Perfume (novel)

This article is about the novel. For the 2006 movie adaptation, see Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (film).

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer

First edition (German).
Author	Patrick Süskind
Cover artist	Antoine Watteau detail from "Nymphe et satyre", 1715–16
Language	German
Genre	Horror fiction, mystery, magic realism, absurd
Publisher	Diogenes (Germany) Alfred A. Knopf (US) Hamish Hamilton (UK)
Publication date	1985
Publication place	Germany
Media type	Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages	263 p. (UK hardback edition)
ISBN	0-241-11919-7 (UK hardback edition)
OCLC	14130766

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer is a 1985 literary historical fantasy novel (published originally in German as Das Parfum, pronounced [das paʁˈfœ̃ː]) by German writer Patrick Süskind. The novel explores the sense of smell and its relationship with the emotional meaning that scents may have.

The story mainly concerns Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, an unloved 18th-century French orphan who is born with an exceptional sense of smell, being able to distinguish a vast range of scents in the world around him. Grenouille becomes a perfumer but becomes interested in murder when he encounters a young girl with an unsurpassed wondrous scent.

With translations into 49 languages and more than 20 million copies sold to date worldwide, Perfume is one of the largest book sales among 20th Century German novels. The title remained in bestseller lists for about 9 years, and received almost unanimously positive national and international critical acclaim. The novel was translated into English by John E. Woods and won the PEN Translation Prize during 1987.

Some editions of Perfume, including the first, have as their cover image Antoine Watteau's painting Jupiter and Antiope, which depicts a sleeping woman.

Plot

Grenouille (French for "frog") was born in Paris, France during 1738; his mother is tried almost immediately for previous infanticide, leaving him an orphan. He is fostered but is a difficult solitary child and eventually apprenticed to a tanner. Unknown to other people, he has a remarkable sense of smell, and an extraordinary ability to discern odors; as a result he can perform apparently magical feats such as identifying bad vegetables by the worms they contain, or visitors as they approach the house, and can navigate in total darkness by the smell of objects around him.

On a day when he had memorized nearly all the smells of the city, he is surprised by a unique smell. He then traces it with his nose, and finds that the source of this scent is a young virgin girl just passing puberty. She is not much younger than Grenouille. Entranced by her scent and believing that he alone must possess it, he kills her and stays with her body until the scent has left it. In his quest to learn more about the art of perfume-making, he becomes apprenticed to a once great perfumer, Baldini, and proves himself a wonder although this is not revealed to anyone except Baldini. Baldini eventually reveals to him that there are techniques other than distillation that can be used to preserve a wider range of odours, which can be found in the heartland of the perfumer's craft, in the region of Grasse, in the French Riviera.

On his way to Grasse, Grenouille travels the countryside and discovers that he is disgusted with the scent of humanity. Avoiding habitations, he comes instead to live in a mountain cave for many years. However his peace is ended when he realizes after some years that he himself does not have any scent. Travelling to Montpellier with a fabricated story about being kidnapped and kept in a cave to account for his appearance, he creates a body odour for himself from everyday materials, and finds that his new "disguise" tricks people into thinking that it is the scent of a human; he is now accepted by society instead of shunned. Humanity being fooled by a simple scent, his hatred becomes contempt. He realizes that it is within his ability to develop scents described as "superhuman" and "angelic", that will affect in an unprecedented way how other people perceive him.

Reaching Grasse, he trains in the arts of scent extraction and preservation and one day encounters a second scent that is even more inspiring to him than his original victim. It is the scent of a young girl named Laure Richis. He decides this time that he will seek to preserve the scent physically and not just in his memory, and begins a campaign of serial killing of teenage girls to practice keeping and preserving their scent – the victims are not otherwise molested beyond the removal of their hair for scent preservation. Laure's father realizes his daughter must be the goal of the murderer's campaign and, not telling anybody, takes her to a place of safety, but Grenouille follows them by following her scent, and when they stop for the night, he finally kills her and successfully preserves her scent.

