1800–01 United States Senate elections
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10 of the 32 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections) 17 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The United States Senate elections of 1800 and 1801 were elections for the United States Senate that, coinciding with their takeover of the White House, led to the Democratic-Republican Party taking control of the United States Senate. Although the Federalists began the next (7th) Congress with a slim majority, they lost their majority shortly thereafter due to mid-year special elections.
As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.
Change in Senate composition
Before the elections
After the November 6, 1800 special election in New York.
| DR6 | DR5 | DR4 | DR3 | DR2 | DR1 | ||||
| DR7 | DR8 | DR9 Ran |
DR10 Unknown |
DR11 Unknown |
F21 Retired |
F20 Unknown |
F19 Unknown |
F18 Ran |
F17 Ran |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Majority → | |||||||||
| F16 Ran | |||||||||
| F7 | F8 | F9 | F10 | F11 | F12 | F13 | F14 | F15 Ran | |
| F6 | F5 | F4 | F3 | F2 | F1 | ||||
Result of the elections
| DR6 | DR5 | DR4 | DR3 | DR2 | DR1 | ||||
| DR7 | DR8 | DR9 Re-elected |
DR10 Hold |
DR11 Gain |
DR12 Gain |
DR13 Gain |
DR14 Gain |
V1 F loss |
F17 Gain |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Majority → | |||||||||
| F16 Re-elected | |||||||||
| F7 | F8 | F9 | F10 | F11 | F12 | F13 | F14 | F15 Re-elected | |
| F6 | F5 | F4 | F3 | F2 | F1 | ||||
Beginning of the 7th Congress
| DR6 | DR5 | DR4 | DR3 | DR2 | DR1 | ||||
| DR7 | DR8 | DR9 | DR10 | DR11 | DR12 | DR13 | DR14 | DR15 | F17 |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| F16 | |||||||||
| F7 | F8 | F9 | F10 | F11 | F12 | F13 | F14 | F15 | |
| F6 | F5 | F4 | F3 | F2 | F1 | ||||
Later in the 7th Congress (end of 1801)
| DR6 | DR5 | DR4 | DR3 | DR2 | DR1 | ||||
| DR7 | DR8 | DR9 | DR10 | DR11 | DR12 | DR13 | DR14 Hold |
DR15 Hold |
DR16 Gain |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Majority → | |||||||||
| DR17 Gain | |||||||||
| F7 | F8 | F9 | F10 | F11 | F12 | F13 | F14 Hold |
DR18 Gain | |
| F6 | F5 | F4 | F3 | F2 | F1 | ||||
| Key: |
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Race summaries
Special elections during the preceding Congress
In these special elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1801; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history
| |||
| New York (Class 1) |
James Watson | Federalist | 1798 (Special) | Incumbent resigned March 19, 1800, to become Naval Officer of the Port of New York. Winner elected April 3, 1800. Federalist hold. |
√ Gouverneur Morris (Federalist) Peter Gansevoort (Democratic-Republican) |
| Massachusetts (Class 2) |
Samuel Dexter | Federalist | 1799 1796 |
Incumbent resigned May 30, 1800 to become U.S. Secretary of War. Winner elected June 6, 1800. Federalist hold. |
√ Dwight Foster (Federalist) [data missing] |
| New York (Class 3) |
John Laurance | Federalist | 1796 (Special) | Incumbent resigned August 1800. Winner elected November 6, 1800. Democratic-Republican gain. |
√ John Armstrong (Democratic-Republican) Peter Gansevoort (Democratic-Republican) |
| Massachusetts (Class 1) |
Benjamin Goodhue | Federalist | 1796 (Special) 1796 |
Incumbent resigned November 8, 1800. Winner elected November 14, 1800. Federalist hold. |
√ Jonathan Mason (Federalist) [data missing] |
| Maryland (Class 3) |
James Lloyd | Federalist | 1797 (Special) | Incumbent resigned December 1, 1800. Winner elected December 12, 1800. Federalist hold. |
√ William Hindman (Federalist) [data missing] |
| New Jersey (Class 1) |
James Schureman | Federalist | 1799 (Special) | Incumbent resigned February 16, 1801. Winner elected February 28, 1801. Federalist hold. |
