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D R A F T part D Future directions (long term i.e. by 2049)

United States Army Futures Command
AFC's shoulder sleeve insignia[1]
Founded1 July 2018
Country United States
Branch United States Army
TypeArmy Command
Garrison/HQAustin, TX
Motto(s)"Forge the future"[1]
Websitearmy.mil/futures
armyfuturescommand.com
Commanders
Commanding General[3]GEN John M. Murray
Deputy Commanding Generals[3]LTG James M. Richardson
LTG Thomas H. Todd[2]
Command Sergeant Major[3]CSM Michael A. Crosby
Insignia
Distinctive unit insignia[1]

United States Army Futures Command (AFC)[4][5] is a United States Army command aimed at modernizing the Army.[6] [7][8] It currently focuses on six priorities:[Note 1] 1— long-range precision fires,[9][10] 2— next-generation combat vehicle,[11] 3— future vertical lift platforms,[12] 4— a mobile & expeditionary Army network,[13] 5— air & missile defense capabilities,[14] and 6— soldier lethality.[15][16] AFC's cross-functional teams (CFTs)[17] are Futures Command's vehicle for sustainable reform of the acquisition process for the future.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). [18]

Futures Command (AFC) was established in 2018 as a peer of FORSCOM, TRADOC, and Army Materiel Command (AMC), the other Army commands (ACOMs—providing forces, training and doctrine, and materiel respectively).[19][20] The other Army commands focus on their readiness to "Fight tonight" when called upon by the nation. In contrast, AFC is focused on future readiness[21] for competition with near-peers, who have updated their capabilities.[22][23]

AFC declared its Full Operational Capability (FOC) in July 2019,[24][25] after an initial one-year period.[26] The FY2020 budget allocated $30 billion for the top six modernization priorities over the next five years.[27] The $30 billion came from $8 billion in cost avoidance and $22 billion in terminations.[27][28] Over 30 projects[29][30] are envisioned to become the materiel basis needed for overmatching any potential competitors in the continuum of conflict over the next ten years,[31] [32][33] in Multi-domain operations (MDO).[34][35][36][37][38]

Transition to multi-domain operations (MDO)

[edit]

We're moving out and there's no turning back. We've shown the will to act over the last year, and now we have to show the will to follow through.

— Then-Under Secretary of the Army Ryan McCarthy[39][40]
Friendly forces (denoted in black)[41] operating in Multi-domains (gray, yellow, light blue, dark gray, and dark blue) —Space, Cyber, Air, Land, and Maritime respectively— cooperate across domains, working as an integrated force against adversaries (denoted in red). These operations will disrupt these adversaries, and present them multiple simultaneous dilemmas to encourage adversaries to return to competition rather than continue a conflict.[42]

According to Secretary McCarthy, there will be three elements in Futures Command:[43]

  1. Futures and Concepts: assess gaps (needs versus opportunities,[44] given a threat).[43] Concepts for realizable future systems (with readily harvestable content)[45][46]: for definitions of terms, such as '6.3'  will flow into TRADOC doctrine, manuals, and training programs.
  2. Combat Development: stabilized concepts.[45][46] Balance the current state of technology and the cash-flow requirements of the defense contractors providing the technology, that they become deliverable experiments, demonstrations, and prototypes, in an iterative process of acquisition.[47] (See #Value stream)
  3. Combat Systems: experiments, demonstrations, and prototypes.[48] Transition to the acquisition, production, and sustainment programs of AMC.[48][49]

Then-Secretary of the Army, Mark Esper emphasized that the 2018 administrative infrastructure for the Futures and Concepts Center (formerly ARCIC) and United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) (formerly RDECOM) remains in place at their existing locations.[50] What has changed or will change is the layers of command (operational control, or OPCON)[51] needed to make a decision.[50]

You've got to remain open to change, you've got to remain flexible, you've [got] to remain accessible. That is the purpose of this command.

— Secretary Esper[50][52]

Cross-Functional Teams (CFTs)

[edit]

Under Secretary McCarthy characterized a Cross-Functional Team (CFT) as a team of teams, led by a requirements leader, program manager, sustainer and tester.[53] Each CFT must strike a balance for itself amid constraints: the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment. A balance is needed in order for a CFT in order to produce a realizable concept before a competitor achieves it.[17]

CFTs[17][54] for materiel and capabilities were first structured in a task force, in order to de-layer the Army Commands. Each CFT addresses a capability gap, which the Army must now match for its future: there can be a Capability Development Integration Directorate (CDID), for each CFT.[Note 1] Initially, the CFTs were placed as needed; eventually they might each co-locate at a Center of Excellence (CoE) listed below. For example, the Aviation CoE at Fort Rucker, in coordination with the Aviation Program Executive Officer (PEO), also contains the Vertical Lift CFT and the Aviation CDID. Modernization reform is the priority for AFC, in order to achieve readiness for the future.

The CFTs will be involved in all three of AFC's elements: Futures and concepts, Combat development, and Combat systems.[55] "We were never above probably a total of eight people" — BG Wally Rugen, Aviation CFT.[56] Four of the eight CFT leads have now shifted from dual-hat jobs to full-time status. Each CFT lead is mentored by a 4-star general.[56]

Although AFC and the CFTs are a top priority of the Department of the Army, as AFC and the CFTs are expected to unify control of the $30 billion-dollar modernization budget,[57][25] "The new command will not tolerate a zero-defects mentality. 'But if you fail, we'd like you to fail early and fail cheap,' because progress and success often builds on failure." —Ryan McCarthy:[58] Holland notes that prototyping applies to the conceptual realm ('harvestable content') as much as prototyping applies to the hardware realm.[45][46]

A 2019 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report[33] cautions that lessons learned from the CFT pilot[17] are yet to be applied; Holland notes that this organizational critique applies to prototyping hardware, a different realm than concept refinement ("scientific research is a fundamentally different activity than technology development").[45][46]

Joint collaboration on modernization

[edit]

The Secretaries of the Army, Air Force, and Navy meet regularly to take advantage of overlap in their programs:[59][60]

  • Hypersonics — The US Army (August 2018) has no tested countermeasure for intercepting maneuverable hypersonic weapons platforms,[61][62] and in this case the problem is being addressed in a joint program of the entire Department of Defense.[63] The Army is participating in a joint program with the Navy and Air Force, to develop a hypersonic glide body.[64][65][66] [67][68][69][70] The Long range precision fires (LRPF) CFT is supporting Space and Missile Defense Command's pursuit of hypersonics.[68][71][72] Joint programs in hypersonics are informed by Army work;[73][74] however, at the strategic level, the bulk of the hypersonics work remains at the Joint level.[75][76][77][78][70] Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF) is an Army priority, and also a DoD joint effort.[74] The Army and Navy's Common Hypersonic Glide Body (C-HGB) had a successful test of a prototype in March 2020.[79][78] A wind tunnel for testing hypersonic vehicles will be built in Texas (2019).[80] The Army's Land-based Hypersonic Missile "is intended to have a range of 1,400 miles".[69]: p.6  [70] By adding rocket propulsion to a shell or glide body, the joint effort shaved five years off the likely fielding time for hypersonic weapon systems.[59][81] Countermeasures against hypersonics will require sensor data fusion: both radar and infrared sensor tracking data will be required to capture the signature of a hypersonic vehicle in the atmosphere.[82][83][84]
  • Multi-Domain Operations (MDO)[35][85][86][87] — Joint planning and operations are also part of the impending DoD emphasis on multi-domain operations.[22][88][89][90][91] Multi-domain battalions, first stood up in 2019,[92] [93] comprise a single unit[94][95] for air, land,[96] space,[97][98][82][99]— and cyber [100][101] domains.[102][59][101] A hypersonics-based battery similar to a THAAD battery is under consideration for this type of battalion,[65][79] denoted a strategic fires battalion.[103][104]
    • The ability to punch-through any standoff defense of a near-peer competitor is the goal which Futures Command is seeking.[105][37] [106][107] For example, the combination of F-35-based targeting coordinates, Long range precision fires, and Low-earth-orbit satellite[108] capability overmatches the competition, according to Lt. Gen. Wesley.[109]
      Multi-domain operations (MDO) span multiple domains: cislunar space, land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.[110]: minute 17:45 [111] [112] [113] Echelons above brigade (division, corps, and theater army) engage in a continuum of conflict.
      [114][34][115][116][86][117][96][70] Critical decisions to meet this goal will be decided by data from the results of the Army's ongoing tests of the prototypes under development.[106][68]
    • For example, in Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF), the director of the LRPF CFT envisions one application as an anti-access/area denial (A2AD) probe; this spares resources from the other services;[118] by firing a munition with a thousand-mile range at an adversary, LRPF would force an adversary to respond, which exposes the locations of its countermeasures, and might even expose the location of an adversary force's headquarters. In that situation an adversary's headquarters would not survive for long, and the adversary's forces would be subject to defeat in detail. But LRPF is only one part of the strategy of overmatch by a Combatant commander.

