Standard electrode potential (data page)
The data values of standard electrode potentials are given in the table below, in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, and are for the following conditions:
- A temperature of 298.15 K (25.00 °C; 77.00 °F).
- An effective concentration of 1 mol/L for each aqueous species or a species in a mercury amalgam (an alloy of mercury with another metal).
- A partial pressure of 101.325 kPa (absolute) (1 atm, 1.01325 bar) for each gaseous reagent. This pressure is used because most literature data are still given for this value (1 atm) rather than for the current standard of 100 kPa.
- An activity of unity for each pure solid, pure liquid, or for water (solvent). The relation in electrode potential of metals in saltwater (as electrolyte) is given in the galvanic series.
- Although many of the half cells are written for multiple-electron transfers, the tabulated potentials are for a single-electron transfer. All of the reactions should be divided by the stoichiometric coefficient for the electron to get the corresponding corrected reaction equation.
- Divide the potentials by 0.059 V to get pe° values, which are necessary for the Nernst equation and other thermodynamic calculations.
Legend: (s) – solid; (l) – liquid; (g) – gas; (aq) – aqueous (default for all charged species); (Hg) – amalgam; bold – water electrolysis equations.
| Half-reaction | E° (V) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Oxidant | ⇌ | Reductant | |
| Sr+ + e− | ⇌ | Sr | −4.101 |
| Ca+ + e− | ⇌ | Ca | −3.8 |
| Pr3+ + e− | ⇌ | Pr2+ | −3.1 |
| 3 N2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2HN3(aq) | −3.09 |
| Li+ + e− | ⇌ | Li(s) | −3.0401 |
| N2(g) + 4H2O + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 NH2OH(aq) + 2 OH− | −3.04 |
| Cs+ + e− | ⇌ | Cs(s) | −3.026 |
| Ca(OH)2 + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ca + 2 OH− | −3.02 |
| Er3+ + e− | ⇌ | Er2+ | −3.0 |
| Ba(OH)2 + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ba + 2 OH− | −2.99 |
| Rb+ + e− | ⇌ | Rb(s) | −2.98 |
| K+ + e− | ⇌ | K(s) | −2.931 |
| Ba2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ba(s) | −2.912 |
| La(OH)3(s) + 3 e− | ⇌ | La(s) + 3 OH− | −2.90 |
| Fr+ + e− | ⇌ | Fr | −2.9 |
| Sr2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Sr(s) | −2.899 |
| Sr(OH)2 + 2 e− | ⇌ | Sr + 2 OH− | −2.88 |
| Ca2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ca(s) | −2.868 |
| Li+ + C6(s) + e− | ⇌ | LiC6(s) | −2.84 |
| Eu2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Eu(s) | −2.812 |
| Ra2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ra(s) | −2.8 |
| Ho3+ + e− | ⇌ | Ho2+ | −2.8 |
| Bk3+ + e− | ⇌ | Bk2+ | −2.8 |
| Yb2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Yb | −2.76 |
| Na+ + e− | ⇌ | Na(s) | −2.71 |
| Mg+ + e− | ⇌ | Mg | −2.70 |
| Nd3+ + e− | ⇌ | Nd2+ | −2.7 |
| Mg(OH)2 + 2 e− | ⇌ | Mg + 2 OH− | −2.690 |
| Sm2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Sm | −2.68 |
| Be2O32− + 3 H2O + 4 e− | ⇌ | 2 Be + 6 OH− | −2.63 |
| Pm3+ + e− | ⇌ | Pm2+ | −2.6 |
| Dy3+ + e− | ⇌ | Dy2+ | −2.6 |
| No2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | No | −2.50 |
| HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e− | ⇌ | Hf + 4 OH− | −2.50 |
| Th(OH)4 + 4 e− | ⇌ | Th + 4 OH− | −2.48 |
| Md2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Md | −2.40 |
| Tm2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Tm | −2.4 |
| La3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | La(s) | −2.379 |
| Y3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Y(s) | −2.372 |
| Mg2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Mg(s) | −2.372 |
| ZrO(OH)2(s) + H2O + 4 e− | ⇌ | Zr(s) + 4 OH− | −2.36 |
| Pr3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Pr | −2.353 |
| Ce3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Ce | −2.336 |
| Er3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Er | −2.331 |
| Ho3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Ho | −2.33 |
| H2AlO3− + H2O + 3 e− | ⇌ | Al + 4 OH− | −2.33 |
| Nd3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Nd | −2.323 |
| Tm3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Tm | −2.319 |
| Al(OH)3(s) + 3 e− | ⇌ | Al(s) + 3 OH− | −2.31 |
| Sm3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Sm | −2.304 |
| Fm2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Fm | −2.30 |
| Am3+ + e− | ⇌ | Am2+ | −2.3 |
| Dy3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Dy | −2.295 |
| Lu3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Lu | −2.28 |
