Variable-message sign

A variable- (also changeable-,^[1] electronic-, or dynamic-) message sign, often abbreviated VMS, CMS, or DMS, and in the UK known as a matrix sign,^[2] is an electronic traffic sign often used on roadways to give travelers information about special events. Such signs warn of traffic congestion, accidents, incidents, roadwork zones, or speed limits on a specific highway segment. In urban areas, VMS are used within parking guidance and information systems to guide drivers to available car parking spaces. They may also ask vehicles to take alternative routes, limit travel speed, warn of duration and location of the incidents or just inform of the traffic conditions.

History

VMS's were deployed at least as early as the 1960s.^{[citation needed]} The current VMS systems are largely deployed on freeways, trunk highways, or in work zones.^{[citation needed]}

On the interchange of I-5 and SR 120 in San Joaquin County, California, an automated visibility and speed warning system was installed in 1996 to warn traffic of reduced visibility due to fog (where tule fog is a common problem in the winter), and of slow or stopped traffic.

Message Signs were deployed in Ontario during the 1990s in the Greater Toronto Area and are now being upgraded on 400 series Highways in the GTA as well as two pilot secondary highways in northeastern Ontario.^[3]

Technologies and types

Early variable message signs included static signs with words that would illuminate (often using neon tubing) indicating the type of incident that occurred, or signs that used rotating prisms (trilons) to change the message being displayed. These were later replaced by dot matrix displays typically using eggcrate, fiber optic, or flip-disc technology, which were capable of displaying a much wider range of messages than earlier static variable message signs. Since the late 1990s, the most common technology used in new installations for variable message signs are LED displays. In recent years, some newer LED variable message signs have the ability to display colored text and graphics.

Dot-matrix variable message signs are divided into three subgroups: character matrix, row matrix, and full matrix. In a character matrix VMS, each character is given its own matrix with equal horizontal spacing between them, typically with two or three rows of characters. In a full matrix VMS, the entire sign is a single large dot matrix display, allowing the display of different fonts and graphics. A row matrix VMS is a hybrid of the two types, divided into two or three rows like a character matrix display, except each row is a single long dot matrix display instead of being split per character horizontally.

Overhead variable message signs are today available in two form factors: lift-face and walk-in. The lift-face form factor is the earlier of the two, where maintenance is performed by lifting the sign open from the front. Most smaller VMS are of the lift-face form factor, and are typically installed today on major arterials. The walk-in form factor is a more recent introduction, where maintenance on the sign is performed from the inside. A key advantage of the walk-in form factor is that lane closures are generally not required to perform maintenance on the sign. Most of the largest VMS units installed today are walk-in units, and are typically installed on freeways.

Usage

Early models required an operator to be physically present when programming a message, whereas newer models may be reprogrammed remotely via a wired or wireless network or cellphone connection.^{[citation needed]}

A complete message on a panel generally includes a problem statement indicating incident, roadwork, stalled vehicle etc.; a location statement indicating where the incident is located; an effect statement indicating lane closure, delay, etc. and an action statement giving suggestion what to do traffic conditions ahead. These signs are also used for AMBER Alert and Silver Alert messages.

In some places, VMSes are set up with permanent, semi-static displays indicating predicted travel times to important traffic destinations such as major cities or interchanges along the route of a highway.

Typical messages provide the following information:

Promotional messages about services provided by a road authority during non-critical hours, such as carpooling efforts, travelers' information stations and 5-1-1 lines
Crashes, including vehicle spin-out or rollover
Road Works
Incidents affecting normal traffic flow in a lane or on shoulders
Non-recurring congestion, often a residual effect of cleared crash
Closures of an entire road, e.g. over a mountain pass in winter.
Exit ramp closures
Debris on roadway
Vehicle fires
Short-term maintenance or construction lasting less than three days
Pavement failure alerts
AMBER Alerts and weather warnings via the warning infrastructure of NOAA Weather Radio's SAME system
Travel times
Variable speed limits
Car park occupancy levels

The information comes from a variety of traffic monitoring and surveillance systems. It is expected that by providing real-time information on special events on the oncoming road, VMS can improve motorists' route selection, reduce travel time, mitigate the severity and duration of incidents and improve the performance of the transportation network.

Movable versions

Truck-mounted VMSes are sometimes dispatched by highway agencies such as Caltrans to warn traffic of incidents such as accidents in areas where permanent VMSes aren't available or near enough as a preventive measure for reducing secondary accidents. They are often deployed in pairs so that the second VMS truck can take over when the traffic queue overtakes the first truck, requiring the first truck to reposition further upstream from the queue, to be effective. An optional third truck, the team leader, may be utilized for driving by and monitoring the incident itself, traffic patterns and delay times, to make strategic decisions for minimizing delays—analogous to spotter planes used in fighting forest fires.

Trailer-mounted variable-message signs are used to alter traffic patterns near work zones, and for traffic management for special events, natural disasters, and other temporary traffic patterns. The messages displayed on the sign can be programmed locally on the unit's control panel, or units equipped with a cellular modem can be programmed remotely via computer or phone. Most manufacturers produce trailers which comply with the National Transportation Communications for Intelligent Transportation System Protocol (NTCIP) which allows the portable trailer to be integrated with an intelligent transportation system. Trailer-mounted VMS can be equipped with radar, cameras, and other sensing devices as part of a smart work zone deployment.

In popular culture

A variable-message sign figures significantly into the plot of the 1991 film L.A. Story.

Gallery

Sign on Katunayake Expressway in Colombo, Sri Lanka
Sign warns "Avoid London - Area Closed - Turn On Radio" following the 7 July 2005 London bombings
Europe's largest Dynamic Route Guidance System, in Nuremberg, Germany
Sign on National Highway 4, in Bangalore, India
Sign on an interchange of a German Autobahn
Sign on Highway 401 in Ontario, Canada
Sign on Don Valley Parkway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Sign in Manhattan reminding motorists to drive safely