Sindh Sultanate

Sultanate of Sindh
*سلطان نشین سند* (Persian)
*سنڌ جي سلطنت* (Sindhi)
Sultanate of Sindh سلطان نشین سند (Persian); سنڌ جي سلطنت (Sindhi)
1351–1593
	Sindh Sultanate in 1525 alongside Multan Sultanate
Status	Sultanate
Capital	Thatta; (1352–1374; 1389–1593); Samui; (1374–1389); Bhakkar; (1522–1554)
Largest city	Thatta
Common languages	Persian (Official); Sindhi (Native); Kutchi; Gujarati; Arabic; Balochi; Saraiki
Religion	State religion:; Sunni Islam; (Shafi'i); (1351–1524); Sunni Islam; (Hanafi); (1520–1593); Others: ; Hinduism; Buddhism
Demonym(s)	Sindhi
Government	Absolute monarchy
Sultan
• 1351–1352 (first)	Firuz'ud-Din Unar
• 1585–1593 (last)	Jani Beg Tarkhan
Historical era	Medieval India
• Jam Unar defeats Sardar Hamir	1351
• Delhi–Sindh War	1350–1368
• Samma–Soomra War	1351–1352
• Sindh–Gujarat Alliance	1442
• Arghun–Samma War	November 1518–October 1524
• Sindh–Multan War	1525–1527
• Mughal–Sindh War	1586–1 November 1592
• Abdication of Jani Beg Tarkhan	28 March 1593
Area
1470	160,211 km2 (61,858 sq mi)
Currency	Gold Dinar; Silver Tanka; Copper Jital; Bronze Falus
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Soomra dynasty
	Delhi Sultanate
	Langah Sultanate
Mughal Empire
Today part of	Pakistan; India

The Sindh Sultanate (Sindhi: سنڌ جي سلطنت, Persian: سلطان نشین سند) or historically romanized as Sultanate of Sind, was a medieval Indo-Islamic sultanate established in the mid 14th century primarily based in Sindh and some parts of Gujarat and Punjab. Following the defeat of Soomra Emirate by the Sammas, three dynasties ruled over the Sindh Sultanate sequentially: the Samma dynasty (1351–1524), the Arghun dynasty (1520–1554), and the Tarkhan dynasty (1554–1593).

The Sindh Sultanate controlled large parts of Derajat, Kutch, and Lasbela along with the entirety of Sindh itself. It reached its zenith under Jam Nizam'ud-Din II, who worked beside Sultan Mahmud Begada to establish peace and prosperity in the region.^[1] The Sultanate was run by Sindhi, Jat, Rajput, Turco-Mongol, Turco-Persian, and Gujarati elites and nobles. Sindh before the Sammas was administered by the Soomras as a vassal state of the Fatimids and then of the Abbasids and Delhiites. During the reign of the Sammas, Thatta thrived into India's one of the most economically and systematically powerful cities of that time. Sindh was a major hub for the influential teachings of the Isma'ili missionaries (Da'is) and Sunni saints (Shaykhs).^[2] The Sultans themselves adopted many rituals of the religious leaders and allowed them to openly preach their message to the masses. The early Samma Jams ruled from Samui but moved to Thatta after its dignification. The Arghuns, on the other hand, ruled the Lower Sindh from Thatta while the Upper Sindh from Bhakkar. Thatta, together with Bhakkar and Sehwan, were the only mint cities and major commercial and residential districts of the Sultanate. Persian was exercised upon as the court and state language as well as the lingo of the elites while Sindhi and Kutchi were used by the commoners.^[3] For the majority of its timespan, the Sultanate had great political and traditional ties with other countries like Gujarat, Kashmir, Bengal, Punjab, Delhi, and the Deccan sultanates. These interrelations resulted in the establishment of interconnected trade and businesses.^[4]

List of dynasties[edit]

Samma dynasty (1351 – 1524)[edit]

No.	Title	Name	Reign
1	Jām ڄام	Firuz'ud-Din Unar I فیروز الدین انڙ اول	1351 – 1352
2	Jām ڄام	Sadr'ud-Din Banbhina صدرالدين بنڀينا	1352 – 1367
3	Jām ڄام	Khair'ud-Din Tamachi خيرالدين تماچي	1367 – 1371
4	Jām ڄام	Alau'd-Din Juna I علاؤالدين جون اول	1371 – 1389
–	Jām ڄام	Khair'ud-Din Tamachi خيرالدين تماچي	1389 – 1392
5	Jām ڄام	Salah'ud-Din Unar II صلاح الدين انڙ ڊوم	1392 – 1404
6	Jām ڄام	Nizam'ud-Din I نظام الدين اول	1404 – 1406
7	Jām ڄام	Ali Sher علي شير	1406 – 1412
8	Jām ڄام	Karan Shah ڪرن شاهه	1412 – 1413
9	Jām ڄام	Sadr'ud-Din Sikandar I صدرالدين سڪندر اول	1413
10	Jām ڄام	Fath Shah فتح شاهه	1413 – 1428
11	Jām ڄام	Tughlaq Juna II تغلق جونا ڊوم	1428 – 1442
12	Jām ڄام	Sikandar Shah II سڪندر شاهه	1442 – 1444
13	Jām ڄام	Raidhan Shah رائي دھن شاهه	1444 – 1453
14	Jām ڄام	Sadr'ud-Din Sanjar صدرالدین سنجر	1453 – 1461
15	Jām ڄام	Nizam'ud-Din Nindo II نظام الدین نندو ڊوم	1461 – 1508
16	Jām ڄام	Nasiru'd-Din Firuz II نصیر الدین فیروز ڊوم	1508 – October 1524

Arghun dynasty (1520 – 1555)[edit]

No.	Title	Name	Reign
17	Shah شاہ	Shuja Beg Arghun شجاع بيگ ارغون	21 December 1520 – 26 June 1524
18	Shah شاہ	Husayn Beg Arghun حسين بيگ ارغون	30 August 1524 – 4 February 1555

Tarkhan dynasty (1555 – 1593)[edit]

No.	Title	Name	Reign
19	Mirza مرزا	Muhammad Isa Tarkhan محمد عيسيٰ ترخان	4 February 1555 – 1566
20	Mirza مرزا	Muhammad Baqi Tarkhan محمد بقي ترخان	1566 – 1585
21	Mirza مرزا	Jani Beg Tarkhan جاني بيگ ترخان	1585 – 28 March 1593

References[edit]

^ Hughes, A. W. (Albert William) (1874). A gazetteer of the province of Sindh. Oxford University. London : G. Bell and Sons.
^ "A History of Sindh". Goodreads. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
^ "HISTORY OF SINDHI LITERATURE". Vanguard Books. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
^ Ahmed, Fouzia Farooq (30 November 2016). Muslim Rule in Medieval India: Power and Religion in the Delhi Sultanate. London New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78453-550-6.

Notes[edit]

^ Thatta served as the capital of Northern Sindh (1524–1554) while Bhakkar was the capital of Southern Sindh (1522–1554).

[2] Hughes, A. W. (Albert William) (1874). A gazetteer of the province of Sindh. Oxford University. London : G. Bell and Sons.

[3] "A History of Sindh". Goodreads. Retrieved 8 April 2024.

[4] "HISTORY OF SINDHI LITERATURE". Vanguard Books. Retrieved 8 April 2024.

[5] Ahmed, Fouzia Farooq (30 November 2016). Muslim Rule in Medieval India: Power and Religion in the Delhi Sultanate. London New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78453-550-6.

[1] Thatta served as the capital of Northern Sindh (1524–1554) while Bhakkar was the capital of Southern Sindh (1522–1554).

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