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Miguel Treviño Morales

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Miguel Treviño Morales
File:Miguel-Trevino-Morales.jpg
Born
Miguel Ángel Treviño Morales

(1970-11-18) November 18, 1970 (age 53)
Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico
Other namesL-40
La Mona
El Cuarenta
(40, Z-40, Zeta 40)
David Estrada-Corado
Comandante Cuarenta
EmployerLos Zetas
Known forDrug trafficking, murder, money laundering
Height5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
PredecessorHeriberto Lazcano
Relatives
Four members
Notes
$30 million pesos reward in Mexico, and $5 million USD in the U.S.

Template:Spanish name Miguel Ángel Treviño Morales, (born November 18, 1970) commonly referred to by his alias Z-40, is a former Mexican drug lord and leader of the criminal organization known as Los Zetas. Unlike the original founders of Los Zetas, Treviño Morales has no military experience, and instead worked for a local gang as a teenager before being recruited in the 1990s. He is known by his adversaries and law enforcement officials for his violent reputation and as a "brutal assassin" responsible for a significant part of the violence in Mexico.[1]

Treviño Morales is an important figure in the Zetas; he acted as the regional boss of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas and as the second-in-command of the entire organization.[2][3] Since early 2010, Treviño Morales began to have a bigger role in Los Zetas, and following the death of Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano in October 2012, he became the top leader in the organization. Los Zetas are responsible for the smuggling of multiple tons of cocaine, marijuana and heroin into the United States from Mexico annually.[4][5]

As of July 15, 2013, he was in custody after being captured by the Mexican Marines. At the time of his capture, he was on Mexico's most-wanted list, with a $30 million MXN ($2.3 million USD) reward offered for information leading to his arrest. The United States Department of State was also offering up to $5 million USD ($62.4 million MXN) for information leading to his arrest and conviction.[6]

Criminal career

Early life

Miguel Ángel Treviño Morales was born on November 18, 1970 in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico.[7][A 1] His parents, Rodolfo Treviño and María Arcelia Morales, procreated a large family of at least six sons and six daughters.[A 2] Like many families along the U.S.-Mexico border, the Treviño family travelled from Mexico to the United States and vice versa, where they bought properties and opened several businesses.[10][11] Aside from growing up in Nuevo Laredo, Treviño Morales frequented Dallas, Texas with his family and was arrested at some point in the Dallas area during his adolescence.[12] As a teenager, he began to work for Los Tejas, a gang that ran the criminal activities in his hometown.[13] From washing cars, running errands, and stealing car parts in Nuevo Laredo, Treviño Morales then turned to the drug trade, starting first with small-scale drug retail sales and smuggling.[14][15]

Unlike the first members of Los Zetas, he was never in the military, but was nonetheless hired by them and the Gulf Cartel in the late 1990s for his experience moving contraband across the border.[11][16][14] His fluent English and his criminal contacts on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border allowed him to gain the trust of the then-leader of the Gulf Cartel Osiel Cárdenas Guillén.[17] When he joined the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas, Los Tejas, the local gang he once worked for, was absorbed by the former groups. Around 2005, Treviño Morales became the regional boss of Nuevo Laredo and was given the responsibility to fight off the incursions of the Sinaloa Cartel that were attempting to take control of the smuggling routes in the area. The Laredo–Nuevo Laredo area is a lucrative smuggling route for narcotics because of the Interstate 35 highway, which serves as a strategic pathway to San Antonio, Austin, and Dallas for future drug distribution. While in power, he orchestrated a number of assassinations in American cities and in Mexico by young U.S. citizens that he put on his payroll.[13][14][18]

Rank ascension

By 2006, the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas managed to defeat the forces of the Sinaloa Cartel in Nuevo Laredo. The Zeta's victory, however, made the organization stronger and more expansive throughout northeastern Mexico. Los Zetas started to include other criminal activities outside of the traditional modus operandi of other traditional drug trafficking organizations. Under Treviño Morales, the organization smuggled migrants to the United States, carried out extortions and kidnappings, sold pirated CDs and DVDs, and intimidated and/or killed residents who failed to cooperate with them. Treviño Morales remained in charge of Los Zetas in the state of Nuevo León and in Piedras Negras, Coahuila until March 2007.[19][20] Then, he was moved to the coastal state of Veracruz, shortly after high-ranking Zeta leader Efraín Teodoro Torres (Z-14) was killed in a gun battle in a local horse race competition.[21] Though Cárdenas Guillén was behind bars since 2003, he reportedly directed the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas behind bars;[22] when he was extradited to the United States in 2007, Treviño Morales and Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano pushed for Los Zetas's independence from the Gulf Cartel.[20]