He is caught soon afterwards and sentenced to death. However, on the way to his execution he wears a new scent he has created, that causes awe and adoration in others, and although the evidence of his guilt is absolute, the crowd becomes so fond of him, and so convinced of the innocence he now exudes, that he is freed; even Laure's father asks if he would consider being adopted as his son. Because of this scent, the entire town participates in a mass orgy of which no one speaks afterwards. Grenouille however now realizes how much he hates people, and that even this degree of control does not make him happy. Returning to Paris, he approaches a crowd and pours the entire bottle of perfume on himself. The people are so drawn to him due to his scent that they became compelled to obtain and consume pieces of him, tearing him to pieces. It is notable that this is a suicide. The story ends with the crowd, who are left embarrassed by their own action, but are also left "uncommonly proud. For the first time they had done something out of Love."

Characters (in order of appearance)

In France, before meeting Baldini:

• Grenouille's mother – Jean-Baptiste Grenouille was her fifth baby. She had claimed her first four were stillbirths or "semi-stillbirths". In her mid-twenties, with most of her teeth left, "some hair on her head", and a touch of gout, syphilis and consumption (tuberculosis), she was still quite pretty.
• Jean-Baptiste Grenouille – Protagonist. Born 17 July 1738, with an innate prodigious sense of smell (and also for unexplained reasons no personal scent of his own). His awareness of scent eventually causes him to conceive of capturing human scents, specifically, those able to inspire love, which he lacks in his life. When he does succeed in this goal, he discovers it gives him no pleasure, and causes him only to despise others for being easily fooled. Unable to find happiness, he is killed by a crowd after he pours his final perfume over himself.

"Grenouille let it go at that. He refrained from overpowering some whole, live person ... that sort of thing would have ... resulted in no new knowledge. He knew he was master of the techniques needed to rob a human of his or her scent, and knew it was unnecessary to prove this fact anew. Indeed, human odour was of no importance to him whatsoever. He could imitate human odour quite well enough with surrogates. What he coveted was the odour of certain human beings: that is, those rare humans who inspire love. Those were his victims."

– Grenouille's motivation for killing is described in the novel as purely the result of his desire to possess those rare scents capable of inspiring love towards their possessor.

• Jeanne Bussie – One of Grenouille's many wet-nurses. She is the first person to realise he does not have a scent and claims he is sucking all the life out of her.
• Father Terrier – He is in charge of the church's charities and distribution of its money to the poor and needy. He first thinks Grenouille is a cute baby, but once Grenouille begins to sniff Terrier, the priest becomes worried and sends the baby to a boarding house.
• Madame Gaillard – She does not have a sense of smell, due to being hit across the face with a poker during her younger years, so she does not know that Grenouille is scentless. In charge of a boarding house, her goal in life is to save enough money to have a proper death and funeral. Madame's poor sense of smell and ignorance about Grenouille's gifts, coupled with his assistance in finding her hidden money through his olfactory ability, caused Madame to believe he was psychic. She believed that psychic people bring bad luck and death. Due to this fear, Madame sells Grenouille to the tanner, Grimal. She loses all her money in old age, dies a miserable death in the Hôtel Dieu (Hotel of God) and is not even buried individually after her death, but rather thrown into a mass grave.
• Children at the Boarding House – They are repulsed by Grenouille and even try, in vain, to suffocate him with rags and blankets while Grenouille is asleep.
• Grimal – A tanner who lives near the river in the rue de la Mortellerie. Grenouille works for him from age eight into his early youth until Baldini pays for him to be released. With this immense new income of money, he wastes it on an alcoholic binge; his drunkenness causes him to fall into a river and die.
• The Plum Girl – Her natural scent is that of sea breeze, water lilies, and apricot blossoms; it is a rich, perfectly balanced and magical scent. She has red hair and wears a gray, sleeveless dress. She is halving plums when Grenouille kills her as his first victim. Unable to retain her scent, her death motivates his quest to learn how human scent may be preserved.