| Tb3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Tb | −2.28 |
| Gd3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Gd | −2.279 |
| H2 + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 H− | −2.23 |
| Es2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Es | −2.23 |
| Pm2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pm | −2.2 |
| Tm3+ + e− | ⇌ | Tm2+ | −2.2 |
| Dy2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Dy | −2.2 |
| Ac3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Ac | −2.20 |
| Yb3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Yb | −2.19 |
| Cf2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Cf | −2.12 |
| Nd2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Nd | −2.1 |
| Ho2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ho | −2.1 |
| Sc3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Sc(s) | −2.077 |
| AlF63− + 3 e− | ⇌ | Al + 6 F− | −2.069 |
| Am3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Am | −2.048 |
| Cm3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Cm | −2.04 |
| Pu3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Pu | −2.031 |
| Pr2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pr | −2.0 |
| Er2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Er | −2.0 |
| Eu3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Eu | −1.991 |
| Lr3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Lr | −1.96 |
| Cf3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Cf | −1.94 |
| Es3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Es | −1.91 |
| Pa4+ + e− | ⇌ | Pa3+ | −1.9 |
| Am2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Am | −1.9 |
| Th4+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Th | −1.899 |
| Fm3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Fm | −1.89 |
| Np3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Np | −1.856 |
| Be2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Be | −1.847 |
| H2PO2− + e− | ⇌ | P + 2 OH− | −1.82 |
| U3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | U | −1.798 |
| Sr2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Sr(Hg) | −1.793 |
| H2BO3− + H2O + 3 e− | ⇌ | B + 4 OH− | −1.79 |
| ThO2 + 4H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Th + 2 H2O | −1.789 |
| HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Hf + H2O | −1.724 |
| HPO32− + 2 H2O + 3 e− | ⇌ | P + 5 OH− | −1.71 |
| SiO32− + H2O + 4 e− | ⇌ | Si + 6 OH− | −1.697 |
| Al3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Al(s) | −1.662 |
| Ti2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ti(s) | −1.63 |
| ZrO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Zr(s) + 2H2O | −1.553 |
| Zr4+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Zr(s) | −1.45 |
| Ti3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Ti(s) | −1.37 |
| TiO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ti(s) + H2O | −1.31 |
| Ti2O3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 TiO(s) + H2O | −1.23 |
| Zn(OH)42− + 2 e− | ⇌ | Zn(s) + 4 OH− | −1.199 |
| Mn2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Mn(s) | −1.185 |
| Fe(CN)64− + 6 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Fe(s) + 6HCN(aq) | −1.16 |
| Te(s) + 2 e− | ⇌ | Te2− | −1.143 |
| V2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | V(s) | −1.13 |
| Nb3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Nb(s) | −1.099 |
| Sn(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | SnH4(g) | −1.07 |
| SiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Si(s) + 2H2O | −0.91 |
| B(OH)3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | B(s) + 3H2O | −0.89 |
| Fe(OH)2(s) + 2 e− | ⇌ | Fe(s) + 2 OH− | −0.89 |
| Fe2O3(s) + 3H2O + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2Fe(OH)2(s) + 2 OH− | −0.86 |
| TiO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Ti(s) + H2O | −0.86 |
| 2H2O + 2 e− | ⇌ | H2(g) + 2 OH− | −0.8277 |
| Bi(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | BiH3 | −0.8 |
| Zn2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Zn(Hg) | −0.7628 |
| Zn2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Zn(s) | −0.7618 |
| Ta2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e− | ⇌ | 2 Ta(s) + 5H2O | −0.75 |
| Cr3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Cr(s) | −0.74 |
| Ag2S(s) + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2Ag(s) + S2−(aq) | −0.69 |
| [Au(CN)2]− + e− | ⇌ | Au(s) + 2 CN− | −0.60 |
| Ta3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Ta(s) | −0.6 |