Partners

[edit]

AFC is actively seeking partners outside the gates of a military reservation,[119] including research funding to over 300 colleges and universities.[25] "We will come to you. You don't have to come to us. — General Mike Murray, 24 August 2018"[26]: minute 6:07  Multiple incubator tech hubs are available in Austin,[120] especially Capital Factory, with offices of Defense Innovation Unit (DIUx) and AFWERX (USAF tech hub).[121] Gen. Murray will stand up an Army Applications Lab[Note 2] there to accelerate acquisition and deployment of materiel to the Soldiers, using Artificial Intelligence (AI) [122] as one acceleration technique; Murray will hire a Chief Technology Officer (CTO) for AFC.[123][124] Gen. Murray, in seeking to globalize AFC,[125] has embedded U.S. military allies into some of the CFTs.[126][25]

  • Artificial Intelligence (AI) Modernization[127][128] — The Secretary of the Army has directed the establishment of an Army AI Task Force (A-AI TF) to support the DoD Joint AI center. The execution order will be drafted and staffed by Futures Command:[122][129]
    • Army AI task force[130][131] (its relationship with the CFTs is cross-cutting, in the same sense as the Assured Position, Navigation, Timing (A-PNT) CFT and the Synthetic Training Environment (STE) CFT are also cross-cutting) will use the resources of the Army to establish scalable machine learning projects at Carnegie Mellon University
    • the Army CIO/G-6 will create an Identity, Credential, and Access Management system to efficiently issue and verify credentials to non-person entities (AI agents and machines)[132]
    • DCS G-2 will coordinate with CG AFC, and director of A-AI TF, to provide intelligence for Long-Range Precision Fires
    • CG AMC will provide functional expertise and systems for maintenance of materiel with AI
    • AFC and A-AI TF will establish an AI test bed for experimentation, training, deployment, and testing of machine learning capabilities and workflows.[133][134] Funding will be assured for the Fiscal Year 2019.[59][135]
      • A Global Network to counter cyber attacks, much like Five Eyes, is the recommendation for multi-domain operations (MDO), which is unified to present a synoptic view of any cyber operation to all the combatant commands simultaneously.[136][101][137][116][114][34][138]
        • Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) AlphaDogfight: Trials of eight AI teams, which began learning how to fly in September 2019. In August 2020 the eight AI agents faced each other, in a series of simulated fights. The simulations included the g-forces which limit a human (accelerations greater than 9 g's will cause most forward-facing human pilots to black out— AI agents are not subject to these human constraints). The champion AI agent eventually met a human F-16 fighter pilot in simulated combat on 20 August 2020.[139] On 20 August 2020, the champion AI agent consistently defeated a human F-16 pilot in a series of dogfights.[140]
        • DoD's Joint AI Center (JAIC) is providing a Joint Common Foundation, a cloud-based AI toolkit for any DoD organization (viz., Futures Command) to use.[141] JAIC is seeking to curate the flood of data at DoD[142][45] to allow systematic, reliable datasets which are usable for machine learning.[143]
        • Adaptive Distributed Allocation of Probabilistic Tasks (ADAPT) is a DARPA model for testing AI-to-human communication in a toy environment. [144]

Futures Command will stand up Army Software Factory in August 2021, to immerse Soldiers and Army civilians of all ranks in modern software development, in Austin.[145][146] Similar in spirit to the Training with industry program, participants are expected to take these practices back with them, to influence other Army people in their future assignments, and to build up the Army's capability in software development. The Al Work Force Development program and this Software Factory will complement the Artificial Intelligence Task Force.[145][147]

AFC is seeking to design signature systems in a relevant time frame according to priorities[Note 1] of the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA).[55] AFC will partner with other organizations such as Defense Innovation Unit Experimental (DIUx) as needed.[73][148] If a team from industry presents a viable program idea to a CFT, that CFT connects to the Army's requirements developers, Secretary Esper said, and the program prototype is then put on a fast track.[149] The Secretary of the Army has approved an Intellectual Property Management Policy, to protect both the Army and the entrepreneur or innovator.[150][151]

For example, the Network CFT and the Program Executive Office Command, Control, Communications—Tactical (PEO C3T) hosted a forum on 1 August 2018 for vendors to learn what might function as a testable/deployable[152] in the near future.[153][100][154] A few of the hundreds of white papers from the vendors, adjudged to be 'very mature ideas', were passed to the Army's acquisition community, while many others were passed to CERDEC for continuation in the Army's effort to modernize the network for combat.[155] Although some test requirements were inappropriately applied, the Command post computing environment (CPCE) has passed a hurdle.[156]

While seeking information, the Army is especially interested in ideas that accelerate an acquisition program, in for example the Future Vertical Lift Requests for Information (RFIs): "provide a detailed description of tailored, alternative or innovative approaches that streamlines the acquisition process to accelerate the program as much as possible".[157] In January 2020 the current Optionally manned fighting vehicle (OMFV) solicitation was cancelled when the OMFV's requirements added up to an unobtainable project;[158] In February 2020 Futures command was now soliciting the industry for do-able ideas for an OMFV, using an RFI.[158]

The CIO/G6 has targeted Futures Command (Austin) in 2019 as the first pilot for "enterprise IT-as-a-service"-style service contracts; General Murray now (July 2019) has a sensitive compartmented information facility in his headquarters, as a result of this pilot.[24] Two other locations are to be announced for 2019. Six to eight other pilots are envisioned for 2020. However, 288 other enterprise network locations remain to be migrated away from the previous "big bang" migration concept from several years ago, as they are vulnerable to near-peer cyber threats.[159][160]: minute 16:50  The CIO/G6 emphasizes that this enterprise migration is not the tactical network espoused in the top six priorities (a 'mobile & expeditionary Army network').[159][161]

  1. After AFC, the following G6 service contracts are high priority:[159]
  2. The Combat Training Centers (Fort Irwin, Fort Polk, and Grafenwöhr)
  3. TRADOC and its Centers of Excellence (CoEs)
  4. The power projection bases from which deployments spring

By February 2020 the Vice Chief of Staff could assess that Army modernization was perceptibly speeding up.[162]

Enterprise campaign planning

[edit]

In 2019 DoD planners are exercising DOTMLPF in planning, per the National Defense Strategy (NDS),[163] in the shift from counterinsurgency (COIN) to competition with near-peer powers.[163] The evaluations from planners' scenarios will be determining materiel and organization by late 2020.[163][89][164][165]

Futures Command is formulating multiyear Enterprise campaign plans, in 2019.[166][167][168] The planning process includes Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC), AFC's cross-functional teams (CFTs), Futures and Concepts (FCC), Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC), and Army Reserve's Houston-based 75th Innovation Command. At this stage, one goal is to formulate the plans in simple, coherent language which nests within the national security strategic documents.[166][169]

Futures

[edit]

AFC faces multiple futures, both as threat and opportunity. The Army's warfighting directive, viz., "to impose the nation's political will on its enemy" —Chief of Staff Milley, is to be ready[21] for multiple near-term futures.[170] Under Secretary McCarthy notes that Gen. Murray functions as the Army's Chief Investments Officer[123] (more precisely, its "chief futures modernization investment officer").[171]: Section 4 [Note 2][44] Funding for the top six priorities could mean that existing programs might be curtailed.[172]

In the top six priorities:

  1. LRPF Long range precision fires[173][174]
  2. NGCV Next generation combat vehicle
    • Much smaller and lighter ground combat vehicles, optionally unmanned[185] (See Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC)) for robotic vehicles[186]
      Small Multipurpose Equipment Transport (S-MET) candidate robotic mules for transporting infantry squad equipment[187]
      • If robotic combat vehicles (RCVs) do not need to be manned, neither would they need to be armored; use of sensors and batteries could replace the armor.[188][189] Soldiers have learned to remotely operate the weapons on such RCVs in several days;[188] the CCDC RCV Center and CFT are placing RCV prototypes and the Soldier's vehicle prototypes in company-level scenarios in Europe, in 2020 and forward.[188]
    • Robotic warfare, as a concept or capability at the Joint Corps echelon, was demonstrated at the operational level using Joint Warfighting assessment (JWA) 18.1 in April 2018.
    • JWA 19 (April–May 2019): I Corps, at JLBM (Joint base Lewis-McChord), is getting modernization training on the robotic complex breaching concept (RCBC),[190] and the command post computing environment (CPCE)[191] from Joint modernization command (JMC) training staff.[192]
      • Create decisive lethality:[193][194][106] Robotic experiments[195][196]
        • Jen Judson reports that Lt. Gen. Eric Wesley is proposing that the brigades begin to electrify their vehicles using hybrid,[197] or all-electric propulsion,[198][199] or perhaps other mobile power plants.[200]
        • Modified M2 Bradleys (MET-Ds) and other RCVs operating at Fort Carson, and in Europe have used robotic software to operate the vehicles, for both logistics and also for combat maneuver.[201] As of August 2020, the RCVs are able to perform limited waypoint navigation; multiple vehicles can be controlled by one human operator.[201]
  3. FVL[202] "Our new approach is really to prototype as much as we can to help us identify requirements, so our reach doesn’t exceed our grasp. ... A good example is Future Vertical Lift: The prototyping has been exceptional." —Secretary of the Army Mark Esper[203]
    • The FARA (Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft) scout helicopter prototypes are to be designed to fly along urban streets, to survive air defenses. [204][205] Five design vendors were selected, with downselect to two for prototyping by February 2020.[204]
    • These aircraft are envisioned as platforms for utilizing sensor networks to control and enable weapons delivery, as demonstrated in a 2019 experiment.[206][207] In preparation for FVL platforms, the FVL CFT demonstrated a 2020 Spike non-line of sight missile launch from an Apache gunship at Yuma Proving Ground, for extended range capability;[208] a forward air launch of an unmanned sensor aircraft (UAS) from a helicopter was demonstrated at YPG as well.[209]
  4. Mobile & Expeditionary Network / MDO Multi-domain operations[34][210]
    • In the battlefield of the future, where nowhere is safe for long, "you will miss opportunities to get to positions of advantage if you don't synthesize the data very quickly"—LTG Wesley (AI for multi-domain command and control: MDC2)[94][211][86][212]
      • ISR (intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) needs to match the range of the upcoming LRPF (Long range precision fires) and thousand-nautical-mile missile standoff capability of the Army.[213] Soldiers on the ground are now able to receive satellite ISR.[214]
      • Cybersecurity[215][216][217][218] RAND simulations show Blue losses[88]
    • Cyber warfare[219] / urban warfare[89][220][221][222] / Underground warfare / Multi-domain combined maneuver[223][106][224][225][168][226][86]
    • Assured Positioning, Navigation and Timing (A-PNT)[111][227][228] A solar-powered drone successfully stayed aloft at Yuma Proving Ground for nearly 26 days, at times descending to 55,000 feet to avoid adverse weather conditions, while remaining well above the altitudes flown by commercial aircraft, and landing per plan in the summer of 2018, to meet other testing commitments.[229]
      • An A-PNT event is scheduled at WSMR for August 2019[49]: pp220-3 [230]: Positioning, Navigation and Timing Assessment Exercise (PNTAX) [231][49]: pp220-1 [232][233]
      • Prototype jam-resistant GPS kits are being fielded to 2nd Cavalry Regiment in EUCOM before year-end 2019.[234] More than 300 Strykers of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment are being fitted with the Mounted Assured Precision Navigation & Timing System (MAPS), with thousands more planned for EUCOM.[235]
      • A Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) to Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) is under development.[236][102][154]
        • Low Earth orbit satellites for Assured Positioning, Navigation and Timing— "When you look at the sheer number of satellites that go up and the reduced cost to do it, it gives us an array of opportunities on how to solve the problems" in A-PNT[237]
      • CCDC Army Research Laboratory (ARL) researchers have proposed and demonstrated a way for small ground-based robots with mounted antennas to configure phased arrays, a technique which usually takes a static laboratory to develop. Instead the researchers used robots to covertly create and focus a highly directional parasitic array (see Yagi antenna).[238]
      • CCDC Army Research Laboratory (ARL): ARL's Army Research Office is funding researchers at University of Texas at Austin, and University of Lille who have built a new 5G component using hexagonal boron nitride which can switch at performant speeds, while remaining 50 times more energy-efficient than current materials—the "thinnest known insulator with a thickness of 0.33 nanometers".[239]
      • A demonstration of proof of concept allows Soldiers to communicate their position using a wearable tracking unit. The technology allows soldiers (or robots) to prosecute a fight even indoors or underground, even if GPS were lost during a NavWar.[240]
  5. Air,Missile Defense[174][92][241][242][243][244]
      • Integrated Air and Missile Battle Command System (IBCS)[245] award, including next software build.[246][92] $238 million also funds initial prototypes of the command and control system for fielding in FY22.[247]
        • Hypersonic glide vehicle launch preparations,[70] beginning in 2020, and continuing with launches every six months.[65]
        • At Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake an FVL CFT-sponsored demonstration of interconnected sensors handed-off the control of a glide munition which had been launched from a Grey Eagle unmanned aircraft system (UAS). During the flight of that munition, another group of sensors picked up a higher-priority target; another operator at the Tactical Operations Center (TOC) redirected the glide munition to the higher-priority target and destroyed it.[206][248][249]
  6. Soldier lethality
    • Sensor-to-shooter prototype for multi-domain battle, 2019 operational assessment: Air Force RCO / Army RCO / Network CFT[115][116][117]
    • Night vision goggles thermal polarimetric camera.[250] Integrated vision augmentation system (IVAS)[251][252][253][254][255][256][257]
    • CCDC ARL researchers are developing a flexible, waterproof, lithium-ion battery of any size and shape, for soldiers to wear; the electrolyte is water itself. In 2020 the batteries were engineering prototypes; by 2021 soldiers will wear the battery for themselves for the first time.[258]
      • CCDC ARL and DoE's PNNL are examining the solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) as it first forms during the initial charging of a Lithium-ion battery. They have found an inner SEI (thin, dense, and inorganic —most likely lithium oxide) between the copper electrode, and an outer SEI which is organic and permeable — a finding which will be useful when building future batteries.[259]
    • CCDC ARL and MIT researchers are formulating atomically thin materials to be layered upon soldiers' equipment and clothing for MDO information display and processing.[260]
    • Integrated, wearable cabling for capabilities such as IVAS, NGSW, or Nett Warrior are under development;[261] the potential exists to reduce 20 pounds of batteries to half that weight.[262]
    • CCDC ARL is undertaking an Essential research program (ERP) in the processes underlying Additive manufacturing (3D printing), which is applicable to munitions.[263]
    • Natick Soldier RDEC has awarded an Other Transaction Authority (OTA) contract to prototype soldier exoskeletons which augment human leg strength under harsh conditions.[264][265][266]
    • Plans for the Infantry squad vehicle (ISV) are underway.[267][268] An ISV is meant to be airdropped for a squad of 9 paratroopers.[269]
      • Assured pointing, navigation and tracking (A-PNT) devices are being miniaturized, with increased redundant positioning sources. This aids wearability.[231][49]: pp220-3 
      • In September 2019 in the Maneuver CoE's Battle Lab at Fort Benning, OneSAF simulations[270] of a platoon augmented by UAS drones, ground robots, and AI were able to dislodge a defending force 3 times larger, repeatedly. But by current doctrine, a near-battalion would have been required to accomplish that mission.[270]

Other Armies

[edit]

The British Army is also investigating innovations, such as robots and drones, including 70 technologies funded by a $1 billion (₤800 million) innovation fund launched in 2016.[271] Two hundred troops will engage in "surveillance, long-range, and precision targeting, enhanced mobility and the re-supply of forces, urban warfare and enhanced situational awareness".[271]

"By 2020 the Army's programs for modernization were now framed as a decades-long process of cooperation with allies and partners,[272][273] for competition with potential adversaries who historically have blurred the distinction between peace and war,[274]" — from: Reorganization plan of United States Army

  1. In 2020, one measure of military power projection ranks the competition between the armies of the world (after the US Army, which is ranked atop this list).[275][276] The list of armies, a mixture of allies, partners, and competitors is estimated to be:
  2. Russia[275] jammed the GPS signal during NATO exercises in November 2018.[277][234][278] In 2014 the DoD's research and engineering chief Alan Shaffer warned that the 'US lost dominance of the electromagnetic spectrum'[279] (EMS), in part due to the US government selloff of EMS radio frequencies, and also due in part to the proliferation of digital technologies which allow for low-cost jammers.[279] (See: meaconing)[280][281] General Valery Gerasimov advocates hybrid warfare, a "blend of political, economic and military power to bear against adversaries".[282][283][284] Russia took Crimea without firing a shot.[285] In April 2020 Russia tested an anti-satellite system for Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites.[286][287][288]
  3. China[275] — RAND simulations show Blue losses.[88] Six of the top 15 defense companies in the world are now Chinese, in 2019 for the first time.[289] The competition with China is being shaped in the current decade 2010–2020, according to David Kriete.[290][291][292] In 2017 China adopted the National Intelligence Law which obligates Chinese companies to subordinate themselves to intelligence-gathering measures for the state.[293] China is militarizing the South China Sea.[285] The 30th BeiDou satellite was meant to complete China's own global navigation satellite system;[294] as of June 16, 2020 the launch of a BDS-3 satellite is postponed.[295] The Defense Intelligence Agency projects that China will at least double its nuclear arsenal and that its production capability will be far expanded in the 2020s.[296] Secretary Mark Esper said that China is aiming to be the dominant military power in Asia by 2049.[297]
  4. India — faces Pakistan[275]
  5. Japan — faces North Korea[275][138]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c The capabilities as prioritized by the Chief of Staff, will use Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) in the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment, using CFTs for:
    1. Improved long-range precision fires (artillery):—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG John Rafferty ... PEO Ammunition (AMMO)
    2. Next-generation combat vehicle—(Detroit Arsenal, Warren, Michigan) Lead: BG Ross Coffman ... PEO Ground Combat Systems (GCS)
    3. Vertical lift platforms—(Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: BG Wally Rugen ... PEO Aviation (AVN)
    4. Mobile and expeditionary (usable in ground combat) communications network (Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland)
      1. Network Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence— Lead: MG Pete Gallagher ... PEO Command Control Communications Tactical (C3T)
      2. Assured Position Navigation and Timing— (Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: William B. Nelson, SES
    5. Air and missile defense—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG Brian Gibson, ... PEO Missiles and Space (M&S)
    6. Soldier lethality
      1. Soldier Lethality—(Fort Benning, Georgia) Lead: BG David M. Hodne ... PEO Soldier
      2. Synthetic Training Environment —(Orlando, Florida) Lead: MG Maria Gervais ... PEO Simulation, Training, & Instrumentation (STRI)
    • Above, 'dotted line' relationship (i.e., coordination) is denoted by a ' ... '
  2. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (23 October 2018) Army Futures Command Wants YOU (To Innovate)
    • —Adam Jay Harrison's list for types of Funding Authority