In November 2007, the city of Laredo, Texas issued an arrest warrant for Treviño in connection with a 2006 double homicide in Texas.[23] In 2008, Treviño Morales and Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano, the two leaders of Los Zetas, forged an alliance with the Beltrán Leyva Cartel.[24][25] The Beltrán Leyva Cartel had just gone to war with the Sinaloa Cartel after they believed that El Chapo Guzmán, their leader, had betrayed them. Treviño Morales subsequently joined them to kill the leader of the Sinaloa Cartel leader.[17] Government sources said Los Zetas were fighting for control against 'La Federacion' (The Federation), an alliance of drug trafficking organizations led by Joaquín El Chapo Guzmán and Ismael El Mayo Zambada, former allies of the Beltrán Leyva.[26] In February 2008, Lazcano Lazcano sent Treviño Morales to kill rival drug traffickers and take control of the drug trafficking routes in Guatemala. Reportedly, he reportedly carried out a military-like ambush that resulted in the death of the Guatemalan drug lord Juan José León Ardón (alias Juancho) in March. An unnamed U.S. official said that Treviño Morales may have even been the man who fired the bullet that killed the drug kingpin. Having succeeded outside of Mexico, Lazcano Lazcano appointed him as the national commander of Los Zetas, a position traditionally reserved to Zeta members with military background. In this position, he virtually had a say in all of the decisions Los Zetas made at a national level, creating some resentment among the old-generation commanders of Los Zetas who, unlike Treviño Morales, had served in the Mexican Armed Forces before turning to the drug trade.[27]

Treviño Morales also acted as a cartel 'gate-keeper' and his people collected a 'piso' (tariff) at all drug plazas controlled by Los Zetas.[28] He was in charge of the highly lucrative Nuevo Laredo plaza, across the border from Laredo, Texas. He bribed and intimidated officials to help maintain control, and responded to any challenges to his authority or control with brutal violence.[29] Treviño was feared and very few local journalists dared to write about him.[30] He was alleged to favor a torture method known as the "guiso" (cook-out), where people are stuffed into an oil barrel, doused with gasoline, and then set on fire to burn alive.[31][32] His violent behavior helped him gain "the notoriety of a cult figure."[11] Reports say that he would escape unharmed from gun battles, avoid making alliances with anyone, dismember his victims while they were still alive and dump them in dozens, and "seemed unafraid to die."[11] Reports from within the organization claim that Treviño Morales enjoyed driving around the city in a car and pointing at people randomly and saying, "kill this one and kill that one."[33] He is reportedly responsible of coordinating several violent attacks throughout Mexico, including the murder of 72 migrants in 2010 and the massacre of 193 people a year later in San Fernando, Tamaulipas.[34] Under Treviño Morales' leadership, Los Zetas were considered by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to be highly sophisticated, advanced, and one of the most dangerous criminal organizations operating in Mexico and the hemisphere.[33][35]

Los Zetas splits from the Gulf Cartel

In the late 1990s, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, the former leader of the Gulf Cartel, began recruiting members of the Mexican Army to protect his territory, personnel, and drug trafficking operations. These original deserters, who were known as Los Zetas, came from the Special Forces squadron of the army, arguably the best trained branch of the Mexican military. Upon the arrest and extradition of Cárdenas Guillén in 2003 and 2007 respectively, Los Zetas strengthened its role in the Gulf cartel, but managed to retain the alliance until early 2010, when disagreements reached a boiling point. On 18 January 2010, several members of the Gulf cartel kidnapped Víctor Peña Mendoza, a leader of Los Zetas nicknamed Concord 3 and a close associate and friend of Treviño Morales.[36] When he was held captive, Peña Mendoza was asked to switch alliances and join the Gulf cartel, but he refused, earning a beating followed by execution, presumably carried out by Samuel Flores Borrego.[36]

Treviño Morales heard about the incident and issued an ultimatum to Flores Borrego and Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez:

