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Roger de Pont L'Évêque

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Roger de Pont L'Evêque
Term endedNovember 26 1181
PredecessorWilliam FitzHerbert
SuccessorGeoffrey Plantagenet
Orders
ConsecrationOctober 10 1154
Personal details
Borncirca 1115
DiedNovember 26 1181
BuriedDurham Cathedral

Roger de Pont L'Evêque or Robert of Bishop's Bridge (d. 1181) was a contemporary of Thomas Becket and later Archbishop of York. Born in Normandy, he preceded Becket as Archdeacon of Canterbury, and together with Becket served Theobald of Bec while Theobald was Archbishop of Canterbury. While in Theobald's service, Roger was alleged to have committed a crime which Becket helped to cover up. Roger succeeded William Fitzherbert as archbishop in 1154, and while at York rebuilt York Minster, which had been damaged by fire.

Roger did not become deeply involved in the dispute between King Henry II of England and Becket until 1170, when the King had Roger preside at the coronation of the king's son Henry the Young King, a function that would normally have been performed by the Archbishop of Canterbury. In retaliation Becket excommunicated Roger in late 1170, and some have seen this excommunication as one reason for King Henry's anger at Becket which led to Becket's martyrdom. After being suspended from office by the Pope for his supposed role in Becket's death, Roger was eventually restored to office in late 1171, and died in 1181. The see of York remained vacant after his death until 1189.

Early life

File:150px-B Eugen III.jpg
Pope Eugenius III

Roger was probably born around 1115 and was a native of Pont l'Évêque in Normandy. His only known relative was a nephew, Geoffrey, to whom Roger gave the offices of provost of Beverley and archdeacon of York.[1] Roger was a clerk of Archbishop Theobald's before being named Archdeacon of Canterbury, some time after March 1148.[2] When Becket joined Theobald's household, their contemporary William fitz Stephen recorded that Roger disliked the new clerk, and twice drove Thomas away before the archbishop's brother Walter arranged Thomas' return.[3]

According to John of Salisbury, who first reported this story in 1172 after the death of Thomas Becket, as a young clerk Roger was involved in a scandal involving a homosexual relationship with a boy named Walter. After Walter made the relationship public, Roger reacted by embroiling Walter in judicial case that ended with Walter's eyes being gouged out. When Walter then accused Roger of this crime, Roger persuaded a judge to condemn Walter to death by hanging. Becket supposedly was involved in the cover-up afterwards, by arranging with Hilary of Chichester and John of Coutances for Roger to swear an oath that he was innocent. According to John of Salisbury, Roger then went to Rome in 1152 and was cleared of involvement by Pope Eugenius III. John of Salisbury further alleges that it was only after bribery that the pope cleared Roger. Frank Barlow, a medieval historian and Becket's biographer, points out in his biography of Becket that while Roger was accused of these crimes, and may even have been guilty of some sort of criminal homosexuality, John of Salisbury's motives for bringing up this story in 1172 were almost certainly to defame Roger. Such a story would naturally have put Roger in the worst possible light.[3]

It was while Roger was Theobald's clerk that he made lasting friendships with Gilbert Foliot and Hugh de Puiset.[1] Roger attended the Council of Rheims in 1148 with Theobald, John of Salisbury, and possibly Thomas Becket. This council condemned some of Gilbert de la Porrée's teachings, and consecrated Foliot as Bishop of Hereford.[4] While it was later recalled that Roger and Becket did not get along, there is no evidence of hatred between the two before the Becket crisis happened.[3]

Archbishop

Henry II and Thomas Becket are shown in this 14th century illuminated manuscript.

Roger was consecrated Archbishop of York on October 10 1154.[5] When he went north to York, the legal scholar Vacarius, who had been part of Theobald's household, followed Roger and spent the next 50–years in the north.[6] Vacarius was responsible for introducing Roman civil law into England, and did so under the patronage of Roger. He wrote a standard textbook on the civil law, the Liber pauperum, and was an important advisor for Roger.[7]

Roger attended the Council of Tours in 1163, along with a number of other English bishops.[8] Pope Alexander III named Roger a papal legate in February 1164, but his powers did not include the city of Canterbury or anything to do with Archbishop Becket.[9] They did, however, include Scotland.[10]

In late 1164 Roger led a deputation from Henry II that visited the papal court, or curia, to try to persuade Alexander III that any decision on the deposition of Becket should take place in England under a papal legate, rather than in Rome.[11] While Becket was in exile, Roger also managed to secure papal permission for archbishops of York to carry their cross in front of them anywhere in England, a right that had long been a bone of contention between Canterbury and York. Later, the pope rescinded the permission, but consistently refused to give primacy to either Canterbury or York in their struggles.[12]

Roger did not like monks, and William of Newburgh said that he often referred to the foundation of Fountains Abbey as the worst mistake of Archbishop Thurstan's episcopate.[13] Roger also was accused of avarice, and of making unworthy clerical appointments. However, he also started the rebuilding of York Minster, which had been damaged by fire in 1137, and helped with the building of a church at Ripon. He also endowed the school at York with an annual income of 100 shillings.[1]