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Futures Command reveals new insignia as it 'forges' ahead; by Sean Kimmons, Army News Service; dated 6 December 2018, last accessed 3 February 2019
  2. ^ Thomas H. Todd, III (July 2020) Deputy Commanding General for Acquisition and Systems Management
  3. ^ a b c Army Futures Command: Meet Our Leadership
  4. ^ Army Futures Command Task Force (Wednesday, 28 March 2018) Army Futures Command
  5. ^ Vergun, David A. (13 July 2018). "Austin to be U.S. Army Futures Command location, says Army". Army.mil. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  6. ^ Army Directive 2017-33 (Enabling the Army Modernization Task Force) (7 November 2017) References Decker-Wagner 2011
  7. ^ Vergun, David A. (7 December 2017). "US Army Futures Command to reform modernization, says secretary of the Army". Army.mil. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  8. ^ Roper and Grassetti (1 October 2018) Seizing the High Ground – United States Army Futures Command
  9. ^ Capt. Steve Draheim and Maj. Paul Santamaria (22 June 2018) Long-range, short term
  10. ^ Ed Lopez (21 June 2018) Picatinny Arsenal, PEO (AMMO) Army modernization advances with early team collaboration
  11. ^ John Liang (27 August 2018) Inside the Army highlights
  12. ^ New Army aircraft will be durable, lethal, unmanned for modern conflicts
  13. ^ Maj. Gen. Cedric T. Wins, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (22 July 2019) CCDC's road map to modernizing the Army: the network 4th in a series
  14. ^ MG Cedric T. Wins (09.10.2019) CCDC’S road map to modernizing the Army: air and missile defense DVIDS release
  15. ^ Bridgett Siter, Communications Director, Soldier Lethality CFT (10 September 2019) Soldier Lethality team delivers first big win for AFC Enhanced night vision goggle - binocular (ENVG-B) significantly aids marksmanship by the Close Combat Force
  16. ^ Maj. Gen. John A. George, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (2 January 2020) CCDC's Road Map to Modernizing the Army: Soldier lethality
  17. ^ a b c d (6 Oct 2017) Army Directive 2017-24 (Cross-Functional Team Pilot In Support of Materiel Development)
  18. ^ Michael A. Grinston, James C. McConville, and Ryan McCarthy (October 2019) 2019 Army Modernization Strategy as cited by Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (16 October 2019) Army Launches 16-Year Plan To Tackle Russia, China Summary
  19. ^ Source: Organization, United States Army. For detail, see AR10-87
  20. ^ Army Commands, Army Service Component Commands, and Direct Reporting Units ARN2541_AR10-87_WEB_Final.pdf section 20-2a, p.27
  21. ^ a b Arpi Dilanian and Matthew Howard (1 April 2019) The number one priority: An interview with Gen. Mark Milley: Readiness (both current and future)
  22. ^ a b Gen. David G. Perkins, U.S. Army (Nov-Dec 2017) Multi-Domain Battle: The Advent of Twenty-First Century War
  23. ^ Sébastien Roblin (11 Oct. 2019) China's stealth drones and hypersonic missiles surpass — and threaten — the U.S.
  24. ^ a b Scott Maucione (19 July 2019) Army Futures Command fully operational, dinged by GAO on announcement
  25. ^ a b c d Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (10 July 2019) Embracing a new culture at Army Futures Command
  26. ^ a b DVIDs video, 24 August 2018 press conference
  27. ^ a b Army Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (26 February 2019) FY20 budget proposal realigns $30 billion
  28. ^ Sydney J Freedberg Jr (29 May 2019) Army Big 6 Gets $10B More Over 2021-2025
  29. ^ Michael A. Grinston, James C. McConville, and Ryan McCarthy(2019) 2019 Army Modernization Strategy revision 7, CFTs' 31 signature efforts
  30. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (19 September 2019) Can Army Control Costs Of Its New Weapons? Currently the Army has 692 programs of record
  31. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (14 March 2019) Army ‘Big Six’ Ramp Up in 2021: Learning From FCS
  32. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (11 January 2019) 12 Moments Of Truth For Army Modernization In 2019
  33. ^ a b GAO report: GAO-19-132 (23 Jan 2019) ARMY MODERNIZATION: Steps Needed to Ensure Army Futures Command Fully Applies Leading Practices
  34. ^ a b c d TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1 (6 December 2018) The U.S. Army in Multi-Domain Operations 2028 "describes how US Army forces, as part of the Joint Force, will militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit our adversaries in the future."
  35. ^ a b APG News (13 June 2018) News Briefs: The U.S. Army Modernization Strategy
  36. ^ CRS Insight (IN11019) (17 January 2019) The U.S. Army and Multi-Domain Operations
  37. ^ a b Yasmin Tadjdeh (10/10/2018) Army to Focus on Defeating Enemies’ Standoff Capabilities Summary of standoff
  38. ^ Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (14 January 2020) Army Chief Seeks ‘Minimally Manned’ Vehicles, Joint C2 LRPF, ITN, IBCS, FARA, FLRAA, and "We need a joint command and control system" —Army Chief of Staff James C. McConville
  39. ^ Sean Kimmons (October 9, 2018) After hitting milestones, Futures Command looks ahead to more
  40. ^ AUSA 2018 CMF #1: Army Futures Command Unifies Force Modernization DVIDS video of panelists Gen. Murray, Sec. McCarthy, Dr. Jette, and Trae Stephens
  41. ^ US Army (2020) AMERICA’S ARMY: READY NOW,INVESTING IN THE FUTURE FY19-21 accomplishments and investment plan
  42. ^ Andrew Smith (9 Apr 2020) Convergence within SOCOM – A Bottom-Up Approach to Multi Domain Operations
  43. ^ a b Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (26 March 2018) Army Outlines Futures Command; Org Chart In Flux
  44. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (25 October 2017) Can The Pentagon Protect Young Innovators? Fixing the 'up or out' culture, which favors generalists
  45. ^ a b c d e Lt. Col. Thomas "Bull" Holland, PhD, U.S. Army (15 January 2019) Proposed Army Futures Command Process Tenets
    1. 'Scientific research is a fundamentally different activity than technology development';
    2. Incorporate 'scientific research into "Appendix C: Functional Concepts" and specify pathways for technology development';
    3. Buy into the 'fail fast' mentality;
    4. '6.3-funded projects to produce knowledge (technical data) that can be consumed by requirements developers as opposed to PMs';
    5. Use 'evidence-based requirements process' (early hypothesis testing) with citations for evidence:
      • All projects will be executed in no less than two increments.
      • No new requirements once an increment is started.
    6. Summary: 'advances on the battlefield requires comprehensive, coordinated changes in the entire acquisition system';
  46. ^ a b c d The RAND Corporation (2000) Discovery and Innovation: Federal Research and Development in the Fifty States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico RAND MR1194 Appendix B: Government-Wide and DOD Definitions of R&D See Appendix B p.615 for DOD Financial Management Regulation (Volume 2B, Chapter 5)
  47. ^ Neil Hollenbeck and Benjamin Jensen (6 December 2017) Why the Army needs a Futures Command Enable a culture of experimentation, and develop concepts and technology together.
  48. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (13 Sep 2018) Futures Command Won’t Hurt Oversight, Army Tells Congress
  49. ^ a b c d ASA(ALT) Weapon Systems Handbook 2018 update Page 32 lists how this handbook is organized. 440 pages.
    • By Modernization priority
    • By Acquisition or Business System category (ACAT or BSC). The Weapon systems in each ACAT are sorted alphabetically by Weapon system name. Each weapon system might also be in several variants (Lettered); a weapon system's variants might be severally and simultaneously in the following phases of its Life Cycle, namely — °Materiel Solution Analysis; °Technology Maturation & Risk Reduction; °Engineering & Manufacturing Development; °Production & Deployment; °Operations & Support
    • ACAT I, II, III, IV are defined on page 404
  50. ^ a b c Sydney Freedberg (7 May 2018) Permanent Evolution: SecArmy Esper On Futures Command
  51. ^ JP-1 p.xxi has the definition of operational control (OPCON). Note that "command authority may not be delegated" (COCOM being command authority). p.xxii has the definition of administrative control (ADCON): one application being coordinating authority.
  52. ^ Army R&D Chief: ‘I Don’t Think We Went Far Enough’ – But Futures Command Can
  53. ^ Scott Maucione (14 Sep 2018) Army leaders ask for trust in lieu of metrics for Futures Command
  54. ^ David Vergun, Army News Service (13 October 2017) Cross-functional teams to spearhead modernization, says McCarthy: allocated money in Program Objective Memorandum (POM) to protect resources.
  55. ^ a b Arpi Dilanian and Matthew Howard (31 August 2018) Modernizing at the speed of relevance: An interview with Under Secretary of the Army Ryan McCarthy
  56. ^ a b Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (14 August 2018) Inside Army Futures Command: CFT Chiefs Take Charge
  57. ^ Sydney Freedberg (29 August 2018) Army Futures Command: $100M, 500 Staff, & Access To Top Leaders
  58. ^ (22 April 2018) New Army Futures Command success hinges on relationship building
  59. ^ a b c d Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (11 February 2019) Army aligning modernization programs with other services
  60. ^ David Vergun, Defense.gov (21 February 2020) Military leaders discuss hypersonics, supply chain vulnerabilities
