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Official Irish Republican Army

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For other groups with this name, see List of organisations known as the Irish Republican Army.

Official Irish Republican Army
(Óglaigh na hÉireann)
LeadersCathal Goulding, Billy McMillen
Dates of operationDecember 1969 – May 1972
HeadquartersDublin
Active regionsNorthern Ireland (mainly); Republic of Ireland; England
IdeologyIrish republican socialism, Marxism, anti-imperialism
OpponentsUnited Kingdom

The Official Irish Republican Army or Official IRA (OIRA) was an Irish republican paramilitary group whose goal was to remove Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom and create a "workers' republic" encompassing all of Ireland.[1] It emerged in December 1969, shortly after the beginning of the Troubles, when the Irish Republican Army split into two main factions. The other group emerging from this split was the Provisional IRA. Both groups continued to refer to themselves as simply "the IRA" and rejected the legitimacy of the other. Unlike the "Provisionals", the "Officials" were Marxist and thus were sometimes referred to as the Red IRA.[2][3][4] It waged a paramilitary campaign against the British Army until May 1972, when it declared a ceasefire.[5]

By the time of the May 1972 ceasefire, the Provisional IRA had become the larger and more active faction. Following the ceasefire, the OIRA began to be referred to as Group B,[6][7] and became involved in feuds with the Provisional IRA and the Irish National Liberation Army,[8] a splinter group formed in 1974. It has also been involved in organized crime and vigilantism.

The Official IRA was the paramilitary wing of the political party "Official Sinn Féin", later renamed "Sinn Féin the Workers Party" and then the Workers' Party of Ireland.

The split in the Republican movement, 1969–1970

The shift to the left

The split in the Irish Republican Army, soon followed by a parallel split in Sinn Féin, was the result of the dissatisfaction of more traditional and militant republicans at the political direction taken by the leadership. The particular object of their discontent was Sinn Féin's ending of its policy of abstentionism in the Republic of Ireland. This issue is a key one in republican ideology, as traditional republicans regarded the Irish state as illegitimate and maintained that their loyalty was due only to the Irish Republic declared in 1916 and in their view, represented by the IRA Army Council.[9]

During the 1960s, the republican movement under the leadership of Cathal Goulding radically re-assessed their ideology and tactics after the dismal failure of the IRA's Border Campaign in the years 1956–62. They were heavily influenced by popular front ideology and drew close to communist thinking. A key intermediary body was the Communist Party of Great Britain's organisation for Irish exiles, the Connolly Association. The Marxist analysis was that the conflict in Northern Ireland was a "bourgeois nationalist" one between the Ulster Protestant and Irish Catholic working classes, fomented and continued by the ruling class. Its effect was to depress wages, since worker could be set against worker. They concluded that the first step on the road to a 32-county socialist republic in Ireland was the "democratisation" of Northern Ireland (i.e., the removal of discrimination against Catholics) and radicalisation of the southern working class. This would allow "class politics" to develop, eventually resulting in a challenge to the hegemony of both what they termed "British imperialism" and the respective unionist and nationalist establishments north and south of the Irish border.[10]

Goulding and those close to him argued that, in the context of sectarian division in Northern Ireland, a military campaign against the British presence would be counter-productive, since it would delay the day when the workers would unite around social and economic issues.

The sense that the IRA seemed to be drifting away from its conventional republican and nationalist roots into Marxism angered more traditional republicans. The radicals viewed Ulster Protestants with unionist views as "fellow Irishmen deluded by bourgeois loyalties, who needed to be engaged in dialectical debate"[citation needed]. As a result, they were reluctant to use force to defend Catholic areas of Belfast when they came under attack from loyalists—a role the IRA had performed since the 1920s.[11] Since the civil rights marches began in 1968, there had been many cases of street violence. The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) had been shown on television in undisciplined baton charges, and had already killed three non-combatant civilians, one a child. The Orange Order's "marching season" during the summer of 1969 had been characterised by violence on both sides, which culminated in the three-day "Battle of the Bogside" in Derry.

August 1969 riots

The critical moment came in August 1969 when there was a major outbreak of intercommunal violence in Belfast and Derry, with eight deaths, six of them Catholics, and whole streets ablaze. On 14–15 August loyalists burned out several Catholic streets in Belfast in the Northern Ireland riots of August 1969. IRA units offered resistance, however very few weapons were available for the defence of Catholic areas. Many local IRA figures, and ex-IRA members such as Joe Cahill and Billy McKee, were incensed by what they saw as the leadership's decision not to take sides and in September, they announced that they would no longer be taking orders from the Goulding leadership.[12]

Discontent was not confined to the northern IRA units. In the south also, such figures as Ruairí Ó Brádaigh and Sean MacStiofain opposed both the leadership's proposed recognition of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. This increasing political divergence led to a formal split at the 1969 IRA Convention, held in December. when a group led by Ó Brádaigh and MacStiofán walked out. The split resulted from a vote at the first IRA Convention where a two-thirds majority voted that Republicans should take their seats if elected to the British, Irish or Northern Ireland Parliaments. At a second convention, a group consisting of Mac Stiofáin, Dáithí Ó Conaill, Ó Brádaigh, Joe Cahill], Paddy Mulcahy, Leo Martin, and Sean Tracey, were elected as the "Provisional" Army Council. Their supporters included Seamus Twomey.

