User:Swimmer504/Hungarian diaspora
Article Draft
[edit]The Hungarian diaspora (Hungarian: magyar diaszpóra) comprises the total ethnic Hungarian population located outside current-day Hungary. There are two main groups of the diaspora. The first group includes those who are autochthonous to their homeland and live outside Hungary since the border changes of the post-World War I Treaty of Trianon of 1920.[1][note 1] The victorious forces redrew the borders of Hungary so that it runs through Hungarian-majority areas. As a consequence, 3.3 million Hungarians found themselves outside the new borders. Although those Hungarians are usually not included in the term "Hungarian diaspora",[2] they are listed as such in this article. The other main group is the emigrants who left Hungary at various times (such as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956). There has been some emigration since Hungary joined the EU in 2004, especially to countries such as Germany,[3] but those patterns have been less extensive than for certain other countries of Central Europe such as Poland and Slovakia. Additionally, there is the Magyarab people, a small ethnic group located in Egypt and Sudan.[4]
Distribution by country
[edit]Country | Hungarian population | Note | Article |
---|---|---|---|
Neighboring countries | |||
![]() |
1,002,151 (2021)[5] (excluding Csángós)[6] | Native to Transylvania,[7] Csángós in Western Moldavia (moved from Transylvania there in the past), and a very small community of Szeklers also in Bukovina (see also Székelys of Bukovina) | Hungarians in Romania |
![]() |
456,154 (2021)[8] | Autochthonous[9] | Hungarians in Slovakia |
![]() |
184,442 (2021)[10] | Autochthonous in Vojvodina | Hungarians in Serbia |
![]() |
156,600 (2001)[11] | Autochthonous in Zakarpattia Oblast | Hungarians in Ukraine |
![]() |
107,347 (2024)[12] | Autochthonous in Burgenland | Hungarians in Austria |
![]() |
10,315 (2021)[13] | Autochthonous in Croatia, except in Istria and Dalmatia | Hungarians in Croatia |
![]() |
10,500 (2021)[14] | Autochthonous in Prekmurje | Hungarians in Slovenia |
Other countries | |||
![]() |
1,563,081 (2006)[15] | Immigrants | Hungarian Americans |
![]() |
348,085 (2016)[16] | Immigrants | Hungarian Canadians |
![]() |
296,000 (2021)[17] | Immigrants | Hungarians in Germany |
![]() |
200,000 to 250,000 (2000s)[18] | Immigrants; most are Hungarian Jews | |
![]() |
200,000 to 250,000 (2020)[19][20] | Immigrants | Hungarians in the United Kingdom |
![]() |
200,000 to 250,000 (2021)[21][22] | Immigrants | Hungarians in France |
![]() |
80,000 (2002)[23] | Immigrants | Hungarian Brazilians |
![]() |
76,500 (2002) | Immigrants | Hungarians in Russia |
![]() |
69,167 (2011)[24] | Immigrants | Hungarian Australians |
![]() |
50,000 (2012)[25] | Immigrants | Hungarians in Chile |
![]() |
40,000 to 50,000 (2016)[26] | Immigrants | Hungarian Argentines |
![]() |
33,018 (2018)[27] | Immigrants | Hungarians in Sweden |
![]() |
27,000 (2019)[28] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
26,172 (2020)[29] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
20,000 (2013)[30] | People of Hungarian descent forcibly relocated from the Slovak part of the Third Czechoslovak Republic | |
![]() |
15,000 (2013)[30] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
14,000 (2019)[28] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
10,000 (2019)[28] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
9,000 (2019)[28] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
8,316 (2015)[31] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
7,000 (2013)[30] | Immigrants | Hungarian New Zealanders |
![]() |
6,800 (2001) | Immigrants | Hungarians in Turkey |
![]() |
6,000 (2019)[28] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
5,600 (2022)[28] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
4,000[citation needed] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
4,000 (2013)[30] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
4,000 (2013)[30] | Immigrants | Hungarian Venezuelans |
![]() |
3,500 (2006) | Immigrants | Hungarian Mexicans |
![]() |
3,000 (2019)[28] | Immigrants | Hungarians in Finland |
![]() |
3,000 (2013)[30] | Immigrants | Hungarian Uruguayans |
![]() |
2,387 (2018)[20] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
2,000 (2019)[28] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
1,728 (2011)[32] | Immigrants | Hungarians in Poland |
![]() |
1,230 (2022)[33] | Foreign citizens only; for instance, excludes 79 Luso-Hungarians who have acquired Portuguese citizenship since 2008[34] | |
![]() |
1,000 (2019)[28] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
620 (2018)[20] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
500 (2021)[35] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
400[citation needed] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
300[citation needed] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
300[citation needed] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
206 (2010)[36] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
200 (2015)[31] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
200[citation needed] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
173 (2018)[20] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
153 (2015)[31] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
100 (2015)[37] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
44 (2015)[31] | Immigrants | |
![]() |
23 (2015)[31] | Immigrants | |
Total | 5.2–5.5 million | Hungarians |
Hungarian immigration patterns to Western Europe increased in the 1990s and especially since 2004, after Hungary's admission in the European Union. Thousands of Hungarians from Hungary sought available work through guest-worker contracts in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, Sweden, Spain, and Portugal.
Hungarian citizenship
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Red_White_Green_Hungarian_Flag.jpg/220px-Red_White_Green_Hungarian_Flag.jpg)
A proposal supported by the DAHR to grant Hungarian citizenship to Hungarians living in Romania but without meeting Hungarian-law residency requirements was narrowly defeated at a 2004 referendum in Hungary.[38] The referendum was invalid because of not enough participants. After the failure of the 2004 referendum, the leaders of the Hungarian ethnic parties in the neighboring countries formed the HTMSZF organization in January 2005, as an instrument lobbying for preferential treatment in the granting of Hungarian citizenship.[39]
In 2010, Hungary passed several amendments regarding naturalization for ethnic Hungarians residing in what used to be Hungary. These amendments include the removal of “residency-in-Hungary” for eligible applicants that want Hungarian citizenship...which quickened naturalization and made it far more accessible for ethnic Hungarians who lived past the country’s borders to receive citizenship.[40] These amendments are primarily found in Act LV of 1993 on Hungarian Citizenship, which was amended to create the Hungarian Citizenship Law; it details the procedures and requirements for seeking Hungarian citizenship from outside current Hungarian borders.[41] The amendments in LV 1993 affirmed the identities and experiences of those affected by the Hungarian diaspora who wanted to identify with their heritage but also not uproot their current residencies or change their lifestyle.[42] This was particularly significant for individuals like István Fehér and Erzsébet Dolník, members of the Hungarian minority living in Slovakia, who maintained both their Slovakian and Hungarian nationality despite residing outside of Hungary and receiving notice that they would be deprived over their Slovakian citizenship.[43] Their case, Fehér and Dolník v. Slovakia, highlighted many issues pertaining to minority rights and citizenship access within the context of European human rights law.[43]
In May 2010, Slovakia announced it would strip Slovak citizenship from anyone applying for Hungarian citizenship.[44] Romania's President Traian Băsescu declared in October 2010: "We have no objections to the adoption by the Hungarian government and parliament of a law making it easier to grant Hungarian citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living abroad."[45]
The new citizenship law took effect on 1 January 2011. It did not grant the right to vote, even in national elections, to Hungarian citizens unless they also resided in Hungary on a permanent basis.[46] In February 2011, the Fidesz government announced that it intended to grant the right to vote to its new citizens.[47] Between 2011 and 2012, 200,000 applicants took advantage of the new, accelerated naturalization process;[48] there were another 100,000 applications pending in the summer of 2012.[49] As of February 2013, the Hungarian government had granted citizenship to almost 400,000 Hungarians ‘beyond the borders’.[50] In June 2013, Deputy Prime Minister Zsolt Semjén announced that he expected the number to reach about half a million by the end of the year.[51]
Pertaining to voting rights, Vámos and Others v Hungary raises relevant concerns about the voting process in Hungarian elections. In this case, Vámos and Others argue that their current address prohibits them from voting via post, while those who benefited from the Hungarian citizenship amendments were able to do so.[52] The complainants emerge from accused violations of Article 14 of the Convention of the ECHR, claiming discrimination.[53] However, still to this day, Hungarians residing within Hungary are barred from voting by mail.[54] Hungarian citizens abroad have been able to participate in the parliamentary elections without Hungarian residency starting from the 2014 Hungarian parliamentary election, however, they cannot vote for a candidate running for the seat in a single-seat constituency, but for a party list.
Famous people of Hungarian descent
[edit]Country | Name | Occupation | Source |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Ferenc Anisits | Engineer | |
![]() |
Albert-László Barabási | Physicist and discoverer of scale-free networks | |
![]() |
Drew Barrymore | Actress | [55][56] |
![]() |
Béla Barényi | Engineer and prolific inventor | |
![]() |
Josef von Báky | Film director | |
![]() |
Béla Bartók | Composer | |
![]() |
Zoltán Bay | Physicist and engineer | |
![]() |
György von Békésy | Biophysicist and Nobel Prize winner | |
![]() |
Pal Benko | Chess player and a record eight-time U.S. Open winner | |
![]() |
Adrien Brody | Actor and youngest winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor | [57] |
![]() |
György Buzsáki[58] | Neuroscientist |
![]() |
Mihály Csíkszentmihályi | Psychologist of flow | |
![]() |
Larry Csonka | American football fullback | |
![]() |
Tony Curtis | Actor | [59][60] |
![]() |
György Cziffra | Pianist | |
![]() |
Louis C.K. | Comedian | [61] |
![]() |
Rodney Dangerfield | Comedian | [62] |
![]() |
Frank Darabont | Film director and screenplay writer | |
![]() |
Ernst von Dohnányi | Composer, pianist, and conductor | |
![]() |
Bobby Fischer | Chess player | |
![]() |
Ferenc Fricsay | Conductor | |
![]() |
Stephen Fry | Comedian | [63] |
![]() |
Zsa Zsa Gabor | Actress | [64] |
![]() |
Peter Carl Goldmark | Engineer and inventor | |
![]() |
Andrew Grove | Businessman and entrepreneur | |
![]() |
Mickey Hargitay | Actor, body builder, and 1955 Mr. Universe | |
![]() |
Harry Houdini | Escapologist and magician | |
![]() |
Tim Howard | Soccer goalkeeper | |
![]() |
George de Hevesy | Radiochemist and co-discoverer of hafnium | [65] |
![]() |
Katalin Karikó | Biochemist and Nobel Prize winner | |
![]() |
John George Kemeny | Mathematician, computer scientist, and co-developer of BASIC | [66] |
![]() |
Laszlo B. Kish | Physicist | |
![]() |
George Klein | Microbiologist and author | |
![]() |
Ferenc Krausz | Physicist and Nobel Prize winner | |
![]() |
Alexandre Lamfalussy | Economist | |
![]() |
Philipp Lenard | Physicist and Nobel Prize winner | |
![]() |
Bela Lugosi | Actor | |
![]() |
Luis Mandoki | Film director | |
![]() |
Ilona Massey | Actress | |
![]() |
Paul Neményi | Physicist and mathematician | [67] |
![]() |
John von Neumann | Mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, and polymath | [68][69] |
![]() |
Thomas Peterffy | Businessman and founder of Interactive Brokers | |
![]() |
Joaquin Phoenix | Actor | [70] |
![]() |
Joseph Pulitzer | Journalist | [71] |
![]() |
Árpád Pusztai | Biochemist | |
![]() |
Ľudovít Rajter | Conductor | |
![]() |
Nicolas Sarkozy | 23rd President of France | [72] |
![]() |
Franz Schmidt | Composer | |
![]() |
Jerry Seinfeld | Comedian, actor, writer, and producer | [73] |
![]() |
Monica Seles | Tennis player | |
![]() |
Gene Simmons | Musician | [74] |
![]() |
Hans Selye | Endocrinologist | |
![]() |
Charles Simonyi | Software architect |
![]() |
Victor Szebehely | Astronomist and physicist | |
![]() |
Albert Szent-Györgyi | Biochemist and Nobel Prize winner | |
![]() |
Leó Szilárd | Physicist and inventor | [75] |
![]() |
Mária Telkes | Biophysicist and inventor | |
![]() |
Edward Teller | Physicist, engineer, and “father of the hydrogen bomb | [76] |
![]() |
Kálmán Tihanyi | Physicist, engineer, and inventor | |
![]() |
Tomáš Ujfaluši | Association football player | |
![]() |
Victor Vasarely | Artist of op art movement | |
![]() |
Gabriel von Wayditch | Composer | |
![]() |
Richárd Zsigmondy | Chemist and Nobel Prize winner | |
![]() |
Gyula Halász (Brassaï) | Photographer, sculptor, medalist, writer, and filmmaker | |
![]() |
Ivan Soltész | Scientist | |
![]() |
Jerry Seinfeld | Entertainer/comedian | [77] |
![]() |
Tomáš Ujfaluši | Football player |
Politics
[edit]Since the Hungarian diaspora could start voting in elections in Hungary from 2012,[78] they have overwhelmingly supported the ruling Fidesz. In the 2014 Hungarian parliamentary election, Fidesz won over 95% of the vote,[79] in the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election, over 96%, while in the 2019 European Parliament election in Hungary, Fidesz received 96%.[80]
Minority interest parties
[edit]In several Eastern European countries, parties that represent the interests of Hungarian minorities have emerged.
Gallery
[edit]-
John von Neumann (1903–1957), Hungarian-American mathematician and physicist of Hungarian descent.
-
Mickey Hargitay was a Hungarian-American actor and 1955 Mr. Universe.
References
[edit]- ^ Mathey, Éva (2012-09-14). "Chasing a Mirage: Hungarian Revisionist Search for U.S. Support to Dismantle the Trianon Peace Treaty, 1920–1938" (PDF). The Trianon Syndrome and Treaty Revision. University of Debrecen. pp. 38–39. Retrieved 2021-05-08.
Since the Great Powers who dictated the peace terms disregarded the principle of national self-determination in Hungary's case and did not draw the new borders of Hungary to follow ethnic and linguistic lines, 3.3 million ethnic Hungarians were lost to the successor states.
- ^ "Diaspora and scattering" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2021-05-05.
Hungarian communities abroad can be divided into at least two major categories. On the one hand, the so-called indigenous (autochthonous) minority communities – established as a result of border changes, mainly the new state borders set out in the Treaty of Trianon. On the other hand, diaspora communities of migratory (allochthonous) origin.
Category:CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) - ^ "See page 21 of this report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-25. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
- ^ huconedit (2023-06-19). "Magyarabs, the Descendants of Hungarians in Africa | Hungarian Conservative". www.hungarianconservative.com. Retrieved 2023-08-24.
- ^ Széchely, István (3 January 2023). "Mintha városok ürültek volna ki" [As if cities had been emptied]. Székelyhon (in Hungarian). Retrieved 24 January 2023.
- ^ 1,370 persons Archived March 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine declared themselves Csángós at the 2002 Romanian census. Some estimates of the Csángó population run higher. For instance, the Council of Europe Archived 2008-10-02 at the Wayback Machine suggests a figure as high as 260,000.
- ^ Patrick Heenan, Monique Lamontagne (1999). The Central and Eastern Europe Handbook. Taylor & Francis. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-57958-089-6.
- ^ "Népszámlálás, 2021: nézzünk szét a "házunk tájékán"!". felvidek.ma. January 21, 2021.
- ^ Roseann Duenas Gonzalez, Ildiko Melis (2001). Language Ideologies: Critical Perspectives on the Official English Movement. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-8058-4054-4.
- ^ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia" (PDF). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2014.
- ^ https://mek.oszk.hu/12300/12394/12394.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Átlépte a lélektani határt az Ausztriában élő magyarok száma". 24.hu. 19 February 2024.
- ^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Croatia : Overview (2001 census data)". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. July 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
- ^ "PeopleGroups.org - Hungarians of Slovenia". peoplegroups.org.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
{{cite web}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 25, 2017). "Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca.
- ^ "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach Geburtsstaat in Staatengruppen". Statistisches Bundesamt (in German). Retrieved 2022-02-04.
- ^ "MAGYAR NEMZETISMERET". nemzetismeret.hu.
- ^ "It has been officially recognized: far more Hungarians live in the United Kingdom than previously thought". portfolio.hu. 16 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
- ^ a b c d Sándor, Joób (April 21, 2018). "Hány magyar dolgozik külföldön és hol?". index.hu.
- ^ "Hungarians in France". Archived from the original on February 4, 2007.
- ^ "PeopleGroups.org - Hungarians of France". peoplegroups.org.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Hungarians in Brazil". Archived from the original on September 22, 2007.
- ^ Hungary, About (November 19, 2019). "Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's address at the 9th meeting of the Hungarian Diaspora Council". Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s address at the 9th meeting of the Hungarian Diaspora Council.
- ^ "Los obreros húngaros emigrados en América Latina entre las dos guerras mundiales. Ilona Varga" (PDF). www.ikl.org.pl. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2016.
- ^ "Thursday Top Ten: Top Ten Countries With The Largest Hungarian Diaspora In The World". December 1, 2016.
- ^ Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland 31 december 2018
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination". migrationpolicy.org. February 10, 2014.
- ^ "Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari". CBS StatLine. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
- ^ a b c d e f "A diaszpóra tudományos megközelítése". Kőrösi Csoma Sándor program. July 3, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e https://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Rifa2020.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna. Narodowy Spis Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 (National Census of Population and Housing 2011). GUS. 2013. p. 264.
- ^ "Sefstat 2022" (PDF).
- ^ "Acquisition of citizenship statistics". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
- ^ April 2018, Assel Satubaldina in People on 19 (April 19, 2018). "Hungarians, Kazakhs are almost relatives, says Hungarian cultural centre head".
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Foreign Citizens in the Philippines (Results from the 2010 Census)". psa.gov.ph. Philippine Statistics Authority. November 19, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ^ Sain, Adrienn (December 20, 2015). "Hungarians in Vietnam – VIDEO". Daily News Hungary.
- ^ Rogers Brubaker (2006). Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town. Princeton University Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-691-12834-4.
- ^ Tristan James Mabry; John McGarry; Margaret Moore; Brendan O'Leary (30 May 2013). Divided Nations and European Integration. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-8122-4497-7.
- ^ Sarkadi, Zsuzsanna (2024-01-19). "New immigration law in Hungary leaves Citizenship Act intact". Hungarian Citizenship. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
- ^ "Act LV of 1993 on Hungarian Citizenship" (PDF).
- ^ Vass, Ágnes (2022). "The practice of extraterritorial citizenship in Hungary: Discourses and interpretations in diaspora and minority communities" (PDF).
- ^ a b "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". hudoc.echr.coe.int. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
- ^ Slovaks retaliate over Hungarian citizenship law, BBC, 26 May 2010
- ^ Romania backs Hungarian citizenship law, 18 October 2010, AFP text syndicated to eubusiness.com.
- ^ New double citizenship law does not change voting rights, EUobserver, 28.05.2010
- ^ Dual citizenship at its logical conclusion. Policy Solutions’ analysis: A vote for lost Hungarians is a vote for the right Archived 2016-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, Budapest Times, 7 February 2011
- ^ Mária M. Kovács, Judit Tóth, Country report: Hungary Archived 2018-08-30 at the Wayback Machine, Revised and updated April 2013, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, page 11
- ^ Mária M. Kovács, Judit Tóth, Country report: Hungary Archived 2018-08-30 at the Wayback Machine, Revised and updated April 2013, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, page 18
- ^ Hungary and Romania. Flag wars, 21 Feb 2013, The Economist
- ^ Open wound. Trianon remembered 93 years on Archived 2013-06-14 at the Wayback Machine, Budapest Times, 12 June 2013
- ^ "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". hudoc.echr.coe.int. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
- ^ "European Convention on Human Rights - Article 14". European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2018-10-25. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
- ^ "Who is eligible to vote?". European elections 2024: all you need to know. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
- ^ "Drew Barrymore News and Trivias at CelebrityWonder.com". Archived from the original on 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2006-06-10. "She is half Hungarian on her mother's side."
- ^ "Simply Drew - Biography".. "Drews Mother - Jaid Barrymore (nee Ildiko Jaid Mako) [was] Born on 8 May 1946 in Brannenburg, West Germany in a camp for displaced persons. Jaids parents (Drew's grandparents) were Hungarian."
- ^ Fox, Chloe (November 12, 2006). "The prime of Adrien Brody". London: Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved December 13, 2006.
- ^ "The Brain Prize Winners 2017 - Lundbeckfonden - The Brain Prize". www.thebrainprize.org.
- ^ "Ananova - Tony Curtis to promote Hungarian tourism". Archived from the original on 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
- ^ "Born Bernard Schwartz in 1925 to Jewish-Hungarian parents, Curtis grew up in New York’s matinee movie-palaces..."
- ^ Vogel, Laura (May 27, 2007). "Louis C.K." New York Post. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
- ^ Rodney Dangerfield: A Lifetime of No Respect but Plenty of Sex and Drugs by Rodney Dangerfield "The whole family had come to America from Hungary when my mother was four. My mother's father--my grandfather--was almost never referred to in that house. Rumor has it he's still in Hungary--and still drinking."
- ^ "BBC - Family History - WDYTYA? Series Two: Celebrity Gallery". www.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ "Zsa Zsa Gabor born, Budapest Hungary. Though some sources say 1918, 1919, or 1920. 1936 Elected Miss Hungary."
- ^ George de Hevesy: life and work : a biography, Hilde Levi, A. Hilger, 1985
- ^ Weibel, Peter (2005). Beyond Art - A Third Culture : a Comparative Study in Cultures, Art, and Science in 20th Century Austria and Hungary. Springer. p. 350. ISBN 3-211-24562-6.
- ^ Nicholas, Peter (September 21, 2009). "Chasing the king of chess". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 25, 2009. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
- ^ Doran, p. 1
- ^ Nathan Myhrvold, "John von Neumann". Time, March 21, 1999. Accessed September 5, 2010
- ^ Naomi Pfefferman (2002-04-12). "The Days of Summer". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
- ^ András Csillag, "Joseph Pulitzer's Roots in Europe: A Genealogical History," American Jewish Archives, Jan 1987, Vol. 39 Issue 1, pp 49–68
- ^ Schmemann, Serge (15 May 2007). "Opinion - The New French President's Roots Are Worth Remembering". The New York Times.
- ^ "Jerry Seinfeld's Biography". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2008. Archived from the original on June 6, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
- ^ Biography Archived 2012-09-06 at archive.today. GeneSimmons.com. Retrieved on February 1, 2011.
- ^ Blumesberger, Susanne; et al. (2002). Handbuch österreichischer Autorinnen und Autoren jüdischer Herkunft. Vol. 1. K. G. Saur. ISBN 3-598-11545-8.
- ^ Video in which Teller recalls his earliest memories.
- ^ "Jerry Seinfeld's Biography". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2008. Archived from the original on June 6, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
- ^ "Hungary's Orban courts diaspora for election boost". France 24. 28 March 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
- ^ "Viktor Orbán courts voters beyond 'fortress Hungary'". POLITICO. August 22, 2017.
- ^ "Hungarians Outside EU Cast Votes for Fidesz". May 29, 2019.
Cite error: There are <ref group=note>
tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}}
template (see the help page).