Petri dish
A Petri dish (sometimes spelled "Petrie dish" and alternatively known as a Petri plate or cell-culture dish), named after the German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri,[1] is a shallow cylindrical glass or plastic lidded dish that biologists use to culture cells[2] – most often bacteria[citation needed] – or small mosses.[3]
Modern Petri dishes usually feature rings and/or slots on their lids and bases so that when stacked, they are less prone to sliding off one another. Multiple dishes can also be incorporated into one plastic container to create a "multi-well plate". While glass Petri dishes may be reused after sterilization – via, for example, an autoclave or one hour's dry-heating in a hot-air oven at 160 °C – plastic Petri dishes are often used in a disposable fashion in experiments where cultures might contaminate each other.
Microbiology
Petri dishes are often used to make agar plates for microbiology studies. The dish is partially filled with warm liquid containing agar and a mixture of specific ingredients that may include nutrients, blood, salts, carbohydrates, dyes, indicators, amino acids and antibiotics. Once the agar cools and solidifies, the dish is ready to be inoculated ("plated") with a microbe-laden sample. Virus or phage cultures require a two-stage inoculation: after the agar preparation, bacteria are grown in the dish to provide hosts for the viral inoculum.
Petri plates are incubated upside-down to lessen the risk of contamination from airborne particles settling on them and to prevent the accumulation of any water condensation that may otherwise disturb or compromise a culture.
Scientists have been growing cells in natural and synthetic environments to study phenotypes that are not expressed on [conventionally rigid substrates][further explanation needed]. Growing cells either on or in Petri dishes can, however, be an expensive and labor-intensive undertaking.[4][5]
Other uses
Petri dishes are also used for eukaryotic cell culture in a liquid medium or on solid agar. Empty Petri dishes may be used to observe plant germination, the behavior of very small animals or for other day-to-day laboratory practices such as drying fluids in an oven and carrying or storing samples. Their transparency and flat profile also mean they are commonly used as temporary receptacles for viewing samples, especially liquids, under a low-power microscope.
Petri dishes in art
Israeli photographer and video artist Michal Rovner uses Petri dishes in many of her exhibitions to project miniature images of groups of humans performing movements and dance.[6]
Notes and references
- ^ Petri dish in the American Heritage Dictionary.
- ^ Mosby's Dental Dictionary (2nd ed.). Elsevier. 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
- ^ Ralf Reski, "Development, genetics and molecular biology of mosses", Botanica Acta 111 (1998), pp. 1–15.
- ^ Gilbert, P.M. et al., Substrate elasticity regulates skeletal muscle stem cell self-renewal in culture, Science 329 (2010), pp. 1078–1081.
- ^ Chowdhury, F. et al., Soft substrates promote homogeneous self-renewal of embryonic stem cells via downregulating cell-matrix tractions, PLoS ONE 5, e15655 (2010).
- ^ http://www.artnet.com/magazine/features/rush/rush7-9-03.asp
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