Accounts at that time suggest that the IRA members split roughly in half, with those loyal to the Cathal Goulding led "Official IRA" prominent in some areas while the Provisional IRA were prominent in other areas.[13] IRA historian J. Bowyer Bell stated, with respect to the Provisional IRA, that, "There was some support in Belfast, although less than claimed" (p. 367). A strong area for the Official IRA in Belfast was the Lower Falls and Markets district, which were under the command of Billy McMillen. Other OIRA units were located in Derry, Newry, Strabane, Dublin, and Wicklow and other parts of Belfast. However, the Provisionals would rapidly become the dominant faction, both as a result of intensive recruitment in response to the sectarian violence and because some Official IRA units (such as the Strabane company) later defected to them.[14]

There was a similar ideological split in Sinn Féin after a contentious 1970 Sinn Féin Ard Fheis. The leadership of Sinn Féin passed a motion to recognise the Parliaments in London, Dublin and Stormont but failed to attain the prerequisite two-thirds majority necessary to change Sinn Féin's constitutional opposition to 'partitionist' assemblies. Those defeated in the motion walked out.[15] This resulted in a split into two groups with the Sinn Féin name. Those supportive of Seán Mac Stiofáin's "Provisional Army Council", were referred to in the media as Provisional Sinn Féin[16][17] or Sinn Féin Kevin St and contested elections as Sinn Féin. The other group, under the leadership of Tomás Mac Giolla, was to contest elections first as Official Sinn Féín, then Sinn Féin The Workers' Party and aligned itself with Cathal Goulding's Official IRA, as the Marxist faction came to be known. The party retained the historic Sinn Féin headquarters of Gardiner Street, thus giving legitimacy to it, in the eyes of some, to be the legitimate successor of that party and briefly known popularly as Sinn Féin Gardiner Place.

The Officials were known as the "Stickies" because they sold stick-on lilies to commemorate the Easter Rising; the Provisionals, by contrast, were known as "pinnies" (pejoratively "pinheads") because they produced pinned-on lilies. The term Stickies stuck, though pinnies (and pinheads) disappeared, in favour of the nickname "Provos" and for a time, "Provies". (The paper-and-pin Easter Lily of the IRA was the traditional commemorative badge of the Easter Rising,[18] whereas the self-adhesive Easter Lily of the Officials was a novel invention, symbolic of the divergence of opinion between them).

Impact of the split

Initially there was much confusion among republicans on the ground, Martin McGuinness for example, joined the Official IRA in 1970, unaware that there had been a split and only later joined the Provisionals. The Provisionals launched an armed campaign against the British presence in Northern Ireland. Despite the reluctance of Cathal Goulding and the OIRA leadership, their volunteers on the ground were inevitably drawn into the violence. The Official IRA's first major confrontation with the British Army came in the Falls Curfew of July 1970, when over 3,000 British soldiers raided the Lower Falls area for arms, leading to three days of gun battles. The Official IRA lost a large amount of weaponry in the incident and their members on the ground blamed the Provisionals for starting the firing and then leaving them alone to face the British. The bad feeling left by this and other incidents led to a feud between the two IRAs in 1970, with several shootings carried out by either side. The two IRA factions arranged a truce between them after the OIRA killing of Provisional activist, and Belfast brigade D-Company commander, Charlie Hughes (a cousin of the well known Republican Brendan Hughes).

Soviet defector Vasili Mitrokhin alleged in the 1990s that the Goulding leadership sought, in 1969, a small quantity of arms (roughly 70 rifles, along with some hand guns and explosives) from the KGB.[citation needed] The request was approved and the weapons arrived in Ireland in 1972.[citation needed] This has not been independently verified however. On the whole, the OIRA had a more restricted level of activity than the Provisionals. Unlike the Provisionals, it did not establish de facto control over large Catholic areas of Belfast and Derry and characterised its violence as "defensive". However it retained a strong presence in certain localities, notably the Lower Falls, Andersonstown, Turf Lodge and the Markets areas of Belfast, along with a big presence in Derry but particularly Free Derry in the Bogside area as well as Newry and South Down.[19]

