Under 19 Bayernliga
 | |
| Founded | 1946 (Championship)1974 (Bayernliga) |
|---|---|
| Country | Germany |
| Confederation | UEFA |
| Number of clubs | 12 |
| Level on pyramid | 2 |
| Promotion to | Under 19 Bundesliga |
| Relegation to | Landesliga Bayern-SüdLandesliga Bayern-Nord |
| Current champions | SpVgg Unterhaching (2019–21) |
| Most championships | 1. FC Nürnberg (26 titles) |
The Under 19 Bayernliga (German: A-Jugend Bayernliga) is the second tier of under 19 youth football in Bavaria, set below the Under 19 Bundesliga South/Southwest.
Until 1996, the league was the highest tier of under 19 football, containing the youth teams of such clubs as FC Bayern Munich, TSV 1860 Munich and 1. FC Nürnberg.
History
[edit]Pre-Bayernliga era
[edit]A Bavarian championship was played from 1946 onwards, only in 1952 and 1953 was it not held. Until 1971, the Bavarian champions advanced to the Southern German under 19 championship. This competition was disbanded after 1971[1] in light of the inception of a German championship from 1969 onwards.
The under 19 team of the 1. FC Nürnberg started a remarkable series from 1967 onwards, reaching the Bavarian final every year until 1994, 28 times in a row![2] Only in 1995 did Viktoria Aschaffenburg finish above the 1. FCN.
Bayernliga era
[edit]The Bayernliga was established in 1974, operating as two regional divisions, a northern and a southern one, the A-Jugend Bayernliga Nord and the A-Jugend Bayernliga Süd. The winner of each division would then advance to the Bavarian championship final, an on-off game. The winner of this game, the Bavarian champions, then advanced to the German under 19 championship.[3]
In 1996, the Under 19 Regionalliga South was established, relegating the two Bayernligas to second division status. From now on, the best Bavarian clubs would play in the Regionalliga and the Bayernliga champions played for promotion to this league.
Since 2001, the final between the two league winners was now played in a home-and-away format. Should each team win a game the goals scored were not taken into consideration, instead, a penalty shoot-out was used to determine the winner.[4]
In 2003, the Under 19 Regionalliga South and the Under 19 Regionalliga Southwest merged to form the Under 19 Bundesliga South/Southwest. This changed nothing in the status of the Bayernligas as second divisions.
In the 2007–08 season, the 1. FC Nürnberg remained unbeaten throughout its 26 league games but then lost in the finals to Unterhaching.[5]
From the 2008–09 season, the Bayernliga now operates as a single division, allowing direct promotion for its champion. Below this league, two Landesligas, north and south, were slotted in above the seven Bezirksoberligas who previously formed the tier below. A final to determine the Bavarian champions will not be necessary any more.
In 2008, the Bavarian football association had 2,013 registered under 19 teams, a 3% increase from the previous year. All up, 20,699 junior teams were registered with the BFV in 2008[6]
Champions
[edit]Pre-Bayernliga era
[edit]| Season | Winner | Finalist | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1945–46 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Bayern Munich | 4–3 |
| 1946–47 | Germania Nürnberg | ASN Pfeil Nürnberg | 5–2 |