  61. ^ In, for example Waverider hypersonic weapons delivery, China has flown a Mach 5.5 vehicle for 400 seconds, at 30 km altitude, demonstrating large-angle deviations from a ballistic trajectory, as well as recovery of the payload. See Current test targets, such as Zombie Pathfinder are not hypersonic. Rand Corporation (28 September 2017) Hypersonic Missile Nonproliferation estimates there is less than a decade to prevent Hypersonic Missile proliferation.
  62. ^ Stephen Carlson (14 Nov 2018) DARPA issues contract proposition for hypersonic missile defense
  63. ^ a b Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (22 August 2018) Army Warhead Is Key To Joint Hypersonics
  64. ^ Paul McLeary (31 January 2020) SecNav Tells Fleet Hypersonic Competition Demands ‘Sputnik Moment;’ Glide Body Test Set Hypersonic Glide Body test for 2020
  65. ^ a b c Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (31 May 2019) Joint hypersonic weapon tests to start next year
  66. ^ Colin Clark (24 May 2019) Army Moves Out On Lasers, Hypersonics: Lt. Gen. Thurgood
  67. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (28 Feb 2020) Army Ramps Up Funding For Laser Shield, Hypersonic Sword In FY2021 HELs funding is up 209 percent; LRHW funding is up 86 percent. RCCTO spending is $1 billion in 2021.
  68. ^ a b c Joe Lacdan (16 October 2018) The Army joins the Air Force, Navy in attempt to develop hypersonic weaponry
  69. ^ a b Kelley M. Sayler, Analyst in Advanced Technology and Global Security. Congressional Research Service R45811 (11 July 2019) Hypersonic Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress Lists names for hypersonics programs
  70. ^ a b c d e Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (30 August 2019) Hypersonics: Army Awards $699M To Build First Missiles For A Combat Unit prototypes— Dynetics: Common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB); Lockheed: Long range hypersonic weapon (LRHW)
  71. ^ Mary Kate Aylward (5 February 2019) Experiments in hyperspeed more on Prompt Global Strike
  72. ^ Megan Eckstein (3 November 2017) Navy Conducts Flight Test to Support Conventional Prompt Strike From Ohio-Class SSGNs 1st hypersonic glide vehicle test (Flight experiment 1)
  73. ^ a b (15 August 2018) Army Futures Command aims to tap into innovative culture in Austin and beyond
  74. ^ a b Long-range precision fires modernization a joint effort, Army tech leader says
  75. ^ Aaron Gregg (2 August 2019) In conversations with investors, defense firms double down on hypersonic weapons As of August 2019, Lockheed reports $3.5 billion in hypersonics work, while Raytheon reports $1.6 billion; Boeing declined to give the value of its hypersonics awards.
  76. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (1 March 2018) DoD Boosts Hypersonics 136 % In 2019: DARPA
  77. ^ Jason Cutshaw (19 September 2018) Secretary of the Navy visits AMC, SMDC memorandum of agreement in June to co-develop a hypersonic vehicle
  78. ^ a b Jon Harper (4 March 2020) JUST IN: Pentagon to Spend Billions Mass-Producing Hypersonic Weapons "Aero shells that provide thermal protection for the high-speed platforms will be a key component of the systems"
  79. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (20 Mar 2020) Hypersonics: Army, Navy Test Common Glide Body "The U.S. Navy and U.S. Army jointly executed the launch of a common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB), which flew at hypersonic speed to a designated impact point"
  80. ^ Haley Britzky (14 August 2019) The Army is getting a new $130 million hypersonics playground in Texas
  81. ^ a b c Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (11 September 2018) Aiming The Army’s Thousand-Mile Missiles Multi-domain Ft Sill
  82. ^ a b John L. Dolan, Richard K. Gallagher & David L. Mann (23 April 2019) Hypersonic Weapons – A Threat to National Security Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor (HBTSS)
  83. ^ Theresa Hitchens (24 February 2020) 2021 Budget Will Finally Fully Fund Next-Gen OPIR, Says Roper Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) replacement: three satellites in Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO) and two satellites in a polar orbit
  84. ^ Jen Judson (20 August 2019) US Missile Defense Agency boss reveals his goals, challenges on the job Increase the discrimination of the radars and other sensors. Use Large aperture sensors. Use Space-based missile sensors. An SM-3 Block IIA missile test against ICBM is scheduled for 2020. Plan out the detection, control and engagement; the sensors, the command-and-control, the fire control, and the weapons (the kill vehicles).
  85. ^ Anthony Small, U.S. Army Futures Command (13 March 2019) Futures Command Deputy Commanding General talks the U.S. Army's Future at South by Southwest U.S. Army Lt. Gen. Eric Wesley, Deputy Commanding General (DCG), Army Futures Command describes 'convergence'.
  86. ^ a b c d Todd South (13 September 2019) Massive simulation shows the need for speed in multi-domain ops "400 participants working with 55 formations, 64 concepts and 150 capabilities"
  87. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 December 2018) Army Multi-Domain Update: New HQs, Grey Zones, & The Art of The Unfeasible
  88. ^ a b c Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 March 2019) US ‘Gets Its Ass Handed To It’ In Wargames: Here’s A $24 Billion Fix Army prepositioned stocks (APS) vulnerability
  89. ^ a b c Arpi Dilanian and Matthew Howard (31 August 2018) An interview with retired Gen. David McKiernan
  90. ^ Matthew Cox (28 April 2018) How Future Combat Systems Failed
  91. ^ Army Futures Command (28 February 2020) Joint All Domain Command and Control AFC is the functional lead representing the Army in JADC2's development
  92. ^ a b c d I Corps has I2CEWS Battalion or Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electronic Warfare and Space Battalion —Joe Lacdan (6/19/2019) Army leaders say service must shore up its space defense
  93. ^ US Army (4 Sep 2018) U.S. Army Pacific Commander Gen. Robert Brown: State of the Pacific
  94. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (30 November 2018) Artificial Intelligence: Forget The Terminator For Future Army: LTG Wesley
  95. ^ Association of the U.S. Army (7 Sep 2018) AUSA Aviation Hot Topic 2018 - PANEL 1 - Multi Domain Maneuver
  96. ^ a b Jason Cutshaw (USASMDC) (8 August 2019) Leader gives space and missile defense update at SMD Symposium Integrated fires across domains
  97. ^ Stephen Clark (8 August 2019) Atlas 5 launch adds to U.S. military’s secure communications satellite network Air Force’s fifth AEHF — Advanced Extremely High Frequency communications satellite
  98. ^ Office of the Chief of Public Affairs (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities
  99. ^ Paul McLeary (18 December 2019) MDA Kickstarts New Way To Kill Hypersonic Missiles MDA's Hypersonic Defense Weapon System - 4 Interceptors
  100. ^ a b Kathryn Bailey, PEO C3T Public Affairs (26 November 2019) The Army gathers industry to inspire network modernization Network Cross-Functional Team (N-CFT) and PEO C3T hosted 670 industry partners at the Technical Exchange Meeting (TEM) 4, Capability Set (CS) 23.
  101. ^ a b c Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (15 May 2019) How To Wage Global Cyber War: Nakasone, Norton, & Deasy
  102. ^ a b Theresa Hitchens and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 August 2019) Army Seeks Small Satellites To Support Ground Troops 3 programs: Gunsmoke, Lonestar and Polaris.
  103. ^ Jen Judson (4 June 2019) Coming soon to the US Army: Combat-capable hypersonic and laser weapons
  104. ^ Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (7 June 2019) Army accelerates delivery of directed energy, hypersonic weapon prototypes
  105. ^ Kerensa Crum, CCDC Aviation & Missile Center Public Affairs (14 August 2019) Leader updates Army’s modernization priorities Standoff
  106. ^ a b c d Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (25 June 2019) Robotic combat vehicles could change way Army looks, fights
  107. ^ Kelly Morris (Rucker) (1 August 2019) Aviation Industry Days: Army Aviation aims for more lethal Multi-Domain Operations capability Maj. Gen. David J. Francis, USAACE and Fort Rucker commanding general: MDO to defeat standoff
  108. ^ Theresa Hitchens (2 December 2019) Hey SDA, AFRL Boosts Space-Based Internet Tests
  109. ^ Joseph Lacdan, Army News Service (21 October 2019) AFC deputy: Combined capabilities make military might more lethal
  110. ^ Office of the Chief of Public Affairs, US Army (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities
  111. ^ a b Office of the Chief of Public Affairs (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities
      1. Assured Positioning, Navigation and Timing
      2. Tactical Space: SDA is structuring a multi-layer satellite system:
        1. Backbone layer for data transport downward to the long-range precision fires
        2. Custody layer for missiles' trajectories, whether friendly or threat
        3. Tracking layer for hypersonic glide vehicles which represent threats to the multi-layer satellite system
        4. Space situational awareness for cis-lunar trajectories,
      3. NavWar
  112. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (5 August 2020) Army Tests New All Domain Kill Chain: From Space To AI
    1. Initially, satellites feed data to TITAN.
    2. Prometheus, which is AI software, combs through the data for potential threats and targets.
    3. SHOT, which is also software, tracks each target on a custody list, correlating each target's current location, signature, and threat assessment, with a list of candidate fires countermeasures, ranked by capability, range to the target, kill radius, etc. "SHOT then computes the optimal match of weapons to targets", and passes the list to AFATDS.