Though the OIRA made many attacks against the British Army and the RUC throughout 1970,[citation needed] injuring many, along with killing Provisional IRA members through a 1970 feud, they did not make a strong paramilitary presence until early 1971. In August 1971, after the introduction of internment without trial, OIRA units fought numerous gun battles with British troops who were deployed to arrest paramilitary suspects.[citation needed] Most notably the Official IRA company in the Markets area of Belfast, led by Joe McCann, held off an incursion into the area by over 600 British troops.[citation needed] In December 1971, the Official IRA killed Ulster Unionist Party Senator John Barnhill at his home in Strabane.[citation needed] This was the first murder of a politician in Ireland since the assassination of Free State Minister for Justice Kevin O'Higgins in 1927. In February 1972, the organisation also made an attempt on the life of Unionist politician John Taylor.[citation needed] On Bloody Sunday, an OIRA man in Derry is believed to have fired several shots with a revolver at British troops, after they had shot dead 13 nationalist demonstrators – the only republican shots fired on the day and contrary to his orders.[citation needed] The anger caused by Bloody Sunday in the nationalist community was such that the Official IRA announced that it would now be launching an "offensive" against the British forces.[citation needed]

However, the OIRA declared a ceasefire later in the same year.[20] The ceasefire, on 30 May,[20] followed a number of armed actions which had been politically damaging. The organisation bombed the Aldershot headquarters of the Parachute Regiment in revenge for Bloody Sunday, but killed only six civilians and a Roman Catholic army chaplain.[citation needed] After the killing of William Best, a British soldier, home on leave in Derry, the OIRA declared a ceasefire. In addition, the death of several militant OIRA figures such as Joe McCann, in confrontations with British soldiers, enabled the Goulding leadership to call off their armed campaign, which they had never supported wholeheartedly.

The Official IRA since 1972

Although formally on ceasefire (except for "defensive actions") since 1972 (see above), the Official IRA continued some attacks on British forces up until mid-1973, killing seven British soldiers in what it termed "retaliatory attacks". In addition, the OIRA's weapons were used intermittently in the ongoing feud with the Provisionals. This flared up into violence on several occasions, notably in October 1975, when the Provisionals sought out and shot Official IRA members in Belfast – 11 republicans on either side were killed in the feud; a nine-year-old girl was also shot dead by the Provisionals when they tried to shoot her father.

In 1974, radical elements within the organisation who objected to the ceasefire, led by Seamus Costello, established the Irish National Liberation Army. Another feud ensued in the first half of 1975, during which three INLA and five OIRA members were killed. The dead included prominent members of both organisations including Costello and the OIRA O/C, Billy McMillen. However, from the mid-1970s onwards the Official Republican Movement became increasingly focussed on achieving its aims through left-wing constitutional politics. This however did not stop sporadic paramilitary activity from the OIRA who on 8 September 1979 killed Hugh O'Halloran in a punishment beating in the Ballymurphy area of Belfast.[21] O' Halloran was beaten to death with hurley sticks.[22] The two OIRA men who carried out the killing turned themselves in to the RUC; both were convicted and sentenced to imprisonment in the Maze.[22] The army lost a number of members who gradually drifted away from the ceasefire up to shortly after the 1981 hunger strike, many either joining the Provisional IRA or the INLA or some simply dropping out.

From 1981 on, Sinn Féin the Workers Party, renamed the Workers' Party the following year, had some success in the Republic of Ireland, but little in the North.

Throughout the 1980s, allegations that the Official IRA remained in existence and was engaged in criminal activity appeared in the Irish press. In June 1982 the feud with the INLA flared again after OIRA member James Flynn, the alleged assassin of Seamus Costello,[23] was shot dead by the INLA in Dublin.[24] In December 1985 five men, including a Mr. Anthony McDonagh, pleaded guilty to charges of conspiracy to defraud the Inland Revenue in Northern Ireland—McDonagh was described in court as an Official IRA Commander.[25] In February 1992 a British Spotlight programme alleged that the Official IRA was still active and involved in widespread racketeering and armed robberies.[26]

These eventually proved a considerable political embarrassment to the Workers' Party, and in 1992 the leadership proposed amendments to the party constitution which would, inter alia, effectively allow it to purge members suspected of involvement in the Official IRA. This proposal failed to obtain the required two-thirds support at the party conference that year, and as a result the leadership, including six of the party's seven members of Dáil Éireann, left to establish a new party, later named Democratic Left.

In 1995, some Northern based former Official IRA members in the Newry area launched a "re-founded" Official Republican Movement, intended to pursue the socialist republican politics which the Officials espoused in the 1970s. They are not thought to advocate the use of violence however and have no connection with the Workers' Party.

Most recently, there have been allegations of criminality against former senior Official IRA figure Sean Garland, who was accused in 2005 by the United States of helping to produce and circulate counterfeit US dollars allegedly printed in North Korea.

