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Omagh bombing

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Omagh bombing
The red Vauxhall Cavalier saloon containing the bomb. This photo was taken shortly before the explosion; the camera was found afterwards in the rubble.[1]
LocationOmagh, Northern Ireland
Date15 August 1998
TargetCourthouse[2]
Attack type
Car bomb
Deaths29[3][4][5][6]
InjuredAbout 220 initially reported,[7] later stories say over 300.[8][4][9]
PerpetratorsReal IRA (RIRA)[4][6][5]

The Omagh bombing was a paramilitary car bomb attack allegedly carried out by the Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA), a splinter group of former Provisional Irish Republican Army members opposed to the Belfast Agreement, on Saturday 15 August 1998, in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.[7] Twenty-nine people died as a result of the attack and approximately 220 people were injured.[10][3][4][6][5] The attack was described by the BBC as "Northern Ireland's worst single terrorist atrocity" and by British Prime Minister Tony Blair as an "appalling act of savagery and evil".[9] Sinn Féin leaders Gerry Adams[11] and Martin McGuinness[12] condemned the attack and the RIRA itself.[13]

The victims included people from many different backgrounds — Protestants,[14] Catholics,[14] a Mormon,[14] nine children,[14][12] a woman pregnant with twins,[12][14] two Spanish tourists,[14] and other tourists on a day trip from the Republic of Ireland.[8] The nature of the bombing created a strong international and local outcry against the RIRA, which later forced the organisation to apologise,[15] and spurred on the Northern Ireland peace process.[3][4][11][15]

In 2001, County Louth builder and publican Colm Murphy was convicted in connection to the bombing.[12] He is currently awaiting a Court of Criminal Appeal ordered retrial.[12] Murphy's nephew Sean Hoey of Jonesborough, South Armagh was cleared of all charges relating to the bombing on 20 December 2007 after spending four years in prison on remand.[5] The families of those killed say that they will continue with a High Court civil action for £14 million against the two men and three others whom they say were responsible for the attack.[5]

Background

Main articles: Northern Ireland peace process and Real Irish Republican Army

Irish historical writer and Omagh native Wesley Johnston has remarked that, "the worst single atrocity of thirty years of conflict in Ireland occurred at the point of highest hope during those years."[16] It took place thirteen weeks after the signing on the Belfast Agreement, which had been intended to be a comprehensive solution to the Troubles and had broad support both in Ireland and internationally.[16][17][18] The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) co-operated with the agreement, and dissident members who saw it as a betrayal of the Republican struggle for a united Ireland left to form the Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA) in fall 1997.[19][17] The RIRA began their military campaign against the agreement with an attempted car bombing in Banbridge, County Down on 7 January 1998, which involved a 300 lb explosive that was defused by security forces.[19][20] Later that year, it mounted attacks in Moira, Portadown, Belleek, Newtownhamilton, and Newry as well as bombing Banbridge again on 1 August, which caused thirty-five injuries and no deaths.[20]

The attack

Build-up to the attack

On 13 August, a maroon Vauxhall Cavalier was stolen from Carrickmacross, County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland.[21] The perpetrators replaced its Republic of Ireland number plates with false Northern Ireland plates.[12][21] On the day of the bombing, they parked the car filled with 230 kg [500 pounds] of explosives outside a clothes shop on Omagh's Lower Market Street.[12] They could not find a parking space near the intended target, the Omagh courthouse.[19] The car bomb detonated at about 3.10 pm,[12] or 15:10 BST, in the crowded shopping area.[10]

That morning, three phone calls had been placed warning of an attack in Omagh.[22] At 14:32, a warning was telephoned to Ulster Television saying "There's a bomb, courthouse, Omagh, main street, 500lb, explosion 30 minutes."[22] The office received a second warning saying "Bomb, Omagh town, 15 minutes" one minute later.[22] The next minute, the Coleraine office of the Samaritans charity received a call stating that a bomb would go off on "main street" about 200 yards (180 m) from the courthouse.[22] The recipients passed on the information to the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC).[22]

BBC News stated that the police "were clearing an area near the local courthouse, 40 minutes after receiving a telephone warning, when the bomb detonated. But the warning was unclear and the wrong area was evacuated."[10] The warnings mentioned "main street" when no actual "Main Street" existed in Omagh at that time, although Market Street was the main shopping street in the town.[21] The nature of the warnings led the police to move people over to the area where the bomb was actually placed.[4][21][22][10][23] The courthouse is roughly 400 meters from the spot where the car armed with the explosive device was parked.[23][24]

In a statement on the same day as the bombing, RUC Chief Constable Ronnie Flanagan accused the RIRA of trying to deliberately direct civilians to the bombing site.[24] British government prosecutor Gordon Kerr QC has called the warnings "not only wrong but... meaningless" and stated that the nature of the warnings made it inevitable that the evacuations would lead to the bomb site.[25] The RIRA has strongly denied that they intended to target civilians.[22][26] They have also stated that the warnings were not intended to lead people to the bombing site.[22] During the 2003 Special Criminal Court trial of RIRA director Michael McKevitt, witnesses for the prosecution stated that the inaccurate warnings were accidental.[19]

Aftermath

Lower Market Street as viewed from Campsie Road in 2001

BBC News stated that those "who survived the car bomb blast in a busy shopping area of the town described scenes of utter carnage with the dead and dying strewn across the street and other victims screaming for help."[10] The injured were initially taken to two local hospitals, the Tyrone County Hospital and the Erne Hospital.[23] A local leisure centre was set up as a casualty field centre and Lisanelly Barracks, a British army base served as an impromptu morgue.[23][24] The Conflict Archive on the Internet project has stated that rescue workers called the scene "battlefield conditions".[23] Tyrone County Hospital became overwhelmed, and they appealed for local doctors to come in to help their staff.[10][24]

Because of the stretched emergency services, people used buses, cars, and helicopters to take the victims to other hospitals in Northern Ireland,[24][10] including the Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast and Altnagelvin Hospital in Derry.[23] A Tyrone County Hospital spokesman stated that they treated 108 casualties and 44 of whom had to be transferred to other hospitals.[24] Paul McCormick of the Northern Ireland Ambulance Service said that "The injuries are horrific, from amputees, to severe head injuries to serious burns, and among them are women and children."[10]

The day after the bombing, the relatives and friends of the dead and injured used the Omagh leisure centre to post news.[23] The Spanish Ambassador to Ireland personally visited some of the injured[23] and churches across Northern Ireland called for a national day of mourning.[27] Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh Robin Eames stated on BBC Radio that "From the church's point of view, all I am concerned about are not political arguments, not political niceties. I am concerned about the torment of ordinary people who don't deserve this."[27]

Reactions

The nature of the bombing created a strong international and local outcry against the RIRA and in favour of the Northern Ireland peace process.[3][4][11] British Prime Minister Tony Blair called the bombing an "appalling act of savagery and evil".[9][10] Queen Elizabeth II expressed her sympathies to the victim's families, while Prince Charles paid a visit to the town and spoke with the families of some of the victims.[10][28] The Pope and American President Bill Clinton, who shortly afterwards visited Omagh with his wife Hillary, also expressed their sympathies.[23] Social Democratic and Labour Party President John Hume called the perpetrators of the bombing "undiluted fascists".[11]

Sinn Féin leader Martin McGuinness said that "This appalling act was carried out by those opposed to the peace process".[10] Party president Gerry Adams said that "I am totally horrified by this action. I condemn it without any equivocation whatsoever."[13] Martin McGuinness mentioned the fact that both Catholics and Protestants alike were injured and killed, saying "All of them were suffering together. I think all them were asking the question 'Why?', because so many of them had great expectations, great hopes for the future."[13] Sinn Féin as an organization initially refused to co-operate with the investigation into the attack, citing the involvement of the Royal Ulster Constabulary.[29] On 17 May 2007, Martin McGuinness stated that Irish republicans will cooperate with an independent, international investigation if one is created.[30]

On 22 August 1998, the Irish National Liberation Army called for a ceasefire in their operations against the British government.[31][23][32] The National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism has accused the republican paramilitary organization of providing supplies for the bombing.[32] The INLA has continued to observe the ceasefire and remains opposed to the Belfast Agreement.[32] The RIRA also suspended operations for a short time after the Omagh bombing before returning to violence.[23] The RIRA had come under pressure from the Provisional Irish Republican Army after the bombing; PIRA members visited the homes of 60 people connected with the RIRA and ordered them to disband and stop interfering with PIRA arms dumps.[20] BBC News has stated that "Like the other bombings in the early part of 1998 in places like Lisburn and Banbridge, Omagh was a conscious attempt by republicans who disagreed with the political strategy of Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinness, to destabilise Northern Ireland in that vulnerable moment of hope. It failed - but there is a terrible irony to the way in which the campaign was halted only by the wave of revulsion triggered by the carnage at Omagh."[3]

Responsibility

Allegations

No group claimed responsibility on the day of the attack, but the RUC suspected the RIRA.[10][24] The RIRA had carried out a car bombing in Banbridge, County Down two weeks before the Omagh bombing.[24] Three days after the attack, the RIRA claimed responsibility and apologised for the attack.[15][26] On 7 February 2008, an RIRA spokesman stated that "The IRA had minimal involvement in Omagh. Our code word was used nothing more. To have stated this at the time would have been lost in an understandable wave of emotion" and "Omagh was an absolute tragedy. Any loss of civilian life is regrettable."[33]

On 9 October 2000, the BBC's Panorama programme aired the special Who Bombed Omagh? hosted by journalist John Ware.[21] The programme quoted RUC Chief Constable Ronnie Flanagan as saying "sadly up to this point we haven't been able to charge anyone with this terrible atrocity".[21] The programme alleged that the police on both sides of the Irish border knew the identity of the bombers.[21] It stated that "As the bomb car and the scout car headed for the border, the police believe they communicated by mobile phone. This is based on an analysis of calls made in the hours before, during and after the bombing. This analysis may prove to be the key to the Omagh bomb investigation."[21] Using the phone records, the programme gave the names of the four prime suspects as Oliver Traynor, Liam Campbell, Colm Murphy, and Seamus Daly.[21]

Northern Ireland Secretary Peter Mandelson praised the Panorama programme, calling it "a very powerful and very professional piece of work".[34] Irish Taoiseach Bertie Ahern criticised it, saying that "bandying around names on television" could hinder attempts to secure convictions.[34] First Minister David Trimble stated that he had "very grave doubts about" it.[34] Lawrence Rush, whose wife Elizabeth died in the bombing, tried to legally block the programme from being broadcast, saying "This is media justice, we can't allow this to happen".[35] Democratic Unionist Party assembly member Oliver Gibson, whose niece Esther died in the bombing, stated that the government did not have the will to pursue those responsible and welcomed the programme.[35]

The police believe that bombing of BBC Television Centre in London on 4 March 2001 was a revenge attack for the broadcast.[36] On 9 April 2003, the five RIRA members behind the BBC office's bombing were convicted and sentenced for between 16 and 22 years.[37]

Prosecutions

Wikinews has related news:

On 22 September 1998, the RUC and Gardaí arrested twelve men in connection with the bombing.[30] They subsequently released all of them without charge.[30] On 25 February 1999, they questioned and arrested at least seven suspects.[30] Builder and publican Colm Murphy, from Ravensdale, County Louth, was charged three days later for conspiracy and was convicted on 23 January 2002 by the Republic's Special Criminal Court.[30] He is, as of January 2008, the only person ever convicted in connection with the explosion.[30] He was sentenced to fourteen years.[38] In January 2005, Murphy's conviction was quashed and a retrial ordered by the Court of Criminal Appeal, on the grounds that two Gardaí had falsified interview notes, and that Murphy's previous convictions were improperly taken into account by the trial judges.[38]

On 28 October 2000, the families of four children killed in the bombing-- James Barker, 12, Samantha McFarland, 17, Lorraine Wilson, 15, and 20-month-old Breda Devine-- launched a civil action against the suspects named by the Panorama programme.[30] On 15 March 2001, the families of all twenty-nine people killed in the bombing launched a £2 million civil action against the RIRA itself as well as suspects Seamus McKenna, Michael McKevitt, Liam Campbell, Colm Murphy, and Seamus Daly as individuals.[30] Former Northern Ireland secretaries Peter Mandelson, Tom King, Peter Brooke, Lord Hurd, Lord Prior, and Lord Merlyn-Rees signed up in support of the plaintiffs' legal fund.[30] The civil action began in Northern Ireland on 7 April 2008.[39]

On 6 September 2006, Murphy's nephew Sean Hoey, an electrician from Jonesborough, County Armagh went on trial accused of 29 counts of murder, and terrorism and explosives charges.[40] Upon its completion, Hoey's trial found on 20 December 2007 that he was not guilty of all 56 charges against him.[41]

On 24 January 2008, former Chief Constable Ronnie Flanagan apologised to the victims' families for the lack of convictions in relation to the Omagh bombing.[42] This apology was rejected by some of the victims' families.[42] After the verdict freeing Sean Hoey, BBC News reporter Kevin Connolly stated that "The Omagh families were dignified in defeat, as they have been dignified at every stage of their fight for justice. Their campaigning will go on, but the prospect is surely receding now that anyone will ever be convicted of murdering their husbands and brothers and sisters and wives and children."[3]

Controversy

Police Ombudsman report

Police Ombudsman Nuala O'Loan published a report on 12 December 2001 that strongly criticised the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) over its handling of the bombing investigation.[43][44][45] Her report stated that RUC officers had ignored the previous warnings about a bomb and had failed to act on crucial intelligence.[44][43][24] She went on to say that officers had been uncooperative and defensive during her inquiry.[44] RUC officers had moved people towards the bombing site, which they said that they did because the warnings had mentioned the Courthouse.[24][44] The report concluded that "The victims, their families, the people of Omagh and officers of the RUC were let down by defective leadership, poor judgement and a lack of urgency."[45] It recommended the setting up of a new investigation team independent of the new Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), which had since replaced the RUC, led by a senior officer from an outside police force.[45]

Initially, the Police Association, which represents both senior officers and rank and file members of the Northern Ireland police, went to court to try to block the release of the O'Loan report.[24][44] The Association stated that "The ombudsman's report and associated decisions constitute a misuse of her statutory powers, responsibilities and functions."[44] The group later dropped its efforts.[24][46] RUC Chief Constable Ronnie Flanagan called the report "grossly unfair' and "an erroneous conclusion reached in advance and then a desperate attempt to find anything that might happen to fit in with that".[45] Other senior police officers also disputed the report's findings.[43][44] Flanagan issued a 190 page counter-report in response[24] and has also stated that he has considered taking legal action.[45] He has argued that the multiple warnings were given by the RIRA to cause confusion and lead to a greater loss of life.[47][24] Assistant Chief Constables Alan McQuillan and Sam Kincaid sent affidavits giving information that supported the report.[44]

The families of the victims expressed varying reactions to the report.[48] Kevin Skelton, whose wife died in the attack, said that "After the bomb at Omagh, we were told by Tony Blair and the Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, that no stone would be left unturned... It seems to me that a lot of stones have been left unturned" but then expressed doubt that the bombing could have been prevented.[48] Lawrence Rush, whose wife also died in attack, said that "There's no reason why Omagh should have happened - the police have been in dereliction of their duty."[48] Other Omagh residents said that the police did all they could.[48] The Belfast Telegraph called the report a "watershed in police accountability" and stated that it "broke the taboo around official criticism of police in Northern Ireland".[43] Upon leaving office on 5 November 2007, Nuala O'Loan stated that the report was not a personal battle between herself and Flanagan and did not lead to one.[43] She also stated that the "recommendations which we made were complied with".[43]

Advance warning allegations

On 29 July 2001, a double agent using the pseudonym Kevin Fulton publicly stated that, three days before the Omagh bombing, he told his MI5 handlers that the RIRA was preparing a bomb attack and then gave the bomb-maker's name and location.[24] He stated that MI5 did not pass his information over to the police.[49][50] Flanagan called the allegations "an outrageous untruth".[24] In September 2001, British security forces informer Willie Carlin stated that Nuala O'Loan's associates had obtained evidence confirming Fulton's allegations.[49] A spokesman for the Ombudsman did not confirm or deny Carlin's assertion when asked.[49]

On 19 October 2003, a transcript was released of a conversation between an informer who stole cars on behalf of the RIRA, Paddy Dixon, and his police handler, John White, recorded shortly before Dixon fled the Republic of Ireland on 10 January 2002. Dixon says in the transcript that "Omagh is going to blow up in their faces".[51] On 21 February 2004, PSNI Chief Constable Hugh Orde called for the Republic of Ireland to hand over Dixon.[24] In March 2006, Chief Constable Orde stated that "security services did not withhold intelligence that was relevant or would have progressed the Omagh inquiry."[52] He also stated that the dissident Republican militants investigated by MI5 were members of a different cell than the perpetrators of the Omagh bombing.[52]

GCHQ monitoring

An investigation by the BBC's Panorama programme alleges that GCHQ monitored the mobile phone calls of the bombers on the day of the bombing. Later, the transcripts were sent to Special Branch RUC.[10]

Independent bombing investigation

On 7 February 2008, the Northern Ireland Policing Board decided to appoint a panel of independent experts that will re-review the police's investigation of the bombing. Some of the relatives of the bombing victims criticised the decision, saying that an international public inquiry covering both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland should be established instead. The review will determine whether enough evidence exists for further prosecutions. It will also investigate the possible perjury of two police witnesses made during Sean Hoey's trial.[53] Sinn Féin Policing Board member Alex Maskey stated that "Sinn Féin fully supports the families' right to call for a full cross-border independent inquiry while the Policing Board has its clear and legal obligation to scrutinise the police handling of the investigations." He also stated that "We recognise that the board has a major responsibility in carrying out our duty in holding the PSNI to account in the interests of justice for the Omagh families".[54]

Victims' support group

The families of the victims of the bomb created the Omagh Support and Self Help Group after the bombing.[55] The organization is led by Michael Gallagher, who lost his 21-year-old son Aidan in the attack.[56] Their website provides over 5000 newspaper articles, video recordings, audio recordings, and other information sources relating to the events leading up to and following the bombing as well as information about other terrorist attacks.[57] The group's five core objectives are "Relief of poverty, sickness, disability of victims", "Advancement of education and protection", "Raising awareness of needs and experiences of victims, and the effects of terrorism", "Welfare rights advice and information", and "Improving conditions of life for victims".[55] The group also provides support to victims of other bombings in Ireland, as well other terrorist bombings, such as the 2004 Madrid train bombings.[55] The group has protested outside meetings of the 32 County Sovereignty Movement, an Irish republican political activist group opposed to the Belfast Agreement that the families believe is part of the RIRA.[58]

In April 2000, the group argued that the attack breached Article 57 of the Geneva Convention and stated that they will pursue the alleged bombers using international law.[59] Michael Gallagher told BBC Radio Ulster that "The republican movement refused to co-operate and those people hold the key to solving this mystery. Because they have difficulty in working with the RUC and Gardaí, we can't get justice".[59] In January 2002, Gallagher told BBC News that "There is such a deeply-held sense of frustration and depression" and called the anti-terrorist legislation passed in the wake of the Omagh bombing "ineffective".[60] He has expressed support for the controversial Panorama programme, stating that it reminds "people that what happened in Omagh is still capable of happening in other towns".[35] In February 2002, Prime Minister Tony Blair declined a written request by the group to meet with him at Downing Street.[61] Group members accused the Prime Minister of ignoring concerns about the police's handling of the bombing investigation.[61] A Downing Street spokesman stated that "The Prime Minister of course understands the relatives' concerns, but [he] believes that a meeting with the Minister of State at the Northern Ireland Office is the right place to air their concerns at this stage."[61]

The death of Michael Gallagher's son along with his and other families' experiences in the Omagh Support and Self Help Group form the story of the Channel 4 television film Omagh.[56] Filmmaker Paul Greengrass has stated that "the families of the Omagh Support and Self Help Group have been in the public eye throughout the last five years, pursuing a legal campaign, shortly to come before the courts, with far reaching implications for all of us and it feels the right moment for them to be heard, to bring their story to a wider audience so we can all understand the journey they have made."[56] In promotion for the film, Channel 4 stated that the group has pursued "a patient, determined, indomitable campaign to bring those responsible for the bomb to justice, and to hold to account politicians and police on both sides of the border who promised so much in the immediate aftermath of the atrocity but who in the families' eyes have delivered all too little."[56]

Memorials

Media memorials

The bombing inspired the song "Paper Sun" by British hard rock band Def Leppard, as noted in the commentary of their album Rock of Ages: The Definitive Collection.[62] The band members wrote the song while they were developing their album Euphoria.[62] Guitarist Vivian Campbell stated that "this had happened as Ireland was just getting used to the idea of peace".[62] Vocalist Joe Elliott has said that "We had the telly on with the sound off and basically wrote our own soundtrack."[62]

Another song inspired by the bombings was "Peace on Earth" by rock group U2.[63] It includes the line "They're reading names out over the radio. All the folks the rest of us won't get to know. Sean and Julia, Gareth, Ann, and Breda."[63] The five names mentioned are five of the victims from this attack.[63] Another line, "She never got to say goodbye, To see the colour in his eyes, now he's in the dirt", was about how James Barker, a victim, was remembered by his mother Donna Maria Barker in an article in the Irish Times after the bombing in Omagh.[63] The Edge has described the song as "the most bitter song U2 has ever written".[64] Also, U2 has recited the names of all 29 people killed during the bombing during public performances of their anti-violence anthem "Sunday Bloody Sunday".[65]

Omagh memorial

In late 1999, the Omagh District Council established the Omagh Memorial Working Group to devise a permanent memorial to the bombing victims.[8] Its members come from both public and private sectors alongside representatives from the Omagh Churches Forum and members of the victims' families.[8] The chief executive of the Omagh Council, John McKinney, stated in March 2000 that "we are working towards a memorial. It is a very sensitive issue."[66] In April 2007, the Council announced the launch of a Public Art Design Competition by the Omagh Memorial Working Group.[8] The group has the goal of creating a permanent memorial in time for the tenth anniversary of the bombing on 15 August 2008.[8][67] It has a total budget of £240,000.[8]

Since space for a monument on Market Street itself is limited, the final memorial will be split between the actual bombing site and the temporary Memorial Garden spaced about 300 metres away.[68] Artist Sean Hillen and architect Desmond Fitzgerald won the contest with a design that, in the words of The Irish Times, "centres on that most primal yet mobile of elements: light".[68] A heliostatic mirror will be placed in the memorial park tracking the sun in order to project a constant beam of sunlight onto 31 small mirrors, each etched with the name of a victim.[68][67] All the mirrors will then bounce the light onto a heart-shaped crystal within an obelisk pillar that stands at the bomb site.[68][67]

In September 2007, the Omagh Council's proposed wording on a memorial plaque — "dissident republican car bomb" — brought it into conflict with several of the victims' families.[67] Michael Gallagher has stated that "there can be no ambiguity over what happened on 15 August 1998, and no dancing around words can distract from the truth."[67] The Council has appointed an independent mediator in an attempt to reach an agreement with those families.[67] Construction started on the memorial on 27 July 2008.[69]

On 15 August 2008, a memorial service was held in Omagh.[70] Senior government representatives from Britain, Ireland and the Stormont Assembly were present, along with relatives of many of the victims.[70] However, a number of bereaved families boycotted the service and held their own service the following Sunday.[70] They argued that the Sinn Fein-dominated Omagh council would not acknowledge that Republicans were responsible for the bombing.[70]

Notes

  1. ^ Omagh Bomb: Before the Bomb. By Wesley Johnson. The Ireland Story. Accessed 1 August 2008.
  2. ^ John Mooney and Michael O'Toole (2004). Black Operations: The Secret War Against the Real IRA. Maverick House. pp. pp211–2. ISBN 0-9542945-9-9. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f "How the Omagh case unravelled". BBC News. Published 20 December 2007.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Man cleared over Omagh bombing". CNN.com. Published 20 December 2007. Accessed 9 January 2008.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Man cleared of Omagh bombing". The Independent. Published 20 December 2007. Accessed 9 January 2008.
  6. ^ a b c "Nine years on, the only Omagh bombing suspect is free" The Times. Published 21 December 2007. Accessed 9 January 2008.
  7. ^ a b "Bomb Atrocity Rocks Northern Ireland". BBC News. 1998-08-16. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Design Competition Launched for Omagh Bomb Memorial. Omagh District Council. Published 17 April 2007. Accessed 18 February 2009.
  9. ^ a b c "Bravery awards for bomb helpers". BBC News. 1999-11-17. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Omagh bombing kills 28". BBC News. 1998-08-16. Retrieved 2007-03-14. Cite error: The named reference "BBC" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  11. ^ a b c d A BLAST OF EVIL. The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. Initially broadcast 19 August 1998.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h "Omagh: Northern Ireland's Blackest Day". Sky News. Published 20 December 2007.
  13. ^ a b c "Sinn Fein condemnation 'unequivocal'". BBC. Published 16 August 1998. Accessed 9 January 2008.
  14. ^ a b c d e f "Those who died in the Omagh bomb, 15 August 1998". By Wesley Johnson. The Ireland Story. Accessed 1 August 2008.
  15. ^ a b c Real IRA apologises for Omagh bomb. BBC News. Published 18 August 1998.
  16. ^ a b Introduction to the Omagh Bombing. By Wesley Johnson. The Ireland Story. Accessed 18 February 2009.
  17. ^ a b Deadly Omagh bombing remembered 10 years on. CNN. Published August 15, 2008.
  18. ^ Statement to Seanad Éireann on the Omagh Bombing. Department of the Taoiseach. Accessed 18 February 2009.
  19. ^ a b c d John Mooney & Michael O'Toole (2004). Black Operations: The Secret War Against the Real IRA. Maverick House. p. 33. ISBN 0-9542945-9-9. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  20. ^ a b c Birth and rise of the IRA – the Real IRA. (Subscription Required) By Seamus McKinney. The Irish News. Published 20 December 2007.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Who Bombed Omagh?". BBC. Initially broadcast 9 October 2000.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h Omagh bomb warnings released. BBC. Published 18 August 1998.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Main Events surrounding the bomb in Omagh". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Accessed 18 February 2009.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Ulster carnage as bomb blast targets shoppers". The Guardian. Published 16 August 1998.
  25. ^ "Trial of man suspected of Omagh bombing begins". The Independent. Published 26 September 2006.
  26. ^ a b "First Statement issued by the "real" IRA, 18 August 1998". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Accessed 18 February 2009.
  27. ^ a b "National day of mourning call". BBC News. Published 16 August 1998.
  28. ^ Sad memories for Prince in Omagh. BBC News. Published 18 August 1998.
  29. ^ "Omagh families seek online justice". BBC News. Published 17 April 2000.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Timeline: the Omagh bombing". The Guardian. Published 20 December 2007.