Paris perfumers:

• Giuseppe Baldini – An old traditional perfumer with his once-great reputation now decreasing. He yearns for the old days when tastes in perfume did not change much over the decades, and is angry at what he feels are upstarts in the fast-moving perfume trade of his later life. He knows secretly that he never had a gift for creating and analyzing new scents; rather he had obtained the recipes which he made his reputation, from other sources. Lacking a gift for it, he merely knows the art of perfumery and maintains a strict mystique about it to conceal the truth. His shop is so intoxicating that it scares away most potential customers; it is located in the middle of the bridge Pont-au-Change. He allows Grenouille's plea to demonstrate the copying of a competitor's perfume and is about to send Grenouille away when he realizes the copy is a faithful one, and then tests an exceptionally improved version of the original created on the spot by Grenouille. Recognizing Grenouille's genius for scent, he buys Grenouille from Grimal as his apprentice and starts to rebuild his decreasing business. He becomes rich and famous once again from the new perfumes that Grenouille creates for him. He ends by giving Grenouille journeyman papers, which will help Grenouille be accepted as a perfumer in his future travels. After Grenouille leaves him, his house and warehouses plunge into the river below as the bridge finally collapses, and the recipes he has taken for hundreds of Grenouille's perfumes are lost.
• Chénier – Baldini's assistant and apprentice for more than 30 years. He is somewhat younger than Baldini. He knows Baldini is talentless, but still boasts Baldini's skills in the hope that one day he will inherit Baldini's perfume shop.
• Pélissier – Never actually appears in novel. He is only talked about because he is considered the most innovative perfumer in Paris, despite not having any formal training.

In Pierrefort, after emerging from his isolation in the mountains:

• Taillade-Espinasse – Marquis, liege lord of a town of Pierrefort and a member of parliament, is an amateur scientist who develops indulgent and ridiculous theses (fluidal theory), which he supposedly demonstrates on Grenouille—- also feeding him, providing him with new clothes and giving him the opportunity to create a perfume. The Marquis dies soon after Grenouille's "disappearance" while pursuing his fluidal theory by attempting to live alone on a secluded mountain.

In Grasse, France:

• Madame Arnulfi – A lively, black-haired woman of about thirty years of age. She has been widowed for almost a year. She owns the perfume business of her dead husband and has a journeyman named Druot, who is also her paramour. She hires Grenouille as her second journeyman.
• Dominique Druot – Arnulfi's journeyman and paramour. He is the size of a Hun and is of average intelligence. Grenouille works for him as second journeyman. Druot is later hanged for Grenouille's crimes.
• Antoine Richis – Second consul and the richest man in Grasse, Laure's father.
• Laure Richis – A beautiful red-headed girl, daughter of Antoine Richis, the second girl whose scent is perceived as demanding capture by Grenouille, and his final victim.

Possible inspiration

The real story of the serial killer Manuel Blanco Romasanta (1809-1863), also known as the wolfman, who killed several women and children and extracted their body fat to make soap and sold their clothes, resembles this character.

The name of Jean-Baptiste Grenouille might be inspired by the French perfumer Paul Grenouille, who changed his name into 'Grenoville' when he opened his luxury perfume house in 1879.

Adaptations

• A movie adaptation, Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, co-written and directed by Tom Tykwer (who also composed the movie score), premiered in Germany on 14 September 2006.
• A Russian musical adaptation of the novel, Perfumer, premiered on 5 December 2010 in Moscow. Composer and singer Igor Demarin received Süskind's approval after communicating with a representative of his for two years.
• The song "Scentless Apprentice", by the American grunge band Nirvana, was inspired by Perfume. It is part of their 1993 album In Utero. The band's singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain described the novel as one of his favourite books that he re-read ten times and kept near him, in an interview on August 10, 1993 in Seattle, Washington.
• The song "Herr Spiegelmann" from the Portuguese gothic-doom metal band Moonspell contains an excerpt from the book.
• The song "Red Head Girl" by French downtempo duo Air is inspired by Perfume.
• The song "Du riechst so gut" (German for "You smell so good") by Rammstein was inspired by the book, which is one of lead singer Till Lindemann's favourite books.
• Marilyn Manson credits the novel as one of the inspirations behind the title of his second album, Smells Like Children.
• The episode "Sense Memory" of the television show Criminal Minds bears many similarities to the novel.
• The song "Nearly Witches (Ever Since We Met)" by Panic! at the Disco is inspired by Perfume.
• A song by the YouTube user Steampianist, created using the voice synthesizer Vocaloid, called "The Perfumer's Perfect Fumes" is based on the novel.
• The song "향 (Scentist)" by K-pop boy group VIXX and its music video are based on the novel.

References

• Süskind, Patrick. Perfume. Trans. John E. Woods. New York: Vintage International, 1986.