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Session of Christ

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Illustration from the Book of Kells of Christ enthroned. The central significance of Christ's heavenly session is his reign as king.

The Christian doctrine of the Session of Christ or heavenly session says that Jesus Christ is seated at the right hand of God the Father in Heaven—the word "session" is an archaic noun meaning "sitting." Although the word formerly meant "the act of sitting down," its meaning is somewhat broader in current English usage, and is used to refer to a sitting for various reasons, such as a teaching session, or a court or council being in session. The New Testament also depicts Jesus as standing and walking in Heaven, but the Session of Christ has special theological significance because of its connection to the role of Christ as King. The Session of Christ is one of the doctrines specifically mentioned in the Apostles' Creed, where "sitteth on the right hand of God the Father Almighty" immediately follows the statement of the Ascension.

Biblical references

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According to the Book of Acts, Acts 2:33, after Jesus' resurrection and ascension, he was "exalted to the right hand of God." Preaching on the Day of Pentecost, Peter saw Jesus' exaltation as a fulfilment of Psalm 110:1, The LORD says to my Lord: "Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet."[1] In the Bible, the "right hand" is the special place of honour.[2]

Pieter de Grebber, God Inviting Christ to Sit on the Throne at His Right Hand, 1645. This invitation from Psalm 110:1 is quoted in the Book of Acts as being fulfilled in Christ's heavenly session.

The idea of Christ's heavenly session appears a second time in the account of Peter's preaching in the Book of Acts. In Acts 5:31, Peter says that God exalted Jesus, "to his own right hand" (NIV), though Louis Berkhof notes that the dative τῇ δεξιᾷ may have to be taken in the instrumental sense ("by his own right hand") rather than a local sense ("at his own right hand").[3]

The heavenly session was important to other writers of the New Testament. In the Epistle to the Hebrews, Hebrews 10:12, it says that Jesus "sat down at the right hand of God," after he had "offered for all time one sacrifice for sins." As in Acts 2, the language of Psalm 110 is used, the next verse saying that Jesus is waiting "for his enemies to be made his footstool."[4] Other New Testament passages that speak of Christ as being at God's right hand are Ephesians 1:20 (God seated Christ "at his right hand in the heavenly realms") and 1Peter 3:22 (Jesus has "gone into heaven and is at God's right hand").

In Matthew Matthew 26:64 and Mark 14:62, Jesus says to Caiaphas, "you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of Power". This is a reference to Daniel 7:13, in which Daniel sees a vision of "one like a son of man" coming to the Ancient of Days.

Posture

Pietro da Cortona, Stoning of Saint Stephen, 1660. Acts 7:55 says that, as he was dying, Saint Stephen saw Jesus standing at the right hand of God.

The word "session" is an archaic noun meaning sitting.[5] Wayne Grudem notes that the word formerly meant "the act of sitting down," but that it no longer has that sole meaning in ordinary English usage today.[6] This language is used in Psalm 110:1 and Hebrews 10:12. In Acts 7:55, however, Stephen sees Jesus standing at the right hand of God.[7] This may represent Jesus "rising momentarily from the throne of glory to greet his proto-martyr,"[8] standing as a witness to vindicate Stephen's testimony,[9] or preparing to return.[10]

In the Book of Revelation, Revelation 2:1, on the other hand, Jesus is referred to as walking among the seven golden lampstands. Robert Mounce suggests that since these lampstands represent seven churches, Jesus' motion indicates that he is "present in their midst and aware of their activities."[11]

In the creeds

The Apostles' Creed says of Jesus that "He ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of God the Father Almighty" (1662 Book of Common Prayer). The words "and sitteth on the right hand of the Father," do not appear in the Nicene Creed of 325, but are present in the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed of 381,[12] and are retained in all English versions of the Nicene Creed.

Theological significance

In the Bible, to be at the right side "is to be identified as being in the special place of honor," and thus "the full participation of the risen Christ in God's honor and glory is emphasized by his being at God's right hand."[2]

The heavenly session is often connected to the enthronement of Christ as King. The Catechism of the Catholic Church says that "being seated at the Father's right hand signifies the inauguration of the Messiah's kingdom."[13] Louis Berkhof notes that, in his session, Christ is "publicly inaugurated as God-man, and as such receives the government of the Church and of heaven and earth, and enters solemnly upon the actual administration of the power committed to Him."[14]

In Hebrews 10:12, however, it is Jesus' priestly office that is in view. The session refers to the completed nature of the work, in the same way that "a human being will sit down at the completion of a large work to enjoy the satisfaction of having accomplished it."[6] F. F. Bruce argues that

Michael Damaskenos Icon of the Holy Liturgy, from the 16th century Cretan school, showing Western stylistic influence.

The presence of Messiah at God's right hand means that for His people there was now a way of access to God more immediate and heart-satisfying than the obsolete temple ritual had ever been able to provide.[15]

Karl Barth says that the session of Christ is "the first and the last thing that matters for our existence in time," and that

Whatever prosperity or defeat may occur in our space, whatever may become and pass away, there is one constant, one thing that remains and continues, this sitting of His at the right hand of God the Father.[16]

Use in hymnody

The heavenly session is referred to in many hymns, such as Charles Wesley's hymn Rejoice, the Lord is King:

He sits at God’s right hand till all His foes submit,
And bow to His command, and fall beneath His feet:
Lift up your heart, lift up your voice;
Rejoice, again I say, rejoice!

The Christmas carol Once in Royal David's City contrasts Christ's humble birth with his heavenly session; the last verse begins:

Not in that poor lowly stable,
With the oxen standing by,
We shall see Him; but in Heaven,
Set at God’s right hand on high;[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ Acts 2:33–36
  2. ^ a b Ryken, Leland; Wilhoit, James; Longman, Tremper, eds. (1998). "Right, Right Hand". Dictionary of Biblical Imagery. InterVarsity Press. pp. 727–728.
  3. ^ Louis Berkhof, Systematic Theology (Banner of Truth, 1959), 351.
  4. ^ Hebrews 10:12–13
  5. ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  6. ^ a b Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology (IVP, 1994), 618.
  7. ^ Acts 7:55
  8. ^ F. F. Bruce, Commentary on the Book of the Acts (Eerdmans, 1964), 167.
  9. ^ Bruce, Commentary on the Book of the Acts, 168.
  10. ^ H. P. Owen, "Stephen's vision in Acts 7:55-56," NTS 1 [1955], 224-226.
  11. ^ Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Eerdmans, 1977), 86.
  12. ^ Philip Schaff, Creeds of Christendom, Volume I, §8.
  13. ^ "Paragraph 664". Catechism of the Catholic Church. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  14. ^ Berkhof, Systematic Theology, 352.
  15. ^ Bruce, Commentary on the Book of the Acts, 166.
  16. ^ Karl Barth, Dogmatics in Outline (SCM, 1960), 126.
  17. ^ The Cyber Hymnal: Once in Royal David's City.
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