashki	King of Simashki	Simashki dynasty	?	Around 2100 BC
Sovereign	Gir-Namme I	King of Smiashki	Simashki dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Tazitta I	King of Simashki	Simashki dynasty	Around 2040 BC	Around 2037 BC
Sovereign	Eparti I	King of Simashki	Simashki dynasty	?	Around 2033 BC
Sovereign	Gir-Namme II	King of Simashki	Simashki dynasty	Around 2033 BC	?
Sovereign	Tazitta II	King of Simashki	Simashki dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Lurak-Luhhan	King of Simashki	Simashki dynasty	Around 2028 BC	2022 BC
Sovereign	Hutran-Temti	King of Simashki	Simashki dynasty	?	?
Sovereign	Indattu-Inshushinak I	King of Simashki	Simashki dynasty	?	2016 BC
Sovereign	Kindattu	King of Simashki	Simashki dynasty	Before 2006 BC	After 2005 BC

References

Footnotes

^ Grimal, Nicolas-Christophe. A History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, USA: Blackwell, 1992, p. 389, ISBN 978-0-631-17472-1.
^ ^a ^b Bard, Kathryn A. Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London; New York: Routledge, 1999, p. 27, ISBN 978-0-415-18589-9.
^ Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, 1999, pp.83 & 95
^ Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, pp.79 & 258
^ Clayton (1994) p.32
^ Clayton (1994) p.42
^ Dodson & Hilton (2004) p.73

Literature

Clayton, Peter A. (1995). Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. The Chronicles Series (Reprinted ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05074-3.
Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3

[hoae-1] Grimal, Nicolas-Christophe. A History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, USA: Blackwell, 1992, p. 389, ISBN 978-0-631-17472-1.

[archaeology-2] Bard, Kathryn A. Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London; New York: Routledge, 1999, p. 27, ISBN 978-0-415-18589-9.

[3] Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, 1999, pp.83 & 95

[4] Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, pp.79 & 258

[5] Clayton (1994) p.32

[6] Clayton (1994) p.42

[7] Dodson & Hilton (2004) p.73

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

v t e Lists of state leaders by century
4th–3rd mill. BC	4th–3rd millennia BC
2nd millennium BC	20th century 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th BC
1st millennium BC	10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st BC
1st millennium	1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th HRE
2nd millennium	11th HRE 12th HRE 13th HRE 14th HRE 15th HRE SA 16th HRE SA 17th HRE SA 18th HRE SA 19th 1801–1850 1851–1900 HRE SA 20th 1901–1950 1951–2000 SA
3rd millennium	21st 2000s 2010s 2020s current