| PbO(s) + H2O + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pb(s) + 2 OH− | −0.58 |
| 2 TiO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ti2O3(s) + H2O | −0.56 |
| Ga3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Ga(s) | −0.53 |
| U4+ + e− | ⇌ | U3+ | −0.52 |
| H3PO2(aq) + H+ + e− | ⇌ | P(white)[note 1] + 2H2O | −0.508 |
| H3PO3(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | H3PO2(aq) + H2O | −0.499 |
| H3PO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | P(red)[note 1] + 3H2O | −0.454 |
| Fe2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Fe(s) | −0.44 |
| 2 CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | HOOCCOOH(aq) | −0.43 |
| Cr3+ + e− | ⇌ | Cr2+ | −0.42 |
| Cd2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Cd(s) | −0.40 |
| GeO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | GeO(s) + H2O | −0.37 |
| Cu2O(s) + H2O + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 Cu(s) + 2 OH− | −0.360 |
| PbSO4(s) + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pb(s) + SO42− | −0.3588 |
| PbSO4(s) + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pb(Hg) + SO42− | −0.3505 |
| Eu3+ + e− | ⇌ | Eu2+ | −0.35 |
| In3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | In(s) | −0.34 |
| Tl+ + e− | ⇌ | Tl(s) | −0.34 |
| Ge(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | GeH4(g) | −0.29 |
| Co2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Co(s) | −0.28 |
| H3PO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | H3PO3(aq) + H2O | −0.276 |
| V3+ + e− | ⇌ | V2+ | −0.26 |
| Ni2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ni(s) | −0.25 |
| As(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | AsH3(g) | −0.23 |
| AgI(s) + e− | ⇌ | Ag(s) + I− | −0.15224 |
| MoO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Mo(s) + 2H2O | −0.15 |
| Si(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | SiH4(g) | −0.14 |
| Sn2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Sn(s) | −0.13 |
| O2(g) + H+ + e− | ⇌ | HO2•(aq) | −0.13 |
| Pb2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pb(s) | −0.126 |
| WO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | W(s) + 2H2O | −0.12 |
| P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | PH3(g) | −0.111 |
| CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | HCOOH(aq) | −0.11 |
| Se(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | H2Se(g) | −0.11 |
| CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | CO(g) + H2O | −0.11 |
| SnO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Sn(s) + H2O | −0.10 |
| SnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | SnO(s) + 2H2O | −0.09 |
| WO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− | ⇌ | W(s) + 3H2O | −0.09 |
| P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | PH3(g) | −0.063 |
| Fe3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Fe(s) | −0.04 |
| HCOOH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | HCHO(aq) + H2O | −0.03 |
| 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | H2(g) | 0.0000 |
| AgBr(s) + e− | ⇌ | Ag(s) + Br− | +0.07133 |
| S4O62− + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 S2O32− | +0.08 |
| Fe3O4(s) + 8 H+ + 8 e− | ⇌ | 3 Fe(s) + 4H2O | +0.085 |
| N2(g) + 2H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e− | ⇌ | 2 NH4OH(aq) | +0.092 |
| HgO(s) + H2O + 2 e− | ⇌ | Hg(l) + 2 OH− | +0.0977 |
| Cu(NH3)42+ + e− | ⇌ | Cu(NH3)2+ + 2 NH3 | +0.10 |
| Ru(NH3)63+ + e− | ⇌ | Ru(NH3)62+ | +0.10 |
| N2H4(aq) + 4H2O + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 NH4+ + 4 OH− | +0.11 |
| H2MoO4(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− | ⇌ | Mo(s) + 4H2O | +0.11 |
| Ge4+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Ge(s) | +0.12 |
| C(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | CH4(g) | +0.13 |
| HCHO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | CH3OH(aq) | +0.13 |
| S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | H2S(g) | +0.14 |
| Sn4+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Sn2+ | +0.15 |
| Cu2+ + e− | ⇌ | Cu+ | +0.159 |
| HSO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | SO2(aq) + 2H2O | +0.16 |
| UO22+ + e− | ⇌ | UO2+ | +0.163 |
| SO42− + 4 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | SO2(aq) + 2H2O | +0.17 |
| TiO2+ + 2 H+ + e− | ⇌ | Ti3+ + H2O | +0.19 |
| SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Sb(s) + H2O | +0.20 |
| AgCl(s) + e− | ⇌ | Ag(s) + Cl− | +0.22233 |
| H3AsO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | As(s) + 3H2O | +0.24 |