Decommissioning

In October 2009, after a long period of inactivity, the Official IRA began talks with a view to decommissioning its stockpile of weapons,[27] and in February 2010 the Newry based Official Republican Movement announced that the process was complete.[28] The process was confirmed to be completed by the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning on 8 February 2010, coming in the last 24 hours of the commission's existence.[29] The decommissioning was completed at the same time as that of the republican Irish National Liberation Army and the loyalist UDA South East Antrim Brigade.[29] The step was described by British Prime Minister Gordon Brown as a "central part of moving Northern Ireland from violence to peace".[29]

Deaths as a result of activity

According to Malcolm Sutton's Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland (part of the CAIN database), the OIRA was responsible for at least 50 killings during the Troubles.[30]

Of those killed by the OIRA:[31]

  • 22 (~44%) were civilians, including 4 civilian political activists
  • 19 (~38%) were members or former members of the British security forces, including:
  • 8 (~16%) were members or former members of Republican paramilitaries
  • 1 was a UDA member

There were 27 OIRA members killed during the conflict.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^ Statement from Cathal Goulding, C/S of the Official IRA, in early 1972, quoted in On Our Knees by Rosita Sweetman, Pan Books, London. 1972. ISBN 0-330-23320-3. p. 146
  2. ^ Rekawek, Kacper. Irish Republican Terrorism and Politics: A Comparative Study of the Official and the Provisional IRA. Taylor & Francis, 2011. pp.1-2
  3. ^ "Obituaries: Seamus Twomey, 70, a Leader of Provisional I.R.A.". Reuters. The New York Times, 14 September 1989.
  4. ^ "IRA itself is divided on stretegy, ideology". The Toledo Blade, 11 November 1971.
  5. ^ Holland, Jack (1994). INLA: Deadly Divisions. Dublin: Torc. pp. 17, 26, 39. ISBN 1-898142-05-X.
  6. ^ Sanders, Andrew. Inside the IRA: Dissident Republicans and the War for Legitimacy. Edinburgh University Press, 2011. p.191
  7. ^ Brian Hanley & Scott Millar. The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers' Party. Penguin UK, 2009. Chapter 12: Group B.
  8. ^ Holland, Jack (1994). INLA: Deadly Divisions. Dublin: Torc. pp. 41–54. ISBN 1-898142-05-X.
  9. ^ The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers Party, Brian Hanley and Scott Millar, ISBN 1-84488-120-2
  10. ^ The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers Party, Brian Hanley and Scott Millar, pp. 22–70, ISBN 1-84488-120-2
  11. ^ Holland, Jack (1994). INLA:Divisions. Dublin: Torc. pp. 8–10. ISBN 1-898142-05-X.
  12. ^ The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers Party, Brian Hanley and Scott Millar, p. 33
  13. ^ See "The numerous faces of the I.R.A." This Week, 29 May 1970; J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army, pp. 367, 377
  14. ^ Eamon Mallie, Patrick Bishop, Provisional IRA, p144
  15. ^ Self, Identity, and Social Movements, Sheldon Stryker, Timothy Joseph Owens, Robert William White, (2000), p333
  16. ^ Assassin, John Bowyer Bell, (1979), p118
  17. ^ Sinn Féin, 1905–2005: in the shadow of gunmen, Kevin Rafter, (2005), p76
  18. ^ The Easter Lily An Phoblacht, 5 April 2007
  19. ^ http://cedarlounge.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/orm205.pdf
  20. ^ a b "30 May 1972: Official IRA declares ceasefire". On this day. BBC Online. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  21. ^ Sutton Index of Deaths – 1979 Conflict Archive on the INternet
  22. ^ a b 1169 and Counting. Retrieved 23-01-11
  23. ^ A Chronology of the Conflict – 1982 Conflict Archive on the INternet
  24. ^ Sutton Index of Deaths – 1982 Conflict Archive on the INternet]
  25. ^ Derek Dunne: In Dublin Magazine, October 1987
  26. ^ De Baroid, Ciaran (1989). Ballymurphy and the Irish War. Pluto Press. ISBN 0-7453-1514-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ Newstin – News and Metadata Technology Innovations[dead link]
  28. ^ "Official IRA, INLA weapons beyond use", UTV News, 8 February 2010. Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ a b c Three more Northern Ireland terrorist groups lay down their arms[dead link] The Times
  30. ^ "Sutton Index of Deaths: Organisation responsible for the death". Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  31. ^ "Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)". Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). Retrieved 1 September 2014. (choose "organization" and "status"/"status summary" as the variables)
  32. ^ "Sutton Index of Deaths: Status of the person killed". Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). Retrieved 1 September 2014.

Further reading

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