Robert Thomas Sanderson

R. T. Sanderson
R. T. Sanderson
Born	1912
Died	1989 (aged 76–77)
Nationality	American
Alma mater	University of Chicago
Known for	Electronegativity equalization
	Scientific career
Fields	Inorganic chemistry

Robert Thomas Sanderson (1912–1989) was an American inorganic chemist, more commonly known by the initials "R.T." found in his papers.^[1] He received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Chicago for his research in boron chemistry.^[2] After working in Texaco's research lab,^[3] he became a professor and spent his career on the faculties of the University of Florida, the University of Iowa, and Arizona State University.^[2] He also created a company supplying safety posters and lab-related artwork of his own design, and published several books including Vacuum Manipulation of Volatile Compounds.^[2]^[4]

Electronegativity equalization

In 1951, Sanderson developed the idea of electronegativity equalization, stating two bonding atoms will equalize their Mulliken electronegativity.^[1] He would later further revise his own scale of electronegativity to adhere to the 4.00 value of fluorine found in the more common Pauling scale, as well as apply his principle to the calculation of polar covalent bonds, calculating partial charges on a number of polar inorganic compounds.^[5] His electronegativity scale was applied to generating reference information like molecular geometry, s-electron energy, and NMR spin-spin constants for organic compounds.^[6]

Electronegativity (Sanderson scale)

v t e Electronegativity using the Sanderson scale
Group →	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
↓ Period
1	H 2.592^[7]																	He
2	Li 0.670^[7]	Be Ⅰ1.56^[8] Ⅱ1.81^[8]											B Ⅰ1.53^[8] Ⅱ2.19^[8] Ⅲ2.28^[8]	C 2.746^[7]	N 3.194^[7]	O 3.654^[7]	F 4.000^[7]	Ne 4.50
3	Na 0.560^[7]	Mg 1.318^[7]											Al Ⅰ0.84^[8] Ⅱ1.63^[8] Ⅲ1.71^[8]	Si Ⅰ2.08^[8] Ⅲ1.99^[8] Ⅳ2.14^[8]	P 2.515^[7]	S 2.957^[7]	Cl 3.475^[7]	Ar 3.31
4	K 0.445^[7]	Ca Ⅰ1.13^[8] Ⅱ0.95^[8]	Sc Ⅱ0.64^[9] Ⅲ1.02^[9]	Ti Ⅱ0.73^[9] Ⅲ1.09^[9] Ⅳ1.50^[9]	V Ⅱ0.69^[9] Ⅲ1.39^[9] Ⅳ1.89^[9] Ⅴ2.51^[9]	Cr Ⅱ1.24^[9] Ⅲ1.66^[9] Ⅳ2.29^[9] Ⅴ2.83^[9] Ⅵ3.37^[9]	Mn Ⅱ1.66^[9] Ⅲ2.20^[9] Ⅳ2.74^[9] Ⅴ3.28^[9] Ⅵ3.82^[9] Ⅶ4.36^[9]	Fe Ⅱ1.64^[9] Ⅲ2.20^[9]	Co Ⅱ1.96^[9] Ⅲ2.56^[9] Ⅳ3.10^[9]	Ni Ⅱ1.94^[9] Ⅲ2.73^[9] Ⅳ3.27^[9] Ⅴ3.81^[9]	Cu 2.03 Ⅱ1.98^[9]	Zn 2.223^[7]	Ga Ⅰ0.86^[8] Ⅲ2.42^[8]	Ge Ⅱ0.56^[8] Ⅳ2.62^[8]	As 2.816^[7]	Se 3.014^[7]	Br 3.219^[7]	Kr 2.91
5	Rb 0.312^[7]	Sr 0.721^[7]	Y Ⅱ0.40^[9] Ⅲ0.65^[9]	Zr Ⅱ0.52^[9] Ⅲ0.79^[9] Ⅳ0.90^[9]	Nb Ⅱ0.77^[9] Ⅲ1.02^[9] Ⅳ1.25^[9] Ⅴ1.42^[9]	Mo Ⅱ0.90^[9] Ⅲ1.15^[9] Ⅳ1.40^[9] Ⅴ1.73^[9] Ⅵ2.20^[9]	Tc	Ru	Rh	Pd	Ag 1.826^[7]	Cd Ⅰ0.71^[8] Ⅱ1.97^[8]	In 2.138^[7]	Sn Ⅱ1.49^[8] Ⅳ2.30^[8]	Sb 2.458^[7]	Te 2.618^[7]	I 2.778^[7]	Xe 2.34
6	Cs 0.220^[7]	Ba 0.651^[7]		Hf Ⅱ0.31^[9] Ⅲ0.56^[9] Ⅳ0.81^[9]	Ta Ⅱ0.44^[9] Ⅲ0.69^[9] Ⅳ0.94^[9] Ⅴ1.17^[9]	W Ⅱ0.73^[9] Ⅲ0.98^[9] Ⅳ1.23^[9] Ⅴ1.48^[9] Ⅵ1.67^[9]	Re	Os	Ir	Pt	Au	Hg 2.29 2.195^[7]	Tl Ⅰ0.99^[8] Ⅲ2.25^[8]	Pb Ⅱ1.92^[8] Ⅳ2.29^[8]	Bi 2.342^[7]	Po	At	Rn
7	Fr	Ra		Rf	Db	Sg	Bh	Hs	Mt	Ds	Rg	Cn	Nh	Fl	Mc	Lv	Ts	Og