| 1947–48 | Germania Nürnberg | FC Bayern Munich | 1–2, 2–0, 2–2, 1–0 aet |
| 1948–49 | TG Viktoria Augsburg | SpVgg Fürth | 1–0, 3–2 |
| 1949–50 | FC Bayern Munich | 1. FC Nürnberg | 1–0, 2–2 |
| 1950–51 | TSV 1860 Munich | FC Bayern Hof | 1–0, 2–0 |
| 1951–52 | not held | not held | N/A |
| 1952–53 | not held | not held | N/A |
| 1953–54 | FC Bayern Munich | TSV Straubing | 4–2 |
| 1954–55 | BC Augsburg | Viktoria Aschaffenburg | 7–2 |
| 1955–56 | 1. FC Nürnberg | BC Augsburg | 5–1 |
| 1956–57 | TSV 1860 Munich | BC Augsburg | 4–2 |
| 1957–58 | 1. FC Nürnberg | TSV 1860 Munich | 3–1 |
| 1958–59 | BC Augsburg | 1. FC Nürnberg | 3–2 |
| 1959–60 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Bayern Munich | 3–1 |
| 1960–61 | 1. FC Nürnberg | 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 | 2–0 aet |
| 1961–62 | 1. FC Nürnberg | SpVgg Weiden | 5–3 |
| 1962–63 | TSV 1860 Munich | 1. FC Nürnberg | 2–1 aet |
| 1963–64 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Bayern Munich | 5–2 |
| 1964–65 | 1. FC Nürnberg | MTV Ingolstadt | 3–2 |
| 1965–66 | FC Bayern Munich | 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 | 7–1 |
| 1966–67 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FV Würzburg 04 | 5–2 |
| 1967–68 | 1. FC Nürnberg | 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 | 3–1 |
| 1968–69 | 1. FC Nürnberg | TSV 1860 Munich | 1–0 |
| 1969–70 | 1. FC Nürnberg | TSV 1860 Munich | 3–1 |
| 1970–71 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Vilshofen | 9–0 |
| 1971–72 | FC Bayern Munich | 1. FC Nürnberg | 2–1 aet |
| 1972–73 | FC Bayern Munich | 1. FC Nürnberg | 2–1 |
| 1973–74 | 1. FC Nürnberg | TSV Straubing | 5–0 |
Bayernliga era
[edit]| Season | North | South | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1974–75 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Vilshofen | 2–1 aet |
| 1975–76 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Augsburg | 0–0, 1–1 / 11–10 after pen. |
| 1976–77 | 1. FC Nürnberg | TSV 1860 Munich | 2–1 |
| 1977–78 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Augsburg | 0–1 |
| 1978–79 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Augsburg | 5–2 |
| 1979–80 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Bayern Munich | 4–0 |
| 1980–81 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Bayern Munich | 1–2 |
| 1981–82 | 1. FC Nürnberg | TSV 1860 Munich | 1–2 |
| 1982–83 | 1. FC Nürnberg | TSV 1860 Munich | 3–4 aet |
| 1983–84 | 1. FC Nürnberg | TSV 1860 Munich | 1–1 / 7–6 after pen. |
| 1984–85 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Bayern Munich | 1–4 aet |
| 1985–86 | 1. FC Nürnberg | TSV 1860 Munich | 2–0 |
| 1986–87 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Bayern Munich | 1–1 / 3–5 after pen. |
| 1987–88 | 1. FC Nürnberg | TSV 1860 Munich | 1–1 / 2–4 after pen. |
| 1988–89 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Augsburg | 6–0 |
| 1989–90 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Augsburg | 3–6 aet |
| 1990–91 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Bayern Munich | 1–2 aet |
| 1991–92 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Bayern Munich | 0–4 |
| 1992–93 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Augsburg | 1–2 aet |
| 1993–94 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Bayern Munich | 2–4 |
