TVO
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TVOntario (often shortened to TVO and stylized on-air as tvo) is a Canadian publicly funded English language educational television station and media organization serving the Canadian province of Ontario. It is operated by the Ontario Educational Communications Authority, a Crown corporation owned by the Government of Ontario. It operates two television stations: CICA (virtual and UHF digital channel 19) in Toronto and CICO-24 (virtual and UHF digital channel 24) in Ottawa, these two stations relay their programming across portions of Ontario through seven rebroadcast stations. It is also available on cable throughout Ontario, and all cable providers in the province are required to carry it on their basic tier.
Governance, funding and other responsibilities
TVO is governed by a volunteer Board of Directors, and supported by a network of Regional Councillors from across the province. TVO also reports to the Ontario legislature through the Minister of Education, in accordance with the Ontario Educational Communications Authority Act.
Instead of following the model of the federally owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's television services, which shows commercial advertisements, TVO instead chose a commercial-free model similar to the Public Broadcasting Service in the United States. This model was emulated by later provincial educational broadcasters Télé-Québec in Quebec and Knowledge Network in British Columbia. The majority of TVO's funding is provided by the Government of Ontario through the Ministry of Education, which provides $30 million annually, with additional funding provided by charitable donations.[1]
TVO is also responsible for over-the-air broadcasts of the Ontario Legislative Assembly in some remote Northern Ontario communities that do not receive cable television access to the Ontario Parliament Network.
In 2002, the Ministry of Education transferred responsibility to TVO for the Independent Learning Centre, which provides distance education at the elementary and secondary school level.
TVO uded to operate TFO (Télévision française de l'Ontario), a separate but similar network for Franco-Ontarian audiences. Before the launch of TFO, TVO aired French-language programming on Sundays. Even after TFO's launch, TVO and TFO swapped programming on Sundays well into the 1990s. TFO was separated from TVO and was incorporated under the newly formed GroupeMédia TFO, a separate Crown corporation of the Government of Ontario, in 2007.
Distribution
TVO is Canada's oldest educational television service. It established the country's first UHF television station in 1970, based in Toronto.[2] TVO used to have the largest over-the-air coverage in Ontario, reaching 98.5% of the province with 216 transmitters; however this is no longer the case as the broadcaster shuttered the majority of its analogue transmitters except those located in some mandatory markets, which were converted to digital in 2012 (see Digital television and high definition below). TVO is also broadcast on all cable systems serving Ontario (the alternative choice for those viewers in area that has been served by one of the service's defunct analogue transmitters). On satellite systems in Ontario, it is available on Bell TV on channel 265 and on Shaw Direct on 353 (on its Classic tier) or 55 (on its Advanced tier), and in high definition on channel 39 (Classic) or 539 (Advanced).
The main transmitter in Toronto uses the call sign CICA-DT, with its rebroadcasters using CICO-DT, followed by a number to denote their status as rebroadcasters. Many analogue transmitters had used the CICA-TV and CICO-TV callsigns, and CICE-TV, in the same manner, until the shutdown of TVO's remaining analogue transmitters on July 31, 2012.
TVO's transmitters are primarily located in Ontario, with the only exception being its Ottawa transmitter, CICO-DT-24, which is based at the Ryan Tower at Camp Fortune in Chelsea, Quebec. There, it shares its site with its Quebec counterpart, Télé-Québec, and with most of the region's television and FM radio signals.
From the 1970s through the 1990s, TVO ran top-of-the-hour bumpers where an announcer would mention the channel allocation of the service's flagship station in Toronto, along with an allocation for one of its rebroadcast transmitters: "This is TVOntario. Channel 19 in Toronto, channel XX in (city or town)."
Carriage dispute
On June 6, 2012, TVO dropped its signal from cable and satellite providers outside Ontario, due to a carriage dispute over compensation for distributing its signal to its subscribers outside the province. The network reached an agreement with Vidéotron, and then entered negotiations with Shaw Communications and Telus, but failed to reach an agreement with Bell Canada. TVO cited that: "...we believe that we have a responsibility to earn revenues from the sale of our service outside of our home province. TVO is willing to consent to cable and satellite distributors carrying our signal outside the province, provided that we're fairly compensated. Since cable or satellite distributors receive subscriber revenues driven by having TVO as part of their offering, we feel it's reasonable to be compensated. Unfortunately, we could not come to an agreement with Bell to compensate TVO for carrying our signal outside of Ontario, and the decision was made to cease offering our signal outside of Ontario."[3] As a result, the only cable and satellite customers outside Ontario that can still view TVO are on the Quebec side of the Ottawa/Gatineau market.
It is unknown if the dispute or carriage restrictions also apply to the few cable systems in the United States that carry TVO.[4]
History
1970s
The Ontario Educational Communications Authority (OECA) was created in June 1970 by then Education Minister Bill Davis. At that time, the OECA produced children's and educational programming which was aired on commercial television stations.
