Spectacled tyrant

Spectacled tyrant
	male
	female
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Tyrannidae
Genus:	Hymenops; Lesson, 1828
Species:	H. perspicillatus
Binomial name
	Hymenops perspicillatus; (Gmelin, JF, 1789)
	Year-round Non-Breeding

The spectacled tyrant (Hymenops perspicillatus) is a species of bird in the tyrant flycatcher family Tyrannidae. It is the only species placed in the genus Hymenops.

It is found in Chile, Argentina and Uruguay; it is a vagrant to Bolivia, Paraguay and south-eastern Brazil, once even in far north-eastern Brazil.^[2] Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and swamps.

Taxonomy

The spectacled tyrant was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the wagtails in the genus Motacilla and coined the binomial name Motacilla perspicillata.^[3]^[4] Gmelin based his description on "Le clignot ou traquet à lunette" that had been described in 1778 by the French polymath the Comte de Buffon in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux.^[5] The spectacled tyrant is now the only species placed in the genus Hymenops that was introduced in 1828 by the French naturalist René Lesson.^[6]^[7] The genus name is from Ancient Greek humēn meaning "skin" or "membrane" and ōps meaning "eye". The specific epithet perspicillatus is Modern Latin meaning "spectacled".^[8] Within the family Tyrannidae the spectacled tyrant is sister to the genus Knipolegus containing the black tyrants.^[9]

Two subspecies are recognised:^[7]

H. p. perspicillatus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – southeast Brazil, Uruguay and east Paraguay to central north Argentina
H. p. andinus (Ridgway, 1879) – central Chile and central west, central south Argentina

References

^ BirdLife International (2016). "Hymenops perspicillatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22700266A93766598. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22700266A93766598.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Sagot-Martin, François; Lima, Rafael Dantas; Pacheco, José Fernando; Irusta, Jorge Bañuelos; Pichorim, Mauro; Hassett, David Maurice (2020-09-21). "An updated checklist of the birds of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, with comments on new, rare, and unconfirmed species". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 140 (3). doi:10.25226/bboc.v140i3.2020.a2. ISSN 0007-1595. S2CID 221823889.
^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 969.
^ Traylor, Melvin A. Jr, ed. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 8. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 178.
^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1778). "Le clignot ou traquet à lunette". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 5. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 234–236.
^ Lesson, René P.; Garnot, Prosper (1828). Voyage autour du monde : exécuté par ordre du roi, sur la corvette de Sa Majesté, la Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824, et 1825 (in French). Vol. 1, Livre 6. p. 239. For the date of publication see: Dickinson, E.C.; Overstreet, L.K.; Dowsett, R.J.; Bruce, M.D. (2011). Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers. Northampton, UK: Aves Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5.
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Tyrant flycatchers". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 198, 299. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Harvey, M.G.; et al. (2020). "The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot". Science. 370 (6522): 1343–1348. Bibcode:2020Sci...370.1343H. doi:10.1126/science.aaz6970. hdl:10138/329703. PMID 33303617. A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website here.

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[iucn_status_12_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2016). "Hymenops perspicillatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22700266A93766598. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22700266A93766598.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[2] Sagot-Martin, François; Lima, Rafael Dantas; Pacheco, José Fernando; Irusta, Jorge Bañuelos; Pichorim, Mauro; Hassett, David Maurice (2020-09-21). "An updated checklist of the birds of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, with comments on new, rare, and unconfirmed species". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 140 (3). doi:10.25226/bboc.v140i3.2020.a2. ISSN 0007-1595. S2CID 221823889.

[3] Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 969.

[4] Traylor, Melvin A. Jr, ed. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 8. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 178.

[5] Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1778). "Le clignot ou traquet à lunette". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 5. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 234–236.

[6] Lesson, René P.; Garnot, Prosper (1828). Voyage autour du monde : exécuté par ordre du roi, sur la corvette de Sa Majesté, la Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824, et 1825 (in French). Vol. 1, Livre 6. p. 239. For the date of publication see: Dickinson, E.C.; Overstreet, L.K.; Dowsett, R.J.; Bruce, M.D. (2011). Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers. Northampton, UK: Aves Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5.

[ioc-7] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Tyrant flycatchers". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 March 2023.

[8] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 198, 299. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[harvey-9] Harvey, M.G.; et al. (2020). "The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot". Science. 370 (6522): 1343–1348. Bibcode:2020Sci...370.1343H. doi:10.1126/science.aaz6970. hdl:10138/329703. PMID 33303617. A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website here.

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