Jump to content

Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence
Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia
独立準備委員会
Dokuritsu Junbi Inkai
PPKI meeting on 18 August 1945
PPKI meeting on 18 August 1945
Agency overview
Formed7 August 1945 (1945-08-07)
Preceding agency
Dissolved29 August 1945 (1945-08-29)
Superseding agency
Agency executives
Part of a series on the
History of Indonesia
Timeline
Prehistory
Paleolithic
Java Man 1,000,000 BP
Flores Man 94,000–12,000 BP
Neolithic
Toba catastrophe 75,000 BP
Buni culture 400 BCE
Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms
Kutai kingdom 350–1605
Tarumanagara kingdom 400s–500s
Kantoli 400s-500s
Kalingga kingdom 500s–600s
Melayu kingdom 600s–1347
Srivijaya Empire 600s–1025
Shailendra Dynasty 600s–900s
Mataram kingdom 716–1016
Bali kingdom 914–1908
Sunda kingdom 932–1579
Kahuripan kingdom 1019–1045
Kediri kingdom 1045–1221
Dharmasraya kingdom 1183–1347
Pannai kingdom 1000s–1300s
Singhasari Empire 1222–1292
Majapahit Empire 1293–1527
Islamic sultanates
Spread of Islam 800–1600
Peureulak Sultanate840–1292
Aru kingdom 1225–1613
Ternate Sultanate 1257–1914
Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1267–1521
Pagaruyung kingdom 1347–1833
Brunei Sultanate 1368–1888
Malacca Sultanate 1400–1511
Sulu Sultanate 1405–1851
Cirebon Sultanate 1445–1677
Demak Sultanate 1475–1554
Aceh Sultanate 1496–1903
Sultanate of Ternate 1486–1914
Sultanate of Bacan 1515–1946
Sultanate of Tidore 1500s–1967
Sultanate of Jailolo 1496–1903
Banten Sultanate 1526–present
Banjar Sultanate 1526–1863
Kalinyamat Sultanate 1527–1599
Mataram Sultanate 1586–1755
Johor Sultanate 1528s–1877
Kingdom of Kaimana 1600s–1926
Palembang Sultanate 1659–1823
Siak Sultanate 1725–1946
Surakarta Sunanate 1745–present
Yogyakarta Sultanate 1755–present
Deli Sultanate 1814–1946
Riau-Lingga Sultanate 1824–1911
Christian kingdoms
Larantuka kingdom 1515–1904
Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow1670–1950
Chinese Kongsi federations
Heshun Confederation1776–1854
Lanfang Republic1777–1884
Santiaogou Republic1777–1853
European colonization
Portuguese 1512–1850
Spanish 1521–1677
Dutch East India Company 1602–1799
British 1685–1824
French and British interregnum 1806–1816
Dutch East Indies
1800–1942
1945–1949
Emergence of Indonesia
National Awakening 1908–1942
Japanese occupation 1942–1945
National Revolution 1945–1949
United States of Indonesia 1949–1950
Republic of Indonesia
Liberal democracy 1950–1959
Guided Democracy 1959–1966
Transition 1966–1967
New Order 1967–1998
Reform era 1998–present
Regions
By topic
flag Indonesia portal

The Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (Indonesian: Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, abbreviated as PPKI, Japanese: 独立準備委員会, romanized: Dokuritsu Junbi Iinkai) was a body established on 7 August 1945 to prepare for the transfer of authority from the occupying Japanese to Indonesia. It approved and promulgated the first Indonesian constitution, and appointed Sukarno president.

Background

[edit]

In two sessions from May to July 1945, the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK) decided on Pancasila as the ideological basis of independent Indonesia, and produced a draft constitution. With the war turning against them, the Japanese, who were occupying Indonesia, decided to grant independence in order to create problems for the returning Dutch colonial authorities. The plan was that Java would become independent in early September, followed shortly by the rest of the country. On 7 August, the day after an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Lt. General Hisaichi Terauchi, commander of the Japanese Southern Area who was based in Saigon, gave permission for the formation of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI).[1]

On 9 August, the day of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, the Japanese authorities flew future president Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta and BPUPK chairman Radjiman Wediodiningrat to Da Lat, French Indochina for a meeting with General Hisaichi Terauchi, the commander of the Southern Area. He promised Indonesian independence would be granted on 24 August, and appointed Sukarno chairman of the PPKI. After delaying discussion of the extent of independent Indonesia when setting up the BPUPK, the Japanese finally clearly stated it would include the whole of the former Dutch East Indies, an idea the PPKI took over from the BPUPK.[2] The three men flew back to Indonesia, arriving on 14 August.[1][3] The Indonesian underground rejected any independence gifted by the Japanese, preferring to win it through force of arms. However, on 17 August 1945, two days after the Japanese surrender, Sukarno declared independence.[1][4]