| GeO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ge(s) + H2O | +0.26 |
| UO2+ + 4 H+ + e− | ⇌ | U4+ + 2H2O | +0.273 |
| Re3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Re(s) | +0.300 |
| Bi3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Bi(s) | +0.308 |
| Cu2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Cu(s) | +0.337 |
| VO2+ + 2 H+ + e− | ⇌ | V3+ + H2O | +0.34 |
| [Fe(CN)6]3− + e− | ⇌ | [Fe(CN)6]4− | +0.36 |
| Fc+ + e− | ⇌ | Fc(s) | +0.4 |
| O2(g) + 2H2O + 4 e− | ⇌ | 4 OH−(aq) | +0.401 |
| H2MoO4 + 6 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Mo3+ + 4H2O | +0.43 |
| CH3OH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | CH4(g) + H2O | +0.50 |
| SO2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | S(s) + 2H2O | +0.50 |
| Cu+ + e− | ⇌ | Cu(s) | +0.520 |
| CO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | C(s) + H2O | +0.52 |
| I3− + 2 e− | ⇌ | 3 I− | +0.53 |
| I2(s) + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 I− | +0.54 |
| [AuI4]− + 3 e− | ⇌ | Au(s) + 4 I− | +0.56 |
| H3AsO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | H3AsO3(aq) + H2O | +0.56 |
| [AuI2]− + e− | ⇌ | Au(s) + 2 I− | +0.58 |
| S2O32 − + 6 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | 2 S(s) + 3H2O | +0.60 |
| H2MoO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | MoO2(s) + 2H2O | +0.65 |
| 3Fe2O3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 Fe3O4(s) + H2O | +0.66 |
 + 2 H+ + 2 e−
|
⇌ | 
|
+0.6992 |
| O2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | H2O2(aq) | +0.70 |
| Tl3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Tl(s) | +0.72 |
| PtCl62− + 2 e− | ⇌ | PtCl42− + 2 Cl− | +0.726 |
| H2SeO3(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | Se(s) + 3H2O | +0.74 |
| PtCl42− + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pt(s) + 4 Cl− | +0.758 |
| Fe3+ + e− | ⇌ | Fe2+ | +0.77 |
| Ag+ + e− | ⇌ | Ag(s) | +0.7996 |
| Hg22+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 Hg(l) | +0.80 |
| NO3−(aq) + 2 H+ + e− | ⇌ | NO2(g) + H2O | +0.80 |
| 2FeO42− + 5H2O + 6 e− | ⇌ | Fe2O3(s) + 10 OH− | +0.81 |
| [AuBr4]− + 3 e− | ⇌ | Au(s) + 4 Br− | +0.85 |
| Hg2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Hg(l) | +0.85 |
| [IrCl6]2− + e− | ⇌ | [IrCl6]3− | +0.87 |
| MnO4− + H+ + e− | ⇌ | HMnO4− | +0.90 |
| 2 Hg2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Hg22+ | +0.91 |
| Pd2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pd(s) | +0.915 |
| [AuCl4]− + 3 e− | ⇌ | Au(s) + 4 Cl− | +0.93 |
| Fe2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2Fe2+ + 3H2O | +0.94 |
| MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + e− | ⇌ | Mn3+ + 2H2O | +0.95 |
| NO3−(aq) + 4 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | NO(g) + 2H2O(l) | +0.958 |
| [AuBr2]− + e− | ⇌ | Au(s) + 2 Br− | +0.96 |
| [HXeO6]3− + 2H2O + 2 e− | ⇌ | [HXeO4]− + 4 OH− | +0.99 |
| [VO2]+(aq) + 2 H+ + e− | ⇌ | [VO]2+(aq) + H2O | +1.0 |
| H6TeO6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | TeO2(s) + 4H2O | +1.02 |
| Br2(l) + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 Br− | +1.066 |
| Br2(aq) + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 Br− | +1.0873 |
| Fe3O4(s) + 8 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | 3Fe2+ + 4H2O | +1.09 |
| IO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | HIO(aq) + 2H2O | +1.13 |
| [AuCl2]− + e− | ⇌ | Au(s) + 2 Cl− | +1.15 |
| HSeO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | H2SeO3(aq) + H2O | +1.15 |
| Ag2O(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 Ag(s) + H2O | +1.17 |
| ClO3− + 2 H+ + e− | ⇌ | ClO2(g) + H2O | +1.18 |
| [HXeO6]3− + 5H2O + 8 e− | ⇌ | Xe(g) + 11 OH− | +1.18 |
| Pt2+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pt(s) | +1.188 |
| ClO2(g) + H+ + e− | ⇌ | HClO2(aq) | +1.19 |
| 2 IO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− | ⇌ | I2(s) + 6H2O | +1.20 |
| ClO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | ClO3− + H2O | +1.20 |
| O2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | 2H2O | +1.229 |
| MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Mn2+ + 2H2O | +1.23 |
| [HXeO4]− + 3H2O + 6 e− | ⇌ | Xe(g) + 7 OH− | +1.24 |
| Tl3+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Tl+ | +1.25 |
| Cr2O72− + 14 H+ + 6 e− | ⇌ | 2 Cr3+ + 7H2O | +1.33 |
| Cl2(g) + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 Cl− | +1.36 |
| CoO2(s) + 4 H+ + e− | ⇌ | Co3+ + 2H2O | +1.42 |
| 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | N2H5+ + 2H2O | +1.42 |
| 2 HIO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | I2(s) + 2H2O | +1.44 |
