Scandoromani
| Scandoromani | |
|---|---|
| Rodi | |
| Rom(m)ani; Romani rakripa | |
| Native to | Norway |
Native speakers | ca. 100–150 (2014)[1] Speakers mostly elderly. More people speak Swedish with some Roma vocabulary.[1] |
| Official status | |
Official language in | recognised minority language in Norway (1993) Sweden (1999) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:rmg – Traveller Norwegianrmu – Tavringer Romani (Sweden)rmd – Traveller Danish |
| Glottolog | trav1236 Norwegiantavr1235 Swedishtrav1237 Danish |
Scandoromani (Swedish: romani, Norwegian: romani, Template:Lang-rmu[2] alt. tavringens rakripa[3][4]), also known as Tavringer Romani[5] and the Tattare language,[6] is a North Germanic based Para-Romani. It is spoken by the Scandinavian Travellers, a Romani minority community, in Norway (ca. 100–150 elderly speakers),[1] and formerly in Sweden and Denmark.
"Scandoromani" is a term coined by academics. In Sweden, Scandoromani is referred to as resande rommani (Traveller Romani) or svensk rommani (Swedish Romani), while in Norway the same language is known as norsk romani (Norwegian Romani).
Like Angloromani in Britain and Caló (Spanish Romani) in Spain, Scandoromani draws upon a (now extinct) vocabulary of inflected Romani. Much of the original Romani grammar, however, has been lost to the users, and they now communicate in Swedish or Norwegian grammar.
There is no standarised form of Scandoromani, so variations exist in vocabulary, pronunciation, and usage, depending on the speaker. In print, Scandoromani words are often written with Swedish (S) or Norwegian (N) letters (ä, æ, ø, å) and letter combinations to represent Romani sounds, e.g., tj- (/ɕ/) or kj- (/ç/ alt. /tʃ/) to represent the Romani č /tʃ/ and čh /tʃʰ/. Some examples of Scandoromani variant spellings are: tjuro[7] (S) / kjuro[3] (N) 'knife'; gräj[7] (S) / grei[3] (N) 'horse'.
See also
References
- Hancock, Ian (1992) "The Social and Linguistic Development of Scandoromani", Jahr, Ernst Håkon (ed.), Language Contact: Theoretical and Empirical Studies, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-012802-0, pp. 37–52
2014 Lenny Lindell – Scandoromani Remnants of a Mixed Language. (Brills) ISBN 9789004266445[3]
- ^ a b c Carling et al., 2014, Scandoromani: Remnants of a Mixed Language. Leiden: Brill.
- ^ Cf. Romani rakripa
- ^ a b c Karlsen, Ludvig. "Tavringens Rakripa: Romanifolkets Ordbok" (in Norwegian and Scandoromani). Landsorganisasjonen for Romanifolket. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ A recent suggestion apparently backed by the Swedish Language Council is to call the language Svedo romani (i.e. "Swedish Romani").[1] This usage, however, is not widely documented amongst Scandoromani speakers.
- ^ Ethnologue Romani, Tavringer
- ^ LLOW Language Server - Tavringer Romani
- ^ a b Resande Folkets Riksorganisation (2006). Ordlista i resandespråket romani (in Swedish and Scandoromani) (2nd ed.). Malmö: Föreningen Resande Folkets Riksorganisation. ISBN 91-631-9668-9.
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Suggested further reading
- Lindell, Lenny; Thorbjörnsson-Djerf, Kenth (2008). Carling, Gerd (ed.). Ordbok över svensk romani: Resandefolkets språk och sånger (in Swedish). Stockholm: Podium. ISBN 978-91-89196-43-8. (A lexicon and grammatical overview of Swedish Scandoromani; includes several Traveller song texts in extenso)
- Baardsen, Gjest: Vandrings- eller skøiersprog; med tillegg av F. L. Hartman og N. Olsen. (Ord og sed; 132) Oslo : Noregs boklag Helge Refsum, 1948
- Baardsen, Gjest: «Samling af de mest forrekommende Ord i det saakaldte Vandrings eller Skøiersprog» from Digital Archives
- Iversen, Ragnvald: The Rodi (Rotwelsch) in Norway. (Secret languages in Norway; 2) Oslo : I kommisjon hos Dybwad, 1945 [2]
External links
- Scandoromani-Norwegian word list Template:No icon
- Examples of Scandoromani text from the websites of the Swedish Parliament and the Swedish Language Council