"Hand over the assassin of my friend, you son of a bitch ... You have until the 25th, if you don't comply, there will be war."[37]

Both of the Gulf cartel leaders ignored the command, and Treviño Morales moved swiftly to avenge the death of his former comrade.[37] On 30 January 2010, Treviño Morales kidnapped and slaughtered 16 Gulf cartel members in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, marking the start of the cartel war between the Gulf cartel and Los Zetas in the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, and Veracruz that has lead to thousands of deaths.[37] Los Zetas used violent and intimidatory tactics to expand, forging a reputation as Mexico's most violent drug trafficking organization. It managed to take control of most of the territories owned by the Gulf cartel when they had essentially served as a single organization.[38]

Infighting in Los Zetas

Main article: Infighting in Los Zetas

In several articles in August 2012, a U.S. law enforcement official told the press that Treviño Morales, the former second-in-command of Los Zetas, had successfully taken the leadership of the cartel and displaced Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano, the long-time leader.[39][40] Treviño Morales began to take over the assets of Los Zetas and working to remove Lazcano as the head since early 2010.

At the beginning, Lazcano was happy to have a man like Treviño Morales in his ranks, but he appears to have underestimated him and given him too much power.[41] The active role of Treviño Morales got him the loyalty and respect of many in Los Zetas, and eventually many stopped paying to Lazcano.[31] Personality-wise, Treviño Morales and Lazcano are opposing figures; Treviño Morales tends to prefer violence, while Lazcano is a lot steadier, and prefers to keep his organization as a stable group. Lazcano reportedly wants Los Zetas to be less of a problem for the next political administration of Enrique Peña Nieto; in contrast, "[Treviño Morales] is someone who wants to fight the fight."[13] Los Zetas are inherently an unstable organized crime group with a long history of brutal violence, and with the possibility of more if a lack of central authority at the top leads to infighting among groups within the cartel.[13]

It was later confirmed, however, that Treviño Morales and Lazcano had actually kept their alliance, and that the rumors of the infighting started when several men of Treviño Morales' faction did not want him as leader.[42]

Arrest

Treviño Morales was apprehended by the Mexican Marines in a town called Anáhuac, Nuevo León, near the border of Tamaulipas state, at around 03:45 on 15 July 2013 without firing a single shot. At the time of his arrest, he was in possession of $2 million USD ($25,316,100 Mexican pesos) in cash, eight weapons and hundreds of round of ammunition; two other men were arrested with him and taken into custody.[43][44][45] He has pending charges for organized crime involvement, drug trafficking, torture, money laundering, the illegal use of firearms under Mexican law, among others.[46] Following his arrest, Treviño Morales was flown to Mexico City and kept at the SEIDO installations, Mexico's organized crime investigatory agency.[47]

Family

Miguel's brother José Treviño Morales was arrested on 12 June 2012 by a combined U.S. federal task force. He has been indicted as one of the money launderers for the Zetas through an Oklahoma-based American Quarter Horse racing operation.[11][48] His son Alejandro Treviño Chávez was killed during a shootout in the state of Coahuila on 5 October 2012 by a law enforcement group.[49]

Alejandro Treviño Morales, another brother, is a high-level leader in Los Zetas, and the United States government is offering up to $5 million USD ($62.4 million MXN) for information that leads to his arrest and conviction.[50] He is responsible for several murders and kidnappings carried out in Nuevo Laredo between 2005 and 2006.[8]

Miguel's older brother, Juan Francisco Treviño Morales, is currently imprisoned in the United States; his son and nephew of Miguel, Juan Francisco Treviño Chávez, alias El Quico, was arrested in Monterrey on 15 June 2012.[51]

Bounty and indictments

In 2009 in New York and in 2010 in Washington, the U.S. Department of Justice released an indictment against him for conspiracy to manufacture and distribute cocaine into the United States.[52][53][54]

There was a bounty for Treviño Morales in Mexico set at $30 million MXN ($2.3 million USD) and another one in the U.S. at $5 million USD ($62.4 million MXN).[55][56] Z-40 reportedly moved around through Mexico and Central America, and often met in Mexico City, the nation's capital, to do business and close deals with Colombian drug lords.[57] In order to meet with them without being detected by the Mexican authorities, Treviño posed as a businessman or religious person. In the northern part of the country, he reportedly maintained a close tie with a number of politicians. His brother Omar Treviño Morales (Z-42) leads Los Zetas in the Gulf of Mexico, while Miguel Treviño Morales headed the organization and reportedly hid in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas or in Laredo, Texas.[57]