| 1994–95 | Viktoria Aschaffenburg | FC Bayern Munich | 0–5 |
| 1995–96 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Bayern Munich | 0–4 |
| 1996–97 | SpVgg Bayreuth | FC Augsburg | 1–2 |
| 1997–98 | SpVgg Greuther Fürth | TSV 1860 Munich II | 1–2 |
| 1998–99 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Bayern Munich II | 6–5 after pen. |
| 1999–2000 | 1. FC Nürnberg | MTV Ingolstadt | not held |
| 2000–01 | 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 | MTV Ingolstadt | 3–0, 5–1 |
| 2001–02 | 1. FC Nürnberg | TSV Waldkirchen | 4–0, 4–2 |
| 2002–03 | SpVgg Greuther Fürth | FC Memmingen | 4–0, 1–2 / 2–4 after pen. |
| 2003–04 | Viktoria Aschaffenburg | SpVgg Unterhaching | 0–1, 2–2 |
| 2004–05 | Jahn Regensburg | FC Augsburg | 1–0, 1–1 |
| 2005–06 | 1. FC Bamberg | SV Wacker Burghausen | 0–1, 0–2 |
| 2006–07 | Jahn Regensburg | SpVgg Unterhaching | 1–1, 2–1 |
| 2007–08 | 1. FC Nürnberg | SpVgg Unterhaching | 0–1, 1–1 |
From 2008 onwards, no final was played anymore:
| Season | Champions | Runners–up |
|---|---|---|
| 2008–09 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Augsburg |
| 2009–10 | FC Augsburg | SpVgg Unterhaching |
| 2010–11 | SpVgg Unterhaching | SV Wacker Burghausen |
| 2011–12 | FC Augsburg | FC Ingolstadt 04 |
| 2012–13 | Wacker Burghausen | Jahn Regensburg |
| 2013–14 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Ingolstadt 04 |
| 2014–15 | FC Ingolstadt 04 | SpVgg Unterhaching |
| 2015–16 | FC Augsburg | SpVgg Unterhaching |
| 2016–17 | SpVgg Unterhaching | FC Deisenhofen |
| 2017–18 | FC Ingolstadt 04 | Würzburger Kickers |
| 2018–19 | SpVgg Greuther Fürth | SpVgg Unterhaching |
| 2019–21 | SpVgg Unterhaching | 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 |
| 2022–23 | SpVgg Greuther Fürth | Jahn Regensburg |
| 2023–24 | SpVgg Unterhaching | FC Memmingen |
| 2024–25 | 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 | Viktoria Aschaffenburg |
- Bavarian champions in bold
- Source: Siegerliste der Bayerischen Meisterschaften U19 (A)-Junioren (in German), accessed: 28 November 2008
Winners & Finalists
[edit]As of 2024, this is the standing in the all-time winners list:
| Club | Championships | Finals |
|---|---|---|
| 1. FC Nürnberg | 26 | 44 |
| FC Bayern Munich | 13 | 18 |
| TSV 1860 Munich | 7 | 13 |
| FC Augsburg | 7 | 8 |
| SpVgg Unterhaching | 6 | 5 |
| SpVgg Greuther Fürth | 3 | 3 |
| 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 | 2 | 5 |
| BC Augsburg | 2 | 4 |
| Jahn Regensburg | 2 | 2 |
| Germania Nürnberg | 2 | 2 |
| SV Wacker Burghausen | 2 | 1 |
| FC Ingolstadt 04 | 2 | 0 |
| TG Viktoria Augsburg | 1 | 1 |
| Viktoria Aschaffenburg | 0 | 3 |
| MTV Ingolstadt | 0 | 3 |
| FC Vilshofen | 0 | 2 |
| TSV Straubing | 0 | 2 |
| 1. FC Bamberg | 0 | 1 |
| FC Memmingen | 0 | 1 |
| TSV Waldkirchen | 0 | 1 |
| SpVgg Bayreuth | 0 | 1 |
| FV Würzburg 04 | 0 | 1 |
| SpVgg Weiden | 0 | 1 |
| FC Bayern Hof | 0 | 1 |
| ASN Pfeil Nürnberg | 0 | 1 |
| FC Deisenhofen | 0 | 1 |
| Würzburger Kickers | 0 | 1 |
National success
[edit]On Southern German and national level, the Bavarian clubs achieved the following success:
German championship
[edit]The German under 19 championship was incepted in 1969 and, as of 2019, Bavarian clubs have reached the final 15 times, winning it five times.