  31. ^ "Terror group says Ulster war is over". The Guardian. Published 9 August 1999.
  32. ^ a b c "Irish National Liberation Army (INLA)". National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism. Accessed 3 March 2009.
  33. ^ "Mackey slams Provos as RIRA vows resumption of violence". The Ulster Herald. Published 7 February 2008.
  34. ^ a b c "Named Omagh 'suspect' in court". BBC. Published 10 October 2000.
  35. ^ a b c "Omagh programme was 'media justice'". BBC. Published 10 October 2000.
  36. ^ "Ealing Bomb: The Real IRA". The Independent. Published 4 August 2001.
  37. ^ "Real IRA bombers jailed". BBC. Published 9 April 2003.
  38. ^ a b "Relatives disappointed with Omagh ruling". RTÉ News. 2005-01-21. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  39. ^ "Omagh civil case 'unprecedented' ". BBC News. Published 7 April 2008.
  40. ^ "Sickness halts Omagh trial". The Guardian. 2006-09-06. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  41. ^ "Man not guilty of Omagh murders". BBC News Online. 2007-12-20. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
  42. ^ a b "Flanagan apology to bomb families". BBC News. Published 24 January 2008.
  43. ^ a b c d e f "Nuala O'Loan: the job I didn't want to leave". The Belfast Telegraph. Published 5 November 2007.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h Conflict Archive on the Internet. "Statement by the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland on her Investigation of matters relating to the Omagh Bomb on 15 August 1998" (PDF). 2001-12-12. Retrieved 2007-03-14. Cite error: The named reference "report" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  45. ^ a b c d e "Omagh bomb report 'grossly unfair'". BBC News. Published 12 December 2001.
  46. ^ "Justice denied". The Guardian. Published 21 December 2007.
  47. ^ Johnston, Wesley. "Appendix B: Police Press Releases on the Omagh Bomb". Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  48. ^ a b c d "Families shocked at Omagh report". BBC News. Published 12 December 2001.
  49. ^ a b c "OMAGH BOMB: PROBE INTO RUC 'WARNING' NEARS END". The Sunday Mirror. Published 7 October 2001.
  50. ^ "MI5 withheld intelligence ahead of Omagh". RTÉ News. 2006-02-24. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  51. ^ Omagh agent claims Garda let bomb pass The Guardian. Published October 19, 2003.
  52. ^ a b MI5 "did not retain Omagh advice" BBC News. Published 1 March 2006.
  53. ^ "Omagh bomb investigation review". BBC News. Published 7 February 2008.
  54. ^ "Orde to outline the extent of dissident threat". The Belfast Telegraph. Published 7 February 2008.
  55. ^ a b c Beginnings. Omagh Support and Self Help Group. Accessed 18 February 2009.
  56. ^ a b c d Omagh - Drama. Channel 4. Accessed 18 February 2009.
  57. ^ "Omagh support group launch digital archive". The Ulster Herald. Published March 29, 2007.
  58. ^ "Omagh families' vigil at 'fundraiser'". BBC News. Published 26 November 2000.
  59. ^ a b "Omagh families head to international courts". BBC News. Published 10 April 2000.
  60. ^ "Living with the Omagh legacy" BBC News. Published 22 January 2002.
  61. ^ a b c "Fury as Blair snubs Omagh families". The Guardian. Published 17 February 2002.
  62. ^ a b c d Def Leppard Rock Of Ages - Songs. Def Leppard Tour History. Accessed 18 February 2009.
  63. ^ a b c d U2: U2faqs.com - Songs / Lyrics FAQ. U2faqs.com Accessed 18 February 2009.
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  65. ^ "Sunday Bloody Sunday" (live from Slane). @U2. Accessed 18 February 2009.
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  67. ^ a b c d e f "Omagh memorial in inscription row". BBC News. Published 18 September 2007.
  68. ^ a b c d A monument that casts a human light. By Fintan O'Toole. Irish Times. Published September 22, 2007. (Archived at Seán Hillen's website. Accessed 18 February 2009)
  69. ^ "Omagh memorial lifted into place". News Letter. Published 28 July 2008. Accessed 1 August 2008.
  70. ^ a b c d Omagh marks 10th anniversary of deadly bombing. By Rachel Stevenson. The Guardian. Published 15 August 2008. Accessed 18 February 2009.

See also

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