Controversy with Becket

Roger got drawn into the controversy with Becket because Henry II wanted to have his eldest living son crowned as king during Henry's lifetime. This was a new practice for England, but was a custom of the Capetian kings of France, which Henry decided to imitate.[14] Henry II insisted that his son, Henry the Young King be crowned at Westminster Abbey on 14 June 1170 by Archbishop Roger of York.[9] Also present at the coronation were the bishops of London, Salisbury, Exeter, Chester, Rochester, St Aspah, Llandaff, Durham, Bayeux, Evreux and Sées. The only English bishops absent seem to have been Winchester, Norwich, Worcester, and of course Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, who was in exile. The remaining English sees were vacant.[15] This overstepped a long tradition which reserved coronations to the Archbishop of Canterbury, a reservation confirmed as recently as 1166 by Pope Alexander III. In 1170, however, Henry II received papal permission to have Roger crown the younger Henry, a permission which Alexander later revoked.[16][17]

Before Becket returned to England, on December 1 1170, he excommunicated Roger, as well as Gilbert Foliot Bishop of Lincoln and Josceline de Bohon Bishop of Salisbury. After Becket landed in England the three excommunicates went to Becket and asked for absolution, but while Becket was willing to absolve Gilbert and Josceline, he insisted that only the pope could absolve an archbishop. Roger persuaded the others that they should stick together, and all three went to King Henry in Normandy, to secure the king's permission for their appeals to Rome.[18]

Roger's and his fellow-bishops' stories to Henry are often cited as the spark that touched off the king's anger at Becket and led to his martyrdom. However, it was more probably the stories of Becket's behavior upon arrival in England that caused Henry's anger, and which indirectly led to the death of Becket.[18] Roger was suspended by Pope Alexander III because he was implicated in Becket's death, but was restored to office on December 16 1171.[9]

Death and afterwards

Roger died on 26 November 1181[5] and was buried at Durham. Other sources give the date of death as 22 November or 20 November.[9] After Roger's death, the king declared his will invalid and confiscated most of his wealth.[1] Henry's excuse was that bishops' wills made after the bishop became ill, that bequeathed most of their property to charity, were invalid.[19]

Roger had one son, named William, at some point in his career.[9] York remained vacant from Roger's death in 1181 until 1189.[20]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Barlow "Pont l'Évêque, Roger de (c.1115–1181)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online Edition accessed November 12, 2007
  2. ^ Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066-1300: volume 2: Monastic cathedrals (northern and southern provinces): Archdeacons of Canterbury
  3. ^ a b c Barlow Thomas Becket p. 33-34
  4. ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 35
  5. ^ a b Fryde Handbook of British Chronology p. 264
  6. ^ Barlow The English Church 1066-1154 p. 255
  7. ^ Stein "Vacarius Vacarius (c.1120–c.1200)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  8. ^ Duggan "From the Conquest to the Death of John" in Lawrence The English Church & the Papacy in the Middle Ages p. 88
  9. ^ a b c d e Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066-1300: Volume 6: York: List 1: Archbishops
  10. ^ Duggan "From the Conquest to the Death of John" in Lawrence The English Church & the Papacy in the Middle Ages p. 104
  11. ^ Warren Henry II p. 490
  12. ^ Warren Henry II p. 503
  13. ^ Knowles The Monastic Order in England p. 316
  14. ^ Warren Henry II pp. 110-111
  15. ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 206-207
  16. ^ Powell The House of Lords p. 84-85
  17. ^ Warren Henry II p. 501-502
  18. ^ a b Warren Henry II p. 507-508
  19. ^ Barber Henry Plantagenet p. 202
  20. ^ Barber Henry Plantagenet p. 219

References

  • Barber, Richard (1993). Henry Plantagenet 1133-1189. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 1-56619-363-X.
  • Barlow, Frank (1979). The English Church 1066-1154: A History of the Anglo-Norman Church. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-50236-5.
  • Barlow, Frank (1986). Thomas Becket. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07175-1.
  • Barlow, Frank (2004). "Pont l'Évêque, Roger de (c.1115–1181)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
  • Greenway, Diana E. (1999). Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066-1300: Volume 6: York: List 1: Archbishops. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
  • Greenway, Diana E. (1971). Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066-1300: volume 2: Monastic cathedrals (northern and southern provinces): Archdeacons: Canterbury. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
  • Duggan, Charles (1965). "From the Conquest to the Death of John". In Lawrence, C. H. (ed.). The English Church and the Papacy in the Middle Ages (Reprint edition 1999 ed.). Stroud: Sutton Publishing. pp. p. 63-116. ISBN 0-7509-1947-7. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  • Fryde, E. B. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third Edition, revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Knowles, David (1976). The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940-1216 (Second Edition, reprint ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05479-6.
  • Powell, J. Enoch (1968). The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Stein, Peter (2004). "Vacarius (c.1120–c.1200)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  • Warren, W. L. (1973). Henry II. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03494-5.
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Archbishop of York
1154–1181 		Succeeded by

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