| BrO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | HBrO(aq) + 2H2O | +1.45 |
| β-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pb2+ + 2H2O | +1.460 |
| α-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pb2+ + 2H2O | +1.468 |
| 2 BrO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− | ⇌ | Br2(l) + 6H2O | +1.48 |
| 2ClO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− | ⇌ | Cl2(g) + 6H2O | +1.49 |
| HClO(aq) + H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Cl−(aq) + H2O | +1.49 |
| MnO4− + 8 H+ + 5 e− | ⇌ | Mn2+ + 4H2O | +1.51 |
| HO2• + H+ + e− | ⇌ | H2O2(aq) | +1.51 |
| Au3+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | Au(s) | +1.52 |
| NiO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Ni2+ + 2 OH− | +1.59 |
| Ce4+ + e− | ⇌ | Ce3+ | +1.61 |
| 2 HClO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Cl2(g) + 2H2O | +1.63 |
| Ag2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 4 e− | ⇌ | 2 Ag+ + 3H2O | +1.67 |
| HClO2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | HClO(aq) + H2O | +1.67 |
| Pb4+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Pb2+ | +1.69 |
| MnO4− + 2H2O + 3 e− | ⇌ | MnO2(s) + 4 OH− | +1.692 |
| MnO4− + 4 H+ + 3 e− | ⇌ | MnO2(s) + 2H2O | +1.70 |
| AgO(s) + 2 H+ + e− | ⇌ | Ag+ + H2O | +1.77 |
| H2O2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2H2O | +1.78 |
| Co3+ + e− | ⇌ | Co2+ | +1.82 |
| Au+ + e− | ⇌ | Au(s) | +1.83 |
| BrO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | BrO3− + H2O | +1.85 |
| Ag2+ + e− | ⇌ | Ag+ | +1.98 |
| S2O82− + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 SO42− | +2.010 |
| O3(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | O2(g) + H2O | +2.075 |
| HMnO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | MnO2(s) + 2H2O | +2.09 |
| XeO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− | ⇌ | Xe(g) + 3H2O | +2.12 |
| H4XeO6(aq) + 8 H+ + 8 e− | ⇌ | Xe(g) + 6 H2O | +2.18 |
| FeO42− + 3 e− + 8 H+ | ⇌ | Fe3+ + 4H2O | +2.20 |
| XeF2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | Xe(g) + 2HF(aq) | +2.32 |
| H4XeO6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | XeO3(aq) + 3H2O | +2.42 |
| F2(g) + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 F− | +2.87 |
| F2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− | ⇌ | 2 HF(aq) | +3.05 |
| KrF2(aq) + 2 e− | ⇌ | Kr(g) + 2 F−(aq) | +3.27 |
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.
- ^ a b c d Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Vanýsek, Petr (2011). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 92nd Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
- ^ a b c d Atkins, Peter (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th Edition). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
- ^ David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, http://www.hbcpnetbase.com, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 93rd Edition. Chemical Rubber Company. pp. 5–80. ISBN 9781439880494..
- ^ Gordon Aylward & Tristan Findlay (2008). "SI Chemical Data", 6th edition (John Wiley & Sons, Australia), ISBN 978-0-470-81638-7.
- ^ a b c d e WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Iron | compounds information.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
- ^ Marcel Pourbaix (1966). Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions (NACE International, Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels).
- ^ Connelly, Neil G.; Geiger, William E. (1 January 1996). "Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry". Chemical Reviews. 96 (2): 877–910. doi:10.1021/cr940053x. PMID 11848774.
- ^ a b c Pang, Suh Cem; Chin, Suk Fun; Anderson, Marc A. (July 2007). "Redox equilibria of iron oxides in aqueous-based magnetite dispersions: Effect of pH and redox potential". J. Colloid Interface Sci. 311 (1): 94–101. Bibcode:2007JCIS..311...94P. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2007.02.058. PMID 17395194. Retrieved 2017-03-26.
- ^ a b c d e f g WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information.
- ^ a b Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-19957-5.
- ^ Redox Reactions, Western Oregon University website.
- ^ http://acta.chem-soc.si/60/60-3-455.pdf.
- General
- http://www.jesuitnola.org/upload/clark/Refs/red_pot.htm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015049/http://www.fptl.ru/biblioteka/spravo4niki/handbook-of-Chemistry-and-Physics.pdf
- http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/tables/electpot.html#c1