    4. Human commanders choose whether to fire, or not, from the list of fires assets (Nelson notes that ERCA and Grey Eagle drones are to be added to the list of fires assets— currently M777 howitzers and MLRS 270 rocket launchers in the upcoming tests, August 2020).
    5. satellites perform Battle damage assessment, to update the list of threats and targets.
  113. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (14 August 2020) Can Army Intel Data Feed The Kill Chain? Quickly pooling data will take AI and cloud—"Project Convergence"
  114. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (22 November 2019) SecArmy’s Multi-Domain Kill Chain: Space-Cloud-AI Army Multi-Domain Operations Concept, December 2018 slide from TRADOC pam 525-3-1
  115. ^ a b Claire Heininger (9 August 2018) Army, Air Force team on sensor to shooter prototype for multi-domain battle
  116. ^ a b c Mark Pomerleau (11 April 2018) In the move to multi-domain operations, what gets lost? The space, cyber, and information domains transcend geographic AoRs
  117. ^ a b Dan Gouré (2 August 2019) Army Futures Command’s Report Card After Its First Year Need: MDO doctrine in DoD, Two theater operation at island & continent, augment BCTs with higher echelon capability
  118. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (16 July 2020) Army Says Long Range Missiles Will Help Air Force, Not Compete
  119. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (15 August 2018) Army Futures Command aims to tap into innovative culture in Austin and beyond
  120. ^ Dan Lamothe (14 July 2018) Why the Army decided to put its new high-tech Futures Command in Texas
  121. ^ Maj. Brett Lea,24th Press Camp Headquarters (5 Sep 2018) "Army establishes Futures Command; U.S. Army JMC at Fort Bliss is operational arm" Fort Bliss Bugle
  122. ^ a b Army Directive 2018-18 (Army Artificial Intelligence Task Force in Support of the Department of Defense Joint Artificial Intelligence Center) 2 October 2018
  123. ^ a b Lauren C. Williams (14 Sep 2018) Army Futures Command to set up DIU-like innovation lab
  124. ^ Dan Lafontaine, CCDC C5ISR Center Public Affairs (7 November 2019) Army leaders get firsthand look at C5ISR Center research, development projects
  125. ^ David Vergun, Army News Service (10 October 2018) Army Futures Command to become 'global command,' says its leader
  126. ^ Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (4 April 2019) Allies to join Army Futures Command
  127. ^ (12 February 2019) SUMMARY OF THE 2018 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY
  128. ^ Ashton Carter (2012-11-21) Autonomy in Weapon Systems Most recent DoD guideline: 2012
  129. ^ Terri Moon Cronk (13 December 2018) Artificial intelligence experts address getting capabilities to warfighters
  130. ^ (1 February 2019) Carnegie Mellon Hosts Activation of U.S. Army AI Task Force. Brigadier General Matt Easley is Director of Army Artificial Intelligence task force (A-AI TF)
  131. ^ Gary Sheftick (13 August 2019) AI Task Force taking giant leaps forward Coordinating with: NREC, Talent management task force, the CFTs, and DOD's Joint AI Center
  132. ^ Douglas Scott (6 August 2019) New wearable authentication more than a "token" gesture Tactical Identity and Access Management (TIDAM) see Army AI task force (A-AI TF)
  133. ^ U.S. Army CCDC Army Research Laboratory Public Affairs (27 February 2020) Army researchers enhance AI critical to Soldier-machine teamwork Explainability & tellability: coalition situational understanding (CSU) & human-agent knowledge fusion (HAKF)
  134. ^ RDECOM Research Laboratory Public Affairs (18 December 2018) Black Hawk helicopter pilot interns with Army researchers
  135. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (11 September 2020) JAIC Wants AI ‘Victory Gardens’ Across DoD
  136. ^ Theresa Hitchens (25 September 2019) IC Must Embrace Public Data to Use AI Effectively: Sue Gordon IC is the Intelligence Community
  137. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (12 August 2019) Big Data For Big Wars: JEDI vs. China & Russia
  138. ^ a b DAISHI ABE and RIEKO MIKI (14 Aug 2020) Japan wants de facto 'Six Eyes' intelligence status: defense chief
  139. ^ Andrew Eversden (7 August 2020) A human F-16 pilot will fight against AI in an upcoming contest
  140. ^ Theresa Hitchens (20 August 2020) AI Slays Top F-16 Pilot In DARPA Dogfight Simulation The AI systems are eventually to serve as wingmen for human commanders.
  141. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (12 August 2020) Deloitte Wins $106M JAIC Contract To Build AI Toolkit
  142. ^ Aaron Mehta (23 Sep 2020) Hyten to issue new joint requirements on handling data by using JROC-specified Capabilities stated in high-level natural language rather than relying on traditional item-by-item Requirements documents
  143. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (3 Sep 2020) AI’s Data Hunger Will Drive Intelligence Collection Army's Chief data officer: In the Future, "every Soldier is a Chief data officer"
  144. ^ Kelsey Atherton (14 August 2020) DARPA Trains AI To Understand Humans – In Minecraft
  145. ^ a b Army Futures Command (Friday, August 21, 2020) Army Software Factory
  146. ^ USAF Assistant Secretary of Acquisition, Chief Software Office (19 Dec 2019) SpaceCAMP USAF Software Factory
  147. ^ AI TF Artificial Intelligence Task Force
  148. ^ Technology Review (19 December 2016) The Pentagon's Innovation Experiment
  149. ^ Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (3 April 2019) Army 'Shark Tank' enabling quick prototyping of new systems
  150. ^ Devon L. Suits (11 December 2018) Army secretary approves new Intellectual Property Management Policy
  151. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (15 March 2019) IP Rights For Robot Tanks: NGCV To Test-Drive New Policy
  152. ^ David Vergun (29 March 2018) Army network modernization efforts spearheaded by new Cross-Functional Teams. The Army conducts a network demonstration at Fort Bliss, Texas. The Army is pursuing network modernization through Cross-Functional Teams.
  153. ^ (27 June 2018) U.S. Army to host tactical Cloud computing industry forum
  154. ^ a b Nathan Strout (30 Nov 2019) Can hundreds of unrelated satellites create a GPS backup?
  155. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (3 August 2018) Army leveraging industry ideas to modernize network
  156. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 June 2019) Army Wrestles With Testers Over Network Upgrades
  157. ^ Jen Judson (4 April 2019) US Army plans to field a future long-range assault helicopter by 2030 FLRAA
    • RFI posted on the Federal Business Opportunities, 4 April
    • Contract award: fourth quarter of FY21
    • preliminary design review (PDR) second quarter of FY23
    • first flight in the third quarter of FY24
    • critical design review (CDR) in the fourth quarter of FY24
    • fielding to first unit in second quarter of FY30
  158. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 January 2020) Army ‘Fully Committed To Replacing The Bradley’: Gen. McConville Bradley fighting vehicle replacement is still a project
  159. ^ a b c Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (5 March 2019) Army Bets Big On Service Contracts To Fix Aging IT
  160. ^ DoD (16 May 2018) Army Officials Testify on FY 2019 Budget Request
  161. ^ Maj. Gen. Randy S. Taylor, CECOM (8 July 2019) Sustaining data delivery on the future Army network Halt, fix pivot (WIN-T)| ITN: Integrated Tactical Network | IEN: Integrated Enterprise Network
  162. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (7 February 2020) Vice chief of staff: Speed of modernization no longer at 'glacial pace'
  163. ^ a b c Paul McCleary (16 April 2019) Esper: Chinook & JLTV ‘Designed For a Different Conflict’
  164. ^ Joe Lacdan (25 September 2019) More joint efforts likely as the Army prepares for multi-domain operations A speedup in tempo, as driven by the CFTs is needed, according to Lt. Gen. Wesley
  165. ^ "Clearly define roles, responsibilities and processes in order to identify the right efforts and get ahead of need." —William B King (AMC) (18 February 2020) Conference focuses on Army modernization, equipping Soldiers Equipping Enterprise (AMC) + Modernization Enterprise (AFC)
  166. ^ a b Phil Fountain, U.S. Army Futures Command (7 August 2019) Army Futures Command charts a campaign plan No uniforms
  167. ^ Jen Judson (26 February 2018) US Army’s war-gaming is under-resourced, three-star says
  168. ^ a b Headquarters, Dept of the Army (July 2019) ADP 6-0 Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces 4 chapters. See also ADP 3-0; ADP 6-22; FM 6-22; ADP 1-1; and ADP 5-0
  169. ^ Gen. David Goldfein and Gen. Jay Raymond (28 Feb 2020) America’s future battle network is key to multidomain defense JADC2: " We cannot yet share data in a seamless and simultaneous way between the Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps or the Space Force"
  170. ^ AUSA, ILW selected papers, David Perkins, moderator (24 October 2018) ILW Launches Landpower Education Forum 4 views
  171. ^ Army Directive 2018-15 (U.S. Army Futures Command Relationship With the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology) and DCS G-8, 27 August 2018
  172. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (8 October 2018) Army Moves $25B To Big Six, From New Tanks To 6.8mm Rifle
  173. ^ A series on: Army Strategic Fires
  174. ^ a b Sydney J. Freeberg, Jr. (28 May 2019) Beyond INF: An Affordable Arsenal Of Long-Range Missiles? INF Treaty likely to expire in August 2019
  175. ^ Loren Thompson (7 Aug 2020) Army breakthroughs in Long-range fires raise novel questions about targeting, organization, and command about SLRC, a long-barrelled cannon which uses GPS-guided munitions