√ Aaron Ogden (Federalist) [data missing] |
Races leading to the next Congress
In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1801; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Connecticut | Uriah Tracy | Federalist | 1796 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1801. | √ Uriah Tracy (Federalist) [data missing] |
| Georgia | James Gunn | Federalist | 1789 1795 |
Unknown if incumbent ran or retired. Winner elected in 1801. Democratic-Republican gain. |
√ James Jackson (Democratic-Republican) [data missing] |
| Kentucky | Humphrey Marshall | Federalist | 1794 | Incumbent lost re-election Winner elected November 20, 1800. Democratic-Republican gain. |
√ John Breckinridge (Democratic-Republican) [data missing] |
| Maryland | William Hindman | Federalist | 1797 (Special) | Legislature failed to elect. Incumbent was then appointed. |
None |
| New Hampshire | John Langdon | Democratic- Republican |
1794 or 1795 | Unknown if incumbent ran or retired. Winner elected in 1801. Federalist gain. |
√ James Sheafe (Federalist) [data missing] |
| New York | John Armstrong | Democratic- Republican |
1800 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected April 8, 1801. | √ John Armstrong (Democratic-Republican) [data missing] |
| North Carolina | Timothy Bloodworth | Democratic- Republican |
1794 | Unknown if incumbent ran or retired. Winner elected November 27, 1800. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ David Stone (Democratic-Republican) [data missing] |
| Pennsylvania | William Bingham | Federalist | 1795 | Incumbent retired. Winner elected February 18, 1801.[1] Democratic-Republican gain. |
√ Peter Muhlenberg (Democratic-Republican) 50.0% George Logan (Democratic-Republican) 48.9% William Jones (Democratic-Republican) 1.0% |
| South Carolina | Jacob Read | Federalist | 1795 | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1801. Democratic-Republican gain. |
√ John E. Colhoun (Democratic-Republican) [data missing] |
| Vermont | Elijah Paine | Federalist | 1794 | Incumbent re-elected in 1800. | √ Elijah Paine (Federalist) [data missing] |
Special elections during the next Congress
In these special elections, the winner was seated after March 4, 1801; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Rhode Island (Class 2) |
Ray Greene | Federalist | 1797 (Special) 1799 |
Incumbent resigned March 5, 1801. Winner elected May 6, 1801. Democratic-Republican gain. |
√ Christopher Ellery (Democratic-Republican) [data missing] |
| New Hampshire (Class 2) |
Samuel Livermore | Federalist | 1798 (Special) | Incumbent resigned June 12, 1801. Winner elected June 17, 1801. Federalist hold. |
√ Simeon Olcott (Federalist) [data missing] |
| Vermont (Class 3) |
Elijah Paine | Federalist | 1794 1801 |
Incumbent resigned September 1, 1801. Winner elected October 15, 1801. Democratic-Republican gain. |
√ Stephen R. Bradley (Democratic-Republican) [data missing] |
| Maryland (Class 3) |
William Hindman | Federalist | 1800 (Appointed) | Incumbent appointee did not run to finish the term Winner elected November 19, 1801. Democratic-Republican gain. |
√ Robert Wright (Democratic-Republican) [data missing] |
| South Carolina (Class 2) |
Charles Pinckney | Democratic- Republican |
1798 (Special) 1798 |
Incumbent resigned June 6, 1801. Winner elected December 15, 1801. Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ Thomas Sumter (Democratic-Republican) [data missing] |
| Pennsylvania (Class 3) |
Peter Muhlenberg | Democratic- Republican |
1801 | Incumbent resigned June 30, 1801. Winner elected December 17, 1801.[2] Democratic-Republican hold. |
√ George Logan (Democratic-Republican) 63.6% Joseph Hiester (Federalist) 28.0% Other 8.4% |
See also
References
- Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov