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Senegalia rugata

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Senegalia rugata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Clade: Mimosoid clade
Genus: Senegalia
Species:
S. rugata
Binomial name
Senegalia rugata
Synonyms[1]

Senegalia rugata, commonly known in India as shikakai, is a spiny climbing shrub native to China and tropical Asia, common in the warm plains of central and south India.[2][1] It is renowned as a raw material for shampoo, while the leaves and young shoots are often eaten. Archaeobotanical evidence shows its use for hair care in the pre-Harrapan levels of Banawali, some 4500-4,300 years ago.

Description

A woody climber, or shrub or small tree up to 5m tall, with numerous spines.[3][4] Leaves are bipinnate. Cream to pale-yellow flowers, though buds are red to purplish-red and when the flowers are open they appear cream. The seed pods are distinctive, when fresh they are smooth, thick and fleshy however when they dry they become wrinkled, blackish and very hard.[5]

Distribution

The species is native to Asia, including Zhōngguó/China.[1][6][5][3] Countries and regions to which it is native include: Papua Niugini (Eastern New Guinea); Indonesia (West Papua, Kai Islands, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, Jawa, Sumatera); Philippines; Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; Zhōngguó/China (Guangdong, [[Yunnan]); Laos; Myanmar; India (Andaman Islands, Assam, Bangladesh, Nepal, East Himalaya. It has been introduced/naturalised to the following countries/regions: Nouvelle Caledonie; Australia (Queensland); Japan (Okinawa); Réunion; Madagascar; Seychelles; Brasil (southeast); Jamaica

Habitat & ecology

In the Philippines the plant occurs in low and medium elevation thickets.[7] The species grows both in the forest and within villages in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.[8] S. rugata grows in forest or thickets in Zhōngguó/China, most commonly near watercourses in valleys, at between 880m and 1500m altitude.[3]

The tree is food for the larvae of the butterfly Pantoporia hordonia.[9]

Archaeobotany

Pre-Harappan level of Banawali (2750-2500 BC), Haryana have revealed traces of a mixture of shikakai with soap nuts and Amla (Indian Gooseberry), exhibiting ancient roots of South Asian hygiene.[10]

Vernacular names

  • ba:y dâmnaëb (="sticky rice", an allusion to its clingy thorns), bânla sâöt (="viscous spines"), sâmpöy, sândaèk kâmpöënh (evoking "wild bean") (Khmer)[11]
  • ส้มขน som khon or ส้มป่อย som poi (Thailand)[3][12]
  • phu che sa,[8] or pa chi (Pang Hin Fon district)(Karen,Chiang Mai Province, Thailand)[13]
  • kad ka ha (Lawa language, Pang Hin Fon district, Chiang Mai)
  • 紫荚金合欢, zǐ jiá jīn hé huān (Chinese, ="purple-pod senegalia")[3]
  • soap pod wattle (Australia)[14]

Uses

Shikakai, hair care

Senegalia rugata has been used traditionally for hair care in the Indian Subcontinent since ancient times. It is one of the Ayurvedic medicinal plants. It is traditionally used as a shampoo [15] and it is also added in synthetic Ayurvedic shampoos. It is widely known as Shikakai. In order to prepare it the fruit pods, leaves and bark of the plant are dried, ground into a powder, then made into a paste. While this traditional shampoo does not produce the normal amount of lather that a sulfate-containing shampoo would, it is considered a good cleanser. It is mild, having a naturally low pH, and doesn't strip hair of natural oils. An infusion of the leaves has been used in anti-dandruff preparations.[16]

S. rugata extracts are used in natural shampoos or hair powders and the tree is now grown commercially in India and Far East Asia.[17] The plant parts used for the dry powder or the extract are the bark, leaves or pods. The bark contains high levels of saponins, which are foaming agents found in several other plant species used as shampoos or soaps. Saponin-containing plants have a long history of use as mild cleaning agents. Saponins from the plant's pods have been traditionally used as a detergent, and in Bengal for poisoning fish; they are documented to be potent marine toxins.