  176. ^ Matthew Cox (14 September 2018) The Army is developing a new strategic cannon to devastate targets over 1,000 miles away
  177. ^ a b Sean Gallagher (10/15/2019) Bringing in the big gun: Army paves way for "strategic cannon"
  178. ^ Eric Kowal (August 27, 2020) By Improving Artillery Shells, Picatinny Engineers Seek to Greatly Extend Range of Cannon Artillery
  179. ^ Richard P. Hansen, Scranton Army Ammunition Plant (August 19, 2020) Scranton Army Ammunition Plant Manufactures and Ships Large-Caliber Ammunition Metal Parts
  180. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (19 March 2019) Army Sets 2023 Hypersonic Flight Test; Strategic Cannon Advances
  181. ^ Maj. Anthony Clas, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division Public Affairs: (SEPTEMBER 4, 2019) Target Mensuration course: Bulldog Brigade trains target acquisition with precision Target Mensuration Only (TMO) Including TMO in a unit training plan
  182. ^ Monica K. Guthrie, LRPF communications director (9 October 2019) Army Futures Command gains new general
  183. ^ Daniel Cebul (8 Oct 2018) Army looks to a future of integrated fire
  184. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (24 October 2019) TITAN system being developed to tie 'deep sensing' to long-range fires For use in I2CEWS battalion of a Multi-domain task force
  185. ^ Bob Purtiman, NGCV Cross-Functional Team (17 September 2018) Preparing for future battlefields: The Next Generation Combat Vehicle
  186. ^ Mark Gardiner The New York Times (Friday 21 Sep 2018) p.B4
  187. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (4 June 2020) Small robotic mule, other unmanned ground systems on the horizon
  188. ^ a b c Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (11 July 2019) Soldiers to operate armed robotic vehicles from upgraded Bradleys (Mission Enabler Technologies-Demonstrators, or MET-Ds)
  189. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (14 October 2019) Army Robots Go Rolling Along – Ahead Of Schedule Robotic combat vehicles in "Four Years, Three Phases, Three Weight Classes"
  190. ^ Daniel Lafontaine, CCDC (21 May 2019) Army Futures leveraging mission command for effective Soldier, robot teams
  191. ^ Devon L. Suits (26 July 2018) CERDEC unveils more than a dozen new technologies for mission command CPCE COE MCE
  192. ^ Maj. Rich Marsh, Joint Modernization Command (14 February 2019) JMC sets the stage for largest annual modernization exercise
  193. ^ Jen Judson (9 October 2018) The Army’s future tank may not be a tank Buy back size, weight, and power
  194. ^ Economist.com (12 Sep 2020) Tanks have rarely been more vulnerable Taiwan would have an advantage defending.
  195. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (11 September 2019) Titan Robot Test-Fires Javelin Anti-Tank Missile Remote-controlled test-fires of FGM-148 Javelin antitank missiles from unmanned ground vehicle
  196. ^ David Miller (20 August 2020) The Future of Unmanned Ground Systems in the Operational Environment names 7 countries using UGSs
  197. ^ NANCY JONES-BONBREST (16 July 2020) ARMY AWARDS CONTRACT FOR HYBRID ELECTRIC PROTOTYPE
  198. ^ Jen Judson (17 Mar 2020) US Army ventures down path to electrify the brigade
  199. ^ Major Matthew Wood (Nov 2019) The Future of Hybrid and Electric Technology for Army Australian Defense Force
  200. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (8 April 2020) New TRISO Nuclear Mini-Reactors Will Be Safe: Program Manager DoD project: 3 competing designs (1-year contracts, with a possible 1 year follow-on) for 1 prototype of an inherently safe reactor (no meltdowns). Fuel rods are composed of spheres: 3 layers of uranium, carbon, silicon carbide —TRISO has been tested to be safe at 3200°F, hotter than the melting point of steel. A molten salt reactor is a possibility.
  201. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 August 2020) Robots & Puddles: Surprises From Army RCV Test
  202. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (26 Mar 2020) FVL Q&A: 7 Leaders On The Future Of Army Aviation Nicknamed "6-pack+1";
    1. Commander, Aviation Center of Excellence (CoE)
    2. Commander, Aviation Life Cycle Management Command (LCMC)
    3. Director, Aviation directorate, Deputy Chief of Staff G3/5/7
    4. Commander, Aviation Special Operations Command (USASOAC)
    5. Deputy PEO, Aviation
    6. SES, Aviation and Missile Command
    7. Director, FVL CFT
  203. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (24 January 2019) Bell V-280 Flies 322 MPH: Army Secretary Praises Program
  204. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (23 April 2019) FARA: Army Awards 5 Design Contracts; Winner Enters Production in 2028—Awards for Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft designs went to Bell, Boeing, Karem, Sikorsky, and a partnership of AVX and L-3.
  205. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (2 October 2019) Bell Unveils Army Scout Helicopter — With Wings
  206. ^ a b Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (9 September 2019) Smart sensor network helps redirect missile The GBU-69 was redirected; FARA is slated to replace AH-64 in subsequent A3I experiments
  207. ^ Dan Gouré (29 Feb 2020) Finally, There Is a Solution to the Problem of Flying in Degraded Visual Environments: Terrain awareness and warning systems (TAWS)
  208. ^ David Craig (6 April 2020) Future Vertical Lift Conducts a Demonstration of the Spike NLOS Missile System
  209. ^ Kerensa Crum, CCDC Aviation & Missile Center Public Affairs (30 March 2020) CCDC Aviation, Missile Center highlights forward-launched UAS technology
  210. ^ Todd South, Military Times (8 May 2019) 4 things the general in charge of the Army's newest command says are needed to win the wars of the future
  211. ^ Anthony Small, U.S. Army Futures Command (13 March 2019) Futures Command highlights changes, new structure at SXSW
  212. ^ "Finding and engaging high-value relocatable ground systems within rapid timelines" is the Air Force's operational objective in this JADC2 exercise —Eliahu Norwood, Greg Grant, and Tyler Lewis (December 2019) A new battle command architecture for multi-domain operations: countering peer adversary power projection Tie-in to MDC2, MDO
  213. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (11 March 2020) Army Won’t Build Recon Satellites: Lt. Gen. Berrier
    1. MDO-driven modernization priorities for ISR (intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance)
      • Terrestrial Layer System (TLS)
      • Aerial ISR
        • Gray, Blue, and Red (targeted) force tracking
      • TITAN-level communications
  214. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (23 September 2020) Pushing Data ‘From Space To Mud’: Project Convergence
  215. ^ NPR on the GAO report: GAO-19-128 Bill Chappell NPR (9 October 2018) Cyber Tests Showed 'Nearly All' New Pentagon Weapons Vulnerable To Attack, GAO Says
  216. ^ GAO-19-128 (October 2018) report on weapon system vulnerabilities
  217. ^ David Vergun (24 September 2018) Cybersecurity: 'Remain vigilant, be accountable, stand ready' Army major general says
    1. DoD Office of Inspector General (10 Dec 2018) Security Controls at DoD Facilities for Protecting Ballistic Missile Defense System Technical Information DODIG-2019-034 pdf
  218. ^ ARL Public Affairs (6 September 2018) Army research takes proactive approach to defending computer systems Moving target defense (MTD)
  219. ^ Shane Harris (27 March 2019) Palantir Wins Competition to Build Army Intelligence System
  220. ^ Joe Lacdan (05.24.2018) Warfare in megacities: a new frontier in military operations "No amount of planning, study or preparation can prepare a military unit for the unique rhythm of a major city or what Townsend labeled the 'flow'."
  221. ^ Timothy L. Rider (22 November 2019) Multinational partners find New York ideal to test urban warfare technologies Fort Hamilton hosted Contested Urban Environment Strategic Challenge 2019 (CUE 19) on 24 July 2019
  222. ^ John Spencer (14 November 2016) The Most Effective Weapon on the Modern Battlefield is Concrete
  223. ^ David Vergun, Army News Service (10 September 2018) Multi-domain operations to exploit enemy vulnerabilities, say Army leaders
  224. ^ Army ALT Magazine, Commentary (20 March 2019) Driving the Future
  225. ^ Dan Lafontaine, CCDC C5ISR Center Public Affairs (4 September 2019) Army looks to enhance mission command with robotic swarms
  226. ^ Carol Scheina, CCDC C5ISR Center Public Affairs (September 8, 2020) Abrams demonstration proves concept for enterprise-level system health monitoring
  227. ^ ARL Public Affairs (16 October 2018) Researchers develop technique to locate robots, Soldiers in GPS-challenged environments
  228. ^ Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (10 June 2019) Army leaders: Space tech crucial to future combat
  229. ^ Mark Schauer (ATEC) (12 February 2019) Unmanned aircraft stays aloft for nearly 26 days above U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground
  230. ^ Assured Positioning, Navigation and Timing Cross Functional Team Assessment Exercise 1-16 Aug 2019, WSMR
  231. ^ a b Jonathan Koester, Joint Modernization Command Public Affairs (4 September 2019) Army, JMC assess new navigation, positioning systems Wearable A-PNT
  232. ^ Mark Pomerleau (28 March 2019) If GPS goes out, the Army now has a requirement for that
  233. ^ Caitlin O'Neill, APNT CFT Public Affairs (23 August 2019) APNT CFT Hosts First Annual Assessment Exercise
  234. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (6 June 2019) Army Fields Anti-Jam GPS In Germany This Fall