			La 0.154^[10]	Ce Ⅲ0.203^[10] Ⅳ0.410^[10]	Pr 0.243^[10]	Nd 0.284^[10]	Pm 0.334^[10]	Sm 0.370^[10]	Eu 0.405^[10]	Gd 0.469^[10]	Tb 0.502^[10]	Dy 0.565^[10]	Ho 0.595^[10]	Er 0.641^[10]	Tm 0.698^[10]	Yb 0.739^[10]	Lu 0.773^[10]
			Ac	Th	Pa	U	Np	Pu	Am	Cm	Bk	Cf	Es	Fm	Md	No	Lr
See also: Electronegativities of the elements (data page)

References

^ ^a ^b Lalena, John; Cleary, David (2010). Principles of Inorganic Materials Design (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 105. ISBN 9780471434184.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ostroff, A.G. (March 1991). "Recollections of Prof. R.T. Sanderson". Southwest Retort. 44 (12): 7. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
^ Sanderson, R. T. (February 1949). "Viscosity-Temperature Characteristics of Hydrocarbons". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 41 (2): 368–374. doi:10.1021/ie50470a027.
^ Sanderson, R.T. (1948). Vacuum Manipulation of Volatile Compounds. John Wiley and Sons.
^ Sanderson, R. T. (April 1983). "Electronegativity and Bond Energy". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 105 (8): 2259–2261. doi:10.1021/ja00346a026.
^ Trofimov, M. I.; Smolenskii, E. A. (2005). "Application of the electronegativity indices of organic molecules to tasks of chemical informatics". Russian Chemical Bulletin. 54 (9): 2235–2246. doi:10.1007/s11172-006-0105-6. S2CID 98716956.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837

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[principles-1] Lalena, John; Cleary, David (2010). Principles of Inorganic Materials Design (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 105. ISBN 9780471434184.

[ostroff-2] Ostroff, A.G. (March 1991). "Recollections of Prof. R.T. Sanderson". Southwest Retort. 44 (12): 7. Retrieved 21 December 2014.

[3] Sanderson, R. T. (February 1949). "Viscosity-Temperature Characteristics of Hydrocarbons". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 41 (2): 368–374. doi:10.1021/ie50470a027.

[4] Sanderson, R.T. (1948). Vacuum Manipulation of Volatile Compounds. John Wiley and Sons.

[5] Sanderson, R. T. (April 1983). "Electronegativity and Bond Energy". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 105 (8): 2259–2261. doi:10.1021/ja00346a026.

[6] Trofimov, M. I.; Smolenskii, E. A. (2005). "Application of the electronegativity indices of organic molecules to tasks of chemical informatics". Russian Chemical Bulletin. 54 (9): 2235–2246. doi:10.1007/s11172-006-0105-6. S2CID 98716956.

[S1-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa R. T. Sanderson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 2259-2261 (1983).

[S2-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 1856-1858 (1986).

[S3-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd R. T. Sanderson Inorg. Chem. 25, 3518-3522 (1986).

[SL-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Jeong, N., Lee, J., Tae, E., Lee, Y. and Yoon, K. (2008), Acidity Scale for Metal Oxides and Sanderson's Electronegativities of Lanthanide Elements. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47: 10128-10132. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803837

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