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, acting on behalf of OECA applied for and won a licence for the ministry's television station in Toronto. CICA, with the mandate of "[using] electronic and associated media to provide educational opportunities for all people in Ontario". The "CA" in the CICA callsign was derived from the last two letters in the OECA acronym. CBC operated the CICA transmitter while the OECA was in charge of programming. OECA assumed all operations of the station, independent of the CBC, when the provincial government declared the Authority an independent corporation in a 1973 Order-in-Council.
CICA signed on the air on September 27, 1970, operating at a radiated power of 423,000 watts video and 84,600 watts audio. Its studio facilities were located at 1670 Bayview Avenue (a five-storey office building that is still standing) and its 550 feet (170 m) transmitter antenna was located at 354 Jarvis Street on the CBC tower. In 1972, the station moved to its operations to a new studio facility at 2180 Yonge Street, where it remains.[5] The station's broadcast name was "OECA", sharing the name of its parent organization, but began using the on-air brand "TVOntario" (and later just TVO) beginning in 1974.
In the latter half of the 1970s, the network began adding rebroadcast transmitters in other Ontario communities. Its first rebroadcast transmitter, CICO, signed on from Ottawa on October 25, 1975.
1980s-1990s
In 1987, TVO launched La Chaîne française, a French-language public television network which became TFO in 1994. In 1995, the Ontario government under Mike Harris promised to privatize TVO. They never carried through on this plan, but did cut its budget.
2000s
The positions of chair and CEO were divided in 2005. Film producer Peter O'Brian was appointed chairman and Lisa de Wilde became CEO. On June 29, 2006, the provincial Ministry of Education announced a major overhaul of TVO: its production capabilities would be upgraded to fully digital systems by 2009 (ministry funding would be allocated for this); and TFO would be spun off into a separate organization.[6]
Moreover, programming changes were announced later that day: thirteen hours of new weekly children's educational programming was added, Studio 2 was replaced by The Agenda, and More to Life and Vox were cancelled.[7] The move to digitize services represents a transition; The Globe and Mail quoted TVO CEO Lisa de Wilde saying “while television will remain an important medium for TVO, the days of defining ourselves as only a broadcaster are past.”[8]
In 2002, the Independent Learning Centre, which is responsible for distance education at the elementary and secondary school level, and for GED testing, was transferred from the Ministry of Education to TVO.[9]
Chairs and CEOs
- Thomas Ide (1970–1979)
- Jim Parr (1979–1985)
- John Radford (1985)
- Bernard Ostry (1985–1991)
- Peter Herrndorf (1992–1999)
- Isabel Bassett (1999–2005)
- Peter O'Brian, chair (2005–Present); Lisa de Wilde, CEO (2005–present)
Programming
 | This section needs to be updated. (September 2015) |
TVO airs a mixture of original shows, children's programming, British imports, and movies from around the world. In the evenings, TVO runs a mixture of documentary, drama and public affairs programming for adult audiences. The popular Saturday Night at the Movies, until its cancellation in August 2013 because of budget reductions,[10] presented classic films with commentary and interview segments. Late at night, TVO shows educational programming that is designed for teachers to tape and show in school.
All dramatic programming used to be required to have some educational content. Actors, journalists or writers were hired to provide commentary on shows that would place them within an educational context. For instance Tom Grattan's War was bookmarked by segments hosted by Andrea Martin that would use scenes from the series to discuss filmmaking techniques. Episodes of The Prisoner were hosted by journalist Warner Troyer whose segments included interviews with the actors and a discussion of various psychological, philosophical or sociological themes regarding the series.[11] Similarly Doctor Who was hosted by science fiction author Judith Merril who would discuss each week's episode to explore various themes in science and science fiction. Saturday Night at the Movies continued to follow this format long after the requirement was dropped because of the popularity of its host, Elwy Yost whose gentle and insightful commentary enriched a generation of viewers.
Although French-language programs were shown on TVO since its inception and gradually increased in number since then, they eventually moved to the French arm of TVO, TFO (originally known as "La Chaîne française"). When TFO started, TVO would run its English-language shows on that channel on Sundays after 12 p.m., while the English TVO channel presented La Chaîne française programming at that time. This was done to give francophones that did not subscribe to cable some French-language educational programming; it was discontinued in the 1990s after TFO began launching broadcast transmitters in some Franco-Ontarian communities.
Programs produced by TVO have been seen outside of Ontario. In the United States, Polka Dot Door and Parlez-Moi were carried by PBS stations, while cable channel Nickelodeon aired Today's Special during the 1980s. TVO has also been a contributor to programs produced by the U.S.-based Agency for Instructional Technology (and its prececessors), such as some episodes of Inside/Out and Thinkabout; these and other AIT programs were also broadcast on TVO for in-school use. Educational programs by TVO have also appeared on ABC1 in Australia.
TVO runs a daily children's programming block called TVOKids, which airs as part of the service's daytime schedule. In April 2015 two children’s programs, co-produced by TVO, have been honoured with a combined three Daytime Emmy Awards by The National Academy of Television Arts: Dino Dan: Trek's Adventures (Outstanding Pre-School Children’s Series) and Odd Squad (Outstanding Directing in a Children’s or Pre-School Children’s Series and Outstanding Hairstyling).