Membership

[edit]

Most of the 21 committee members appointed by the Japanese belonged to the older generation. Unlike the BPUPK, whose members only came from Java, the PPKI had representatives from Eastern Indonesia (under the control of the Japanese navy) and Sumatra.[5]

Original

[edit]

The membership comprised:[1]

Later addition

[edit]

Six additional committee members added without the approval of the Japanese authorities in Indonesia:[5][7]

Actions of the PPKI

[edit]

The committee met for the first time on 18 August in the building in Jakarta formerly used by the Council of the Indies. It elected Sukarno as president and Hatta as vice-president of Indonesia. It established a seven-member commission, including Sukarno, Hatta, Soepomo and Muhammad Yamin, to approve the constitution that had been started by the BPUPK in July and to make other changes. One significant change was the removal from the constitution preamble of the obligation for Muslims to abide by Sharia law included in the Jakarta Charter as it was felt this would alienate Christians, as well as of the other religious faiths (Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism). The changes took less than a week, and the constitution was published in the 14 February 1946 edition of Berita Republik Indonesia, the government gazette.[7][8] In the same meeting, the committee also decided that the president would be assisted by a national committee[9][10]

On August 19, the committee met again and divided Indonesia into eight provinces: West, Central and East Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku and the Lesser Sundas.[11][12] In its third and last meeting, held on August 22, the PPKI decided to establish the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP), a state party the Indonesian National Party (PNI) and the Badan Keamanan Rakyat (People's Security Agency) - the forerunner of the Indonesian National Armed Forces.[13][14]

The committee was dissolved by Sukarno on 29 August and replaced by the KNIP.[15]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Kahin 1961, p. 127.
  2. ^ Inomata 1997, p. 108.
  3. ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 339-341.
  4. ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 342.
  5. ^ a b Elson 2009, p. 119.
  6. ^ Ahsan, Ivan Aulia (26 February 2018). "Rahmah El Yunusiyah Memperjuangkan Kesetaraan Muslimah". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-07-13.
  7. ^ a b Kahin 1961, p. 138.
  8. ^ Tim Penyusun Naskah Komprehensif Proses dan Hasil Perubahan UUD 1945 2010, pp. 18–19.
  9. ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 345.
  10. ^ Heuken 2000, p. 209.
  11. ^ Kahin 1961, p. 140.
  12. ^ Raliby 1953, p. 14.
  13. ^ Kahin 1961, p. 148.
  14. ^ Raliby 1953, p. 16.
  15. ^ Kahin 1961, p. 139.

References

[edit]
  • Elson, R. E. (October 2009). "Another Look at the Jakarta Charter Controversy of 1945" (PDF). Indonesia (88): 105–130.
  • Heuken, Adolf (2000). Historical Sites of Jakarta (6th ed.). Jakarta, Indonesia: Cipta Loka Caraka.
  • Inomata, Aiko Kurasawa (1997). "Indonesia Merdeka Selekas-lekasnya: Preparations for Independence in the Last Days of Japanese Occupation". In Abdullah, Taufik (ed.). The Heartbeat of Indonesian Revolution. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. pp. 97–113. ISBN 979-605-723-9.
  • Kahin, George McTurnan (1961) [1952]. Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Raliby, Osman (1953), Documenta Historica: Sedjarah Dokumenter dari Pertumbuhan dan Perdjuangan Negara Republik Indonesia (Documenta Historica: Documentary History from the Growth and Struggle of the Republic of Indonesia) (in Indonesian), Djakarta: Bulan-Bintang
  • Ricklefs, M.C. (2008) [1981]. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 (4th ed.). London: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-54685-1.
  • Soeripto (Ed) (1962), Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 (Birth of the 1945 Constitution) (in Indonesian), Surabaya: Penerbitan Grip
  • Tim Penyusun Naskah Komprehensif Proses dan Hasil Perubahan UUD 1945 (2010) [2008], Naskah Komprehensif Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945: Latar Belakang, Proses, dan Hasil Pembahasan, 1999-2002. Buku I: Latar Belakang, Proses, dan Hasil Perubahan UUD 1945 [Comprehensive Documentation of the Amendments to the 1945 Indonesian Constitution: Background, Process and Results of Deliberations. Book I: Background, Process and Results of the Amendments] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Secretariat General, Constitutional Court{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preparatory_Committee_for_Indonesian_Independence&oldid=1253802524"