Food, medicine, & other uses

This species is used in a variety of ways in Cambodia.[11] The young leaves are included in salads. The fruit is used for washing hair and in local medicine. To treat abscesses, eczema and leprosy the fruit are used externally, as a laxative they are taken internally. The pulp of the fruit, without the seeds, is used as a diuretic and emetic, while the seeds are reputed to make delivery in childbirth easier.

Traditional healers of Nakhon Nayok Province, Thailand, use the leaves of this species to treat irregular menstruation.[12]

Amongst the Karen people of Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, the plant is one of the most widely used legumes.[8] They use the fruit in a cold infusion both as soap and shampoo, and as a medicine for food poisoning. The dried fruit is used in holy water for the rituals to pay respect to elderly people and to evict wickedness.

Investigating plant use amongst both Karen and Lawa people living in Pang Hin Fon district (Chiang Mai), S. rugata was one of the plants that provided both food and health-products.[13] The young shoots and leaves are cooked in a soup, the fruit are eaten raw or cooked, while the bark was chewed and kept as a quid in the mouth to counter-act toothache, and a decoction of the fruit was used as shampoo.

An infusion of the leaves of S. rugata has also been used for therapy of jaundice in the traditional Indian medicine.[18]

In Nepal, the plant is one of many that are processed and sold in the medicinal products industry.[19] In 2004, an estimated 2459kg of material was purchased nationwide by the industry at an average price of 80 Nepalese rupees. Central wholesalers provided the raw material.

Flowers

The leaves have an acidic taste and are used in chutneys.

Chemical constituents

Alkaloids are found in the tree's fruit.[20] The species is invasive in countries around the world, including New Caledonia.[21] In commercial extracts, when the plant is hydrolyzed it yields lupeol, spinasterol, acacic acid, lactone, and the natural sugars glucose, arabinose and rhamnose. It also contains hexacosanol, spinasterone, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, and the alkaloids calyctomine and nicotine.

  • Pods
    Pods
  • Seeds
    Seeds

History

The two US botanists, Nathaniel Lord Britton (1859-1934, co-founder of the New York Botanical Garden), and Joseph Nelson Rose (1862-1928, of the Smithsonian), first described the taxa in 1928 in the publication North American Flora (vol. 23[2]: 120, published by the New York Botanical Garden.[22] This taxa was subsumed into the well-known species Acacia concinna, however with advances in DNA analysis and consequent revision of plant phylogeny, the species S. rugata was recognised as having precedence in 2015 by Maslin and others.[6] The epitaph rugata is derived from rugatus (Latin), meaning wrinkled, referring to the state of the pods when dry.[3]

Further reading

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez & Strong, 2012, Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies
  • de Lourdes Rico-Acre, 2007, A checklist and synopsis of American species of Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)
  • Dy Phon, Pauline, 2000, Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge, chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
  • Kumar & Sane, 2003, Legumes of South Asia: A Checklist
  • Lepschi & Monro, 2014, Australian Plant Census (APC), http://www.anbg.gov.au/chah/apc/index.html.
  • Lock & Ford, 2004, Legumes of Malesia: a Check-List
  • MacKee, 1994, Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, ed. 2
  • Maslin, 2012, New combinations in Senegalia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) for Australia. Nuytsia 22(6): 465–468. https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/science/nuytsia/661.pdf
  • Nielsen, 1985, Flora of Thailand 4: 171, fig. 4–11 (listed as Acacia concinna)
  • Pandey & Dilwakar, 2008, An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands
  • Pedley, 2001, Acacia sinuata, in Maslin, WATTLE Acacias of Australia CD-ROM. (Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra, and Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth).
  • Polhill, 1990, Flore des Mascareignes 80
  • Wu & Raven, 2010, Flora of China

References

  1. ^ a b c "Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  2. ^ "Acacia concinna - ILDIS LegumeWeb". www.ildis.org. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Maslin, Bruce R.; Ho, Boon Chuan; Sun, Hang; Bai, Lin (2019). "Revision of Senegalia in China, and notes on introduced species of Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)". Plant Diversity. 41 (6, December): 353–480. doi:10.1016/j.pld.2019.09.001. PMC 6923495. PMID 31891020.
  4. ^ "Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose". Flora of Australia. Dept. Environment & Energy, Australian Government. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  5. ^ a b Maslin, B.R. (2015). "Synoptic overview of Acacia sensu lato (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in East and Southeast Asia" (PDF). Gardens' Bulletin Singapore. 67 (1): 231–250. doi:10.3850/S2382581215000186. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  6. ^ a b Maslin, B.R.; Seigler, D.S.; Ebinger, J. "New combinations in Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) for Southeast Asia and China". Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  7. ^ Pelser, Pieter B. "Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines: Fabaceae = Leguminosae Subfamily Mimosoideae: Senegalia Raf". Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines. philippineplants.org. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  8. ^ a b c Sutjaritjai, Natcha; Wangpakapattanawong, Prasit; Balslev, Henrik; Inta, Angkhana (2019). "Traditional Uses of Leguminosae among the Karen in Thailand". Plants. 8 (12): 600. doi:10.3390/plants8120600. PMC 6963713. PMID 31847100. Retrieved 27 February 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ "Pantoporia". www.funet.fi. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
  10. ^ Bisht (1993). "Paleobotanical and pollen analytical investigations" (PDF). Indian Archaeology a Review 1993-1994: 143–144.
  11. ^ a b Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisees au Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. p. 406.
  12. ^ a b Sitthithaworn, Worapan; Weerasathien, Lalita; Onsawang, Chamaiporn (2019). "The Use of Medicinal Plants for Gynecologic Ailments by Thai Traditional Folk Healers in Nakhonnayok Province" (PDF). Thai Pharmaceutical and Health Science Journal. 14 (3): 111–121. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  13. ^ a b Punchay, Kittiyut; with four others (2020). "Traditional knowledge of wild food plants of Thai Karen and Lawa (Thailand)". Genet Resour Crop Evol. 67 (5): 1277–1299. doi:10.1007/s10722-020-00910-x. S2CID 211479636. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  14. ^ Csurhes, Steve (2016). "Using 'WeedSearch' to assess the feasibility of eradicating 34 high-risk invasive plant species in Queensland". Twentieth Australasian Weeds Conference. pp. 255–7.
  15. ^ "Acacia concinna - Shikakai". www.flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  16. ^ "Shikakai for Hair: 16 Benefits and 11 Ways to Use it". beautystylr.com. 2017-04-29. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  17. ^ "Forestry :: Nursery Technologies". agritech.tnau.ac.in. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  18. ^ Tewari D, Mocan A, Parvanov ED, Sah AN, Nabavi SM, Huminiecki L, Ma ZF, Lee YY, Horbańczuk JO, Atanasov AG. Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Therapy of Jaundice: Part I. Front Pharmacol. 2017 Aug 15;8:518. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00518.
  19. ^ Caporale, Filippo; Mateo-Martín, Jimena; Usman, Muhammad Faizan; Smith-Hall, Carsten (2020). "Plant-Based Sustainable Development—The Expansion and Anatomy of the Medicinal Plant Secondary Processing Sector in Nepal". Sustainability. 12 (14): 5575. doi:10.3390/su12145575. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  20. ^ www.ingentaconnect.com Archived October 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Hequet, Vanessa (2009). Les Espèces Exotiques Envahissantes de Nouvelle Calédonie (PDF) (in French). p. 17.
  22. ^ "Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23(2): 120 (1928)". International Plant Name Index (IPNI). The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 27 February 2021.

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