  235. ^ Thomas Brading, Army News Service (7 October 2019) Army fields anti-jam GPS, plans for thousands more by 2028
  236. ^ Dan Lafontaine, CCDC C5ISR Center Public Affairs (17 June 2019) Futures Command looks to enable plug-and-play PNT across Army platforms
  237. ^ Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (10 March 2020) Army looks to leverage 'low Earth orbit' satellites: LEO satellites orbit 100-1200 miles above Earth
  238. ^ CCDC Army Research Laboratory (29 August 2019) Army scientists discover a new way for robots to exchange directed messages
  239. ^ Kim, M., Pallecchi, E., Ge, R. et al. (2020) Analogue switches made from boron nitride monolayers for application in 5G and terahertz communication systems. Nature Electron https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-020-0416-x
  240. ^ Michael Howard (11 September 2020) Technology Providing Navigation in GPS-Denied Environment wins Grand Prize in xTechSearch Competition
  241. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (5 March 2020) Iron Dome Doesn’t Work For Army: Gen. Murray: Interoperability with IBCS is critical
  242. ^ Jen Judson (27 March 2019) Army debuts missile defense framework in move to counter drones, hypersonic threats
  243. ^ Paul McLeary (17 January 2019) Missile Defense Review a Multi-Billion IOU to White House
  244. ^ Miles Brown (5 July 2019) Aviation, missile commander addresses workforce CG Todd Royar's statement of his expectations
  245. ^ PROGRAM EXECUTIVE OFFICE MISSILES AND SPACE (2018) Army Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD) Program Overview
  246. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (1 October 2018) Army Awards Northrop $289M For IBCS Missile Defense Network
  247. ^ Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (13 March 2019) FY20 budget to boost air & missile defense
  248. ^ Dan Gouré (20 Mar 2020) SOCOM Has Solved the Military’s 'Tower of Babel' Problem
  249. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (25 February 2020) Future Vertical Lift: Army’s Aerial Vanguard LRPF will be the prime customer for the AI targeting data provided via FVL. The Joint force is also a consumer of this data, provided by FVL's manned or unmanned missions.
  250. ^ ARL (24 September 2018) New Army technology guides Soldiers in complete darkness
  251. ^ Joe Lacdan (13 May 2019) Augmented reality training on the horizon to give Soldiers edge in combat allows repetition, for training
  252. ^ Tom McKay (6 April 2019) The Army Just Gave a Press Demo of Microsoft's HoloLens 2 Military Prototype
  253. ^ Bridgett Siter (19 November 2019) Soldiers test new IVAS technology, capabilities with hand-on exercises IVAS: 1 Soldier Touchpoint (STP) STP is becoming rapid acquisitions methodology for AFC
  254. ^ Kathryn Bailey, PEO C3T Public Affairs (19 November 2019) The Army's tactical network empowers advanced goggle platform IVAS is under STP 2-- "In July 2020, STP 3 will fully integrate the ITN with IVAS"
  255. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (13 December 2019) Soldiers, Coders Surprise Army Brass By Changing IVAS Goggles FOV is turning out to be more important to the infantrymen than the range of the goggles
  256. ^ Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (9 December 2019) Third IVAS evaluation slated for July Soldier Touchpoint successfully increased IVAS FOV to 80 degrees while range of the goggles was still at 900 meters, from thermal nightsight capability
  257. ^ Thomas Brading, Army News Service (10 February 2020) New technology recognizes faces in the dark, far away Combines night vision with facial recognition
  258. ^ Thomas Brading, Army News Service (6 February 2020) Army scientists on verge of nearly unbreakable battery First announced in 2015
  259. ^ U.S. Army CCDC Research Laboratory Public Affairs (5 February 2020) Army scientists look inside batteries with a molecular eye CCDC ARL "teamed with researchers from the U.S. Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory" (PNNL)
  260. ^ CCDC Army Research Laboratory (3 March 2020) Researchers imagine devices without cords or batteries Molybdenum disulphide
  261. ^ Dan Lafontaine, C5ISR Center Public Affairs (4 May 2020) In modernization push, Army researches integrated power cables for Soldiers uses technology from Foreign Comparative Testing program (FCT)
  262. ^ Dan Lafontaine, C5ISR Center Public Affairs (17 Jan 2020) Army boosts Soldier battery power for greater lethality, mobility by using silicon-based anodes
  263. ^ U.S. Army CCDC Army Research Laboratory Public Affairs (25 February 2020) Additive manufacturing to provide Soldiers with cutting-edge munitions They "printed the world's first 3-D hybrid microcontroller circuit on a hemisphere that survived high G environments".
  264. ^ NSRDEC Public Affairs (15 October 2018) Natick's exoskeleton work is a powerful step toward the future of Soldier lethality
  265. ^ RDECOM Soldier Center, Public Affairs Office (23 January 2019) Soldier Center partners with industry experts to advance exoskeleton technologies
  266. ^ Harvard (17 Sep 2018) Multi-joint Personalized Exosuit Breaks New Ground video clip
  267. ^ Thomas Brading, Army News Service (29 August 2019) Army closer to delivering new infantry squad vehicle (ISV)
    • 9 Soldiers of an infantry squad will maneuver in an ISV
    • Plans to purchase 649 prototypes were approved in February 2019
    • 3 industry leaders have been named (23 Aug. 2019), to deliver ISV prototypes
      1. Oshkosh Defense/Flyer,
      2. GM Defense, and
      3. SAIC/Polaris
    • Prototypes are due for initial assessment at Aberdeen Test Center 13 November 2019 through December 2019
    • At Fort Bragg a second round of operational testing by Soldiers will be performed on the candidate ISV prototypes
    • Downselect to one vendor is expected 2nd Quarter of FY2020
  268. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (8 October 2019) Who Will Build 651 Parachuting Trucks For The Army? 2 air-drop-able prototypes from each vendor due 13 November 2019,
  269. ^ Kyle Mizokami (13 Oct 2019) Meet the Army's New Airborne Trucks
  270. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (19 December 2019) AI & Robots Crush Foes In Army Wargame
  271. ^ a b MIT Technology Review (13 November 2018) The British Army is carrying out a massive test of military robots and drones
  272. ^ DEFENDER-EUROPE 20 videos, images and stories
  273. ^ Lt. Col. Travis Dettmer (9 February 2020) U.S. Army Futures and Concepts Center teaches Multi-Domain Operations to NATO Allied Land Command
  274. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (January 13, 2020) Infinite Games & War By Other Means: Ryan McCarthy: "We must be engaged in constant competition, versus an episodic engagement strategy" —Secretary Ryan McCarthy
  275. ^ a b c d e Greg Norman (22 Feb 2020) The 5 most powerful armies in the world
  276. ^ The Hon. David Norquist, Deputy Secretary of Defense, DoD (10 Sep 2020) Closing Keynote: Day 2 Defense News Conference 2020 : Sept 9 - 10 22:00 minutes
  277. ^ (4 November 2018) Russia Jammed GPS During Major NATO Military Exercise With US Troops
  278. ^ Russia has figured out how to jam U.S. drones in Syria, officials say
  279. ^ a b Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (3 September 2014) US Has Lost ‘Dominance In Electromagnetic Spectrum’: Shaffer
  280. ^ Stephen Clark (25 November 2019) Russia launches space surveillance satellite Kosmos 2542, in a polar orbit —"[To] monitor the condition of other Russian satellites in orbit."
  281. ^ Joseph Trevithick (30 JANUARY 2020) A Russian "Inspector" Spacecraft Now Appears To Be Shadowing An American Spy Satellite USA 245 is a KH-11 series satellite; Cosmos 2542 is now tailing the USA 245's movements with a precision of 150 to 300 kilometers. See Hall thruster
  282. ^ Andrew E. Kramer (2 March 2019) Russian General Pitches ‘Information’ Operations as a Form of War
  283. ^ Paul McCleary (30 May 2019) Dunford: Leaders Mull First NATO Strategy In Decades
  284. ^ Neil Hauer (26 February 2020) Russia may have met its match in Libya Is unable to tip the balance, as it has in Syria. So Russia is escalating its involvement.
  285. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 April 2020) COVID-19: Army Futures Command Takes Wargames Online
  286. ^ Aaron Bateman (22 May 2020) As Russia stalks US satellites, a space arms race may be heating up
  287. ^ Vladimir Isachenkov, The Associated Press (9 Aug 2020) Russia warns it will see any incoming missile as nuclear
  288. ^ Mark B. Schneider (19 Sep 2020) Will Russia Further Lower Its Nuclear Weapons Use Threshold?
  289. ^ Defense News (July 2019) Top 100 for 2019
  290. ^ Theresa Hitchens (31 July 2019) Competition (With China) IS The New Deterrence, US Military Leaders Say Vice Adm. David Kriete of US Strategic Command
  291. ^ aj.com (1 Oct 2019) China Confirms New Hypersonic Nuclear Missile On 70th Anniversary DF-17
  292. ^ Bill Gertz (24 December 2019) China's test of sub-launched missile a threat to peace, retired captain warns JL-3 is an SLBM
  293. ^ Reuters World News (27 June 2017) China passes tough new intelligence law National Intelligence Law
  294. ^ P.W. Singer and Taylor A. Lee (31 March 2020) China’s version of GPS is almost complete. Here’s what that means.
  295. ^ Elizabeth Howell (16 June 2020) China postpones launch of Beidou global navigation satellite
  296. ^ James Anderson (31 July 2020) China's troubling nuclear buildup The New York Times Op-Ed p.A25. —James Anderson is Acting undersecretary of defense for policy
  297. ^ Robert Burns (27 Aug 2020) Esper visit to tiny Palau highlights US-China competition
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