| Season | Winner | Finalist | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1970–71 | 1. FC Köln | 1. FC Nürnberg | 3–1 |
| 1973–74 | 1. FC Nürnberg | 1. FC Köln | 1–0 |
| 1978–79 | Stuttgarter Kickers | 1. FC Nürnberg | 2–1 |
| 1985–86 | Bayer Leverkusen | 1. FC Nürnberg | 2–0 |
| 1988–89 | VfB Stuttgart | 1. FC Nürnberg | 3–2 |
| 1992–93 | FC Augsburg | 1. FC Kaiserslautern | 3–1 |
| 1996–97 | Borussia Dortmund | TSV 1860 Munich | 2–1 |
| 1997–98 | Borussia Dortmund | FC Bayern Munich | 2–2 / 2–1 after pen. |
| 2000–01 | FC Bayern Munich | Bayer Leverkusen | 3–2 |
| 2001–02 | FC Bayern Munich | VfB Stuttgart | 4–0 |
| 2003–04 | FC Bayern Munich | VfL Bochum | 3–0 |
| 2005–06 | FC Schalke 04 | FC Bayern Munich | 2–1 |
| 2006–07 | Bayer Leverkusen | FC Bayern Munich | 2–1 aet |
| 2011–12 | FC Schalke 04 | FC Bayern Munich | 2–1 |
| 2016–17 | Borussia Dortmund | FC Bayern Munich | 0–0 / 8–7 after pen. |
- Winner in bold.
- Source: Alle A–Junioren–Meister (in German) official DFB website: List of all champions, accessed: 28 November 2008
Southern German championship
[edit]The Under 19 Southern German championship was incepted in 1946 and disbanded in 1973. Bavarian clubs have won the competition 11 times.
| Season | Winner |
|---|---|
| 1947–48 | Germania Nürnberg |
| 1948–49 | TG Viktoria Augsburg |
| 1949–50 | FC Bayern Munich |
| 1953–54 | FC Bayern Munich |
| 1955–56 | 1. FC Nürnberg |
| 1957–58 | 1. FC Nürnberg |
| 1959–60 | 1. FC Nürnberg |
| 1962–63 | TSV 1860 Munich |
| 1963–64 | 1. FC Nürnberg |
| 1964–65 | 1. FC Nürnberg |
| 1970–71 | 1. FC Nürnberg |
- Source: 50 Jahre Bayerischer Fussball Verband (in German) publisher: Bavarian FA, published: 1996, page 131, accessed: 28 November 2008
German Cup
[edit]The German under 19 cup competition was incepted in 1987 and Bavarian clubs played in the final nine times without having lost one, as of 2008. Originally, the competition was designed for the league runners–up, this was later changed and nowadays, the 21 regional cup winners qualify for it. Since 2001, a Bavarian Cup competition for the under 19 is played.
| Season | Winner | Finalist | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1987 | 1. FC Nürnberg | Borussia Mönchengladbach | 2–1 |
| 1988 | 1. FC Nürnberg | Borussia Mönchengladbach | 1–0 |
| 1991 | FC Augsburg | 1. FC Köln | 3–2 |
| 1992 | FC Augsburg | Eintracht Braunschweig | 1–1 / 6–5 after pen. |
| 1993 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Schalke 04 | 2–1 |
| 1994 | FC Augsburg | 1. FC Köln | 2–1 |
| 1995 | FC Augsburg | FC Berlin | 4–2 |
| 2000 | TSV 1860 Munich | Hamburger SV | 2–1 |
| 2007 | TSV 1860 Munich | VfL Wolfsburg | 2–1 |
- Winner in bold.
- Source: Alle Junioren–Vereinspokalsieger (in German) DFB website, accessed: 28 November 2008
Bavarian under 19 cup
[edit]The Bavarian under 19 cup functions as a qualifying competition for the German under 19 cup and was incepted in 2001.[7]
| Season | Winner | Finalist | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | Viktoria Aschaffenburg | FC Augsburg | 1–0 |
| 2002 | FC Augsburg | SG Post/Süd Regensburg | 1–0 |
| 2003 | FC Memmingen | 1. SC Feucht | 14–0 |
| 2004 | TSV Eintracht Bamberg | no final, tournament played instead | |
| 2005 | 1. FC Nürnberg | DJK Vilzing | 8–0 |
| 2006 | TSV 1860 Munich | 1. SC Feucht | 2–1 |
| 2007 | TSV 1860 Munich | SC 04 Schwabach | 5–0 |
| 2008 | 1. FC Nürnberg | 1. FC Eintracht Bamberg | 5–4 after pen. |
| 2009 | FC Augsburg | SpVgg Ansbach | 1–0 |
| 2010 | SpVgg Greuther Fürth | no final, tournament played instead | |
| 2011 | 1. FC Nürnberg | no final, tournament played instead | |
| 2012 | 1. FC Nürnberg | SpVgg Unterhaching | 4–2 |
| 2013 | Wacker Burghausen | Würzburger Kickers | 2–0 |
| 2014 | TSV 1860 Munich | 1. FC Nürnberg | 2–1 |
| 2015 | SpVgg Greuther Fürth | Baiersdorfer SV | 3–1 |
| 2016 | FC Ingolstadt 04 | TSV 1860 Munich | 2–0 |
| 2017 | FC Ingolstadt 04 | ASV Neumarkt | 3–1 |
| 2018 | 1. FC Nürnberg | FC Ismaning | 4–0 |
| 2019 | SSV Jahn Regensburg | SV Wacker Burghausen | 4–0 |
League placings since 2003–04
[edit]State-wide league
[edit]The placings in the league since 2008–09, when it moved to a single-division format:[8]
Northern and southern divisions
[edit]The placings in the northern and southern division until 2007–08, when they were abolished:
| North | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jahn Regensburg | 2 | 1 | BL | 1 | BL |
| 1. FC Nürnberg | BL | BL | BL | BL | 1 |
| Viktoria Aschaffenburg | 1 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 2 |
| 1. FC Eintracht Bamberg | 6 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 3 |
| SC 04 Schwabach | 4 | 4 | |||
| 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| SpVgg Ansbach | 10 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 6 |
| Würzburger FV | 3 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 7 |
| SG Quelle Fürth | 5 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 |
| SC Regensburg | 9 | ||||
| 1. SC Feucht | 12 | 3 | 6 | 10 | |
| Baiersdorfer SV | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
| TSV Hirschaid | 12 | ||||
| DJK Schwabach | 13 | ||||
| FC Gerolzhofen | 13 | 14 | |||
| SpVgg Bayern Hof | 14 | 11 | |||
| ASV Cham | 12 | ||||
| SV Heidingsfeld | 13 | ||||
| SV Erlenbach | 7 | 14 | |||
| Jahn Regensburg II | 10 | ||||
| SpVgg Bayreuth | 13 | 11 | |||
| TSV Eintracht Bamberg | 8 | 12 | |||
| SpVgg Weiden | 7 | 3 | 13 | ||
| TSV Großbardorf | 14 | ||||
| TSV Kareth-Lappersdorf | 10 | ||||
| 1. FC Haßfurt | 9 | 11 | |||
| JFG Neustadt/Rödengrund | 14 | ||||
| FC Amberg | 11 |
| South | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SpVgg Unterhaching | 1 | BL | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| SV Wacker Burghausen | 3 | 4 | 1 | BL | BL |
| FC Augsburg | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| FC Memmingen | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 3 |
| FC Dingolfing | 8 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 4 |
| SC Eintracht Freising | 6 | 7 | 6 | 11 | |
| FC Ingolstadt 04 | 10 | 3 | 5 | ||
| TSV Forstenried | 7 | 5 | 6 | ||
| FC Kempten | 7 | ||||
| TSV 1860 Rosenheim | 7 | 9 | 10 | 8 | |
| TSV Waldkirchen | 5 | 8 | 12 | 9 | |
| FC Königsbrunn | 10 | 8 | 8 | 10 | |
| TSV 1861 Nördlingen | 9 | 11 | |||
| SpVgg Ruhmannsfelden | 6 | 4 | 6 | 12 | |
| SB/DJK Rosenheim | 10 | ||||
| SpVgg Landshut | 9 | 11 | 12 | ||
| SpVgg Plattling | 11 | ||||
| SpVgg Unterhaching II | 5 | ||||
| TSV Aindling | 12 | ||||
| SV Hutthurm | 11 | ||||
| FC Gundelfingen | 12 |
| BL: Bundesliga South/Southwest | RL: Regionalliga South | 1: Bavarian champions | 1: Division champions |
German championship winning players
[edit]1. FC Nürnberg
[edit]- 1974[9]
- Klaus Müller – Lindner – Günter Dämpfling (1) – Reiner Kraus – Kosian – Horst Weyerich – Reichenbach – Helmut Steuerwald – Suffel – Peter Sommer – Werner Dorok
FC Augsburg
[edit]- 1993[10]
- Fuchs – Frank Gerster – Thomas Meggle – Neumann – Bachthaler – Dobler – Meier – Michael Rösele – Söhner – Böhringer – Berkant – İlhan Mansız
Bayern Munich
[edit]- 2001[11][12]
- Philipp Heerwagen – Leonhard Haas (1) – Markus Husterer – Peter Endres – Martin Rietzler – Enzo Contento – Paul Thomik – Barbaros Barut – Markus Feulner – Philipp Lahm – Zvjezdan Misimović (1) – Piotr Trochowski (1) – Florian Heller – Yunus Karayün
- 2002[13]
- Michael Rensing – Leonhard Haas – Alexander Aischmann – Andreas Ottl – Barbaros Barut – Michael Stegmayer – Christian Lell – Paul Thomik – Bastian Schweinsteiger – Philipp Lahm (1) – Piotr Trochowski (2) – Erdal Kilicaslan (1) – Borut Semler – Serkan Atak – Peter Endres
- 2004
- Goals in brackets
References
[edit]- ^ 50 Jahre Bayerischer Fussball Verband (in German) publisher: Bavarian FA, published: 1996, page: 131, accessed: 28 November 2008
- ^ Siegerliste der Bayerischen Meisterschaften U19 (A)-Junioren (in German), accessed: 28 November 2008
- ^ 50 Jahre Bayerischer Fussball Verband (in German) publisher: Bavarian FA, published: 1996, page: 132, accessed: 28 November 2008
- ^ Siegerliste der Bayerischen Meisterschaften U19 (A)-Junioren BFV website (in German), accessed: 28 November 2008
- ^ Bayernliga männlich Nord U 19 2007–08 BFV website, accessed: 30 November 2008
- ^ Vergleich der Mannschaftszahlen im Junioren-Spielbetrieb zwischen 2007 und 2008 in den einzelnen Bezirken (in German) BFV website, accessed: 29 November 2008
- ^ Die Endspiele um den Bayerischen U19-Pokal (in German) BFV website, accessed: 8 June 2015
- ^ Results Archive (in German) BFV website, accessed: 9 February 2011
- ^ 50 Jahre Bayerischer Fussball Bund (in German) publisher: BFV, published: 1996, page: 130, accessed: 1 December 2008
- ^ 50 Jahre Bayerischer Fussball Bund (in German) publisher: BFV, published: 1996, page: 130, accessed: 1 December 2008
- ^ Philipp Lahm biography Archived 2008-09-21 at the Wayback Machine (in German) Philipp Lahm website, accessed: 1 December 2008
- ^ Deutschlands Fussball in Zahlen – Die Saison 2000–01 (in German) publisher: DSFS, published: 2001, page: 287, accessed: 1 December 2008
- ^ Deutschlands Fussball in Zahlen – Die Saison 2001–02 (in German) publisher: DSFS, published: 2002, page: 307, accessed: 1 December 2008
Sources
[edit]- Deutschlands Fußball in Zahlen, (in German) An annual publication with tables and results from the Bundesliga to Verbandsliga/Landesliga, publisher: DSFS
- 50 Jahre Bayrischer Fussball-Verband (in German) 50-year-anniversary book of the Bavarian FA, publisher: Vindelica Verlag, published: 1996
External links
[edit]- Bayrischer Fussball Verband (Bavarian FA) (in German)
- Bavarian League tables and results (in German)