Treviño Morales is known by various aliases: L-40 (40, Z-40, Zeta 40), Comandante Cuarenta, El Cuarenta, David Estrada-Corado, and La Mona.[58][59]

See also

Sources

Footnotes

  1. ^ November 18, 1970 is his official date of birth, but the United States Department of State also includes several "Alternative dates of birth" on Treviño Morales's wanted poster. The dates are July 17, 1980; January 25, 1973; July 15, 1976; June 28, 1973.[8]
  2. ^ Juan Francisco (1955), Arcelia (1957), Irma (1959), Alicia (1961), Rodolfo (1963), María Guadalupe (1964), José (1966), Ana Isabel (1968), Jesús (1970), Óscar Omar (1976), Cristina (1978) and Adolfo (1980).[9]

References

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  2. ^ "Miguel Ángel Treviño Morales: Cops Hunting Down One Of Mexico's Most Ruthless Kingpins". America's Most Wanted. 26 March 2009. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Over 50 alleged Zetas members arrested in Mexico". Agence France-Presse. 13 August 2012. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Bunker 2006, p. 15.
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  6. ^ "US federal official: Top leader of Mexico's brutal Zetas drug cartel captured". Washington Post. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  7. ^ "Narcotics Rewards Program: Miguel Angel Trevino-Morales". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ a b "Narcotics Rewards Program: Alejandro Trevino-Morales". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Hernández, Anabel (16 July 2013). "La vida, andanzas y tragedia del clan Treviño". Proceso (magazine) (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  10. ^ Hernández, Anabel (16 July 2013). "Los Treviño, una familia de Zetas". Proceso (magazine) (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  11. ^ a b c d e Thompson, Ginger (15 June 2012). "A Drug Family in the Winner's Circle". New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Trahan, Jason (24 February 2011). "Dallas area included in massive sweep for people connected to agent's slaying". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ a b c d "Feared Mexican Zetas leader Z-40 now top target". The Monitor. 24 August 2012. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  16. ^ Hernández 2010, p. 95.
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  18. ^ Aguilar, Julian (16 July 2013). "Zetas Leader Captured in Nuevo León". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
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  20. ^ a b Saul, Heather (16 July 2013). "Zetas drug cartel leader Miguel Angel Trevino Morales captured in Mexico car raid". The Independent. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  21. ^ Grayson 2012, p. 27.
  22. ^ Aponte, David (5 January 2005). "Líderes narcos pactan en La Palma trasriego de droga". El Universal (Mexico City) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 28 March 2012 suggested (help)
  23. ^ Buch, James (15 January 2012). "Laredo trial offers window into Zetas". San Antonio Express-News. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Longmire, Sylvia (15 September 2011). "The Double-Edged Sword Of A Mexican Drug Lord's Arrest". Homeland Security Today. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  27. ^ Weissenstein, Michael (15 July 2013). "Leader of Mexico's Zetas drug cartel captured". KRGV-TV. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  28. ^ Starr, Penny (13 April 2009). "DEA Names Eleven 'Most Wanted' Mexican Fugitives Sought by U.S." CNS News. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ Castillo, M. (18 August 2007). "Drug lord invokes such fear, people won't even utter his name". San Antonio Express-News. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
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  31. ^ a b Stevenson, Mark (24 August 2012). "Miguel Angel Trevino, Mexico Assassin, Rises In Zetas Cartel". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 25 August 2012. {{cite news}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "Oklahoma, New Mexico horse-racing tracks linked to Mexican drug cartel, Feds say". Fox News. 13 June 2012. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ a b Robinson 2011, p. 284.
  34. ^ "Mexico Zetas leader Miguel Angel Trevino captured". BBC News. 16 July 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
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  36. ^ a b Grayson 2012, p. 197.
  37. ^ a b c Grayson 2012, p. 198.
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  39. ^ Castillo, E. Eduardo (24 August 2012). "Even more brutal leader takes over Mexico's Zetas". El Paso Times. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ Pachico, Elyssa; Dudley, Steven (24 August 2012). "Why a Zetas Split is Inevitable". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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Bibliography

External links

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