Digital television and high definition
In August 2010, TVO began broadcasting in high-definition via a direct-to-cable HD feed. TVO commenced over-the-air HD broadcasting in August 2011, in compliance with the CRTC regulations. Except for Belleville, Chatham and Cloyne, TVO's transmitters are located within mandatory markets for conversion. Not all digital transmitters are currently broadcasting in high definition.
Transmitters
| Station | City of licence | Virtual channel | Actual Channel | ERP | HAAT | Transmitter Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CICA-DT | Toronto | 19.1 | 19 (UHF) | 106.5 kW | 491.0 m | 43°38′33″N 79°23′14″W / 43.64250°N 79.38722°W |
| CICO-DT-9 | Thunder Bay | 9.1 | 9 (VHF) | 4.5 kW | 218.7 m | 48°33′2″N 89°13′25″W / 48.55056°N 89.22361°W |
| CICO-DT-18 | London | 18.1 | 18 (UHF) | 2.4 kW | 316.0 m | 42°57′16″N 81°21′17″W / 42.95444°N 81.35472°W |
| CICO-DT-24 | Ottawa | 24.1 | 24 (UHF) | 95 kW | 340.7 m | 45°30′9″N 75°50′59″W / 45.50250°N 75.84972°W |
| CICO-DT-28 | Kitchener | 28.1 | 28 (UHF) | 20.2 kW | 289.5 m | 43°15′41″N 80°26′41″W / 43.26139°N 80.44472°W |
| CICO-DT-32 | Windsor | 32.1 | 32 (UHF) | 19 kW | 214.3 m | 42°9′12″N 82°57′11″W / 42.15333°N 82.95306°W |
| CICO-DT-53 | Belleville | 26.1 | 26 (UHF) | 13 kW | 188.6 m | 44°18′45″N 77°12′24″W / 44.31250°N 77.20667°W |
| CICO-DT-59 | Chatham | 33.1 | 33 (UHF) | 2.5 kW | 218.5 m | 42°27′0″N 82°4′59″W / 42.45000°N 82.08306°W |
| CICO-DT-92 | Cloyne | 55.1 | 44 (UHF) | 12 kW | 168.7 m | 44°52′42″N 77°11′50″W / 44.87833°N 77.19722°W |
On July 31, 2012, TVO permanently shut down its remaining 114 analogue transmitters (14 full-power and 100 low-power) without converting them to digital; these were in areas of Ontario not considered "mandatory markets" for digital conversion by the CRTC.[12] In many cases, TVO rebroadcasters were operating from CBC-owned transmitter sites and were shut down because of the CBC's 2012 budget cuts. Where TVO owned sites, it provided local communities the option of taking ownership of the towers and transmitters.[13]
Among the transmitters that were converted to digital, the transmitters in Belleville, Chatham and Cloyne were not within a mandatory market. These transmitters were converted to digital on new frequencies (but without high-definition, an on-channel programme guide or other DTV-specific features), as channels 52 to 69 were being reallocated for wireless communication purposes. The conversion of these transmitters took place before TVO's announcement to close down its analogue transmitter network outside the mandatory markets.
References
- ^ TVO facts and figures; TVO.org;
- ^ Keast, Ron. "Educational Broadcasting in Canada - A Brief Overview" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-21. Retrieved 2008-01-08.. See page 10.
- ^ Fagstein: "TVO pulled from cable, satellite outside Ontario", June 6, 2012.
- ^ Such as Comcast's cable system serving southern Oakland County, Michigan, per channel listings at zap2it.com, zip:"48067".
- ^ Canadian Communications Foundation - Fondation Des Communications Canadiennes
- ^ "McGuinty Government Transforms TVOntario" (PDF). Ontario Ministry of Education. 2006-06-29. Retrieved 2006-06-29.
- ^ "TVOntario to cancel Studio 2". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2006-06-29. Retrieved 2006-06-29.
- ^ "Ontario Liberals deny role in cancelling TVO news show". Globe and Mail. 2006-06-29. Retrieved 2006-06-29.
- ^ History of ILC, accessdate=2008-01-24
- ^ Toronto Star: "Saturday Night at the Movies, when going to the movies meant staying in: Howell", August 23, 2013.
- ^ Patrick McGoohan Interview
- ^ Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2012-414 TVO (CICA-TV Toronto) – Licence amendment to remove all analog transmitters, CRTC, July 27, 2012
- ^ Canada Newswire: "CACTUS - Tens of thousands of Canadians to lose free access to CBC TV July 31", July 27, 2012.
External links
- TVO
- TVOKids
- Tribute to TVOKids shows from the 1970s
- CICA-TV/TVOntario History - Canadian Communications Foundation
- CICA-TV in the REC Canadian station database
- CICO-TV in the REC Canadian station database
- (Recnet links cover all repeaters using the above call signs)