Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge

Coordinates: 40°36′23″N 74°02′44″W / 40.60639°N 74.04556°W / 40.60639; -74.04556 (Verrazano-Narrows_Bridge)
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"Verrazano Bridge" redirects here. For other uses, see Verrazano Bridge (Maryland) and Jamestown Verrazzano Bridge.
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, looking toward Staten Island from Brooklyn.
Coordinates40°36′23″N 74°02′44″W / 40.60639°N 74.04556°W / 40.60639; -74.04556 (Verrazano-Narrows_Bridge)
Carries12 lanes (six lanes upper and six lanes lower) of I-278
CrossesThe Narrows
LocaleNew York City (Staten Island–Brooklyn)
Maintained byMTA Bridges & Tunnels
Characteristics
DesignDouble-decked Suspension bridge
Longest span4,260 feet (1,298 m)
Clearance above15 feet (4.57 m) (upper level)
14.4 feet (4.39 m) (lower level)
Clearance below228 feet (69.5 m) at mean high water[1]
History
OpenedNovember 21, 1964; 59 years ago (1964-11-21) (upper level)
June 28, 1969; 54 years ago (1969-06-28) (lower level)
Statistics
Daily traffic189,962 (2008)[2]
Toll(Westbound Only, as of 30 December 2010) Cars $13.00; $9.60 with an E-ZPass from a New York State issuing authority (for Staten Island residents: E-ZPass $5.76; Car Pool (Pre-paid Ticket) $2.68); Trucks $17.32 + $11.04/Axle over two with an E-ZPass from a New York State issuing authority, $26.00 Cash + $16/Axle over two. Non-NYS issued E-ZPass pays cash rate.[3]
Lua error in Module:Location_map at line 391: A hemisphere can only be provided with DMS degrees for longitude.
Location
Map

The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is a double-decked suspension bridge that connects the boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn in New York City at the Narrows, the reach connecting the relatively protected upper bay with the larger lower bay.

The bridge is named for both the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, the first known European navigator in the service of the French crown to enter New York Harbor and the Hudson River, and for the body of water it spans: the Narrows. It has a center span of 4,260 feet (1,298 m) and was the longest suspension bridge in the world at the time of its completion in 1964, until it was surpassed by the Humber Bridge in the United Kingdom in 1981. It now has the eighth longest center span in the world, and its massive towers can be seen throughout a good part of the New York metropolitan area, including from spots in all five boroughs of New York City. The bridge is also easily seen from points in New Jersey including a great viewpoint from the Laurence Harbor section of Old Bridge Township.

The bridge furnishes a critical link in the local and regional highway system. Since 1976, it has been the starting point of the New York City Marathon.[4] The bridge marks the gateway to New York Harbor; all cruise ships and most container ships arriving at the Port of New York and New Jersey must pass underneath the bridge and thus must be built to accommodate the clearance under the bridge. This is most notable in the case of the ocean liner RMS Queen Mary 2.

History

The bridge is owned by New York City and operated by MTA Bridges & Tunnels, an affiliate agency of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Interstate 278 passes over the bridge, connecting the Staten Island Expressway with the Gowanus Expressway and the Belt Parkway. The Verrazano, along with the other three major Staten Island bridges, created a new way for commuters and travelers to reach Brooklyn, Long Island, and Manhattan by car from New Jersey.

The bridge was the last great public works project in New York City overseen by Robert Moses, the New York State Parks Commissioner and head of the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, who had long desired the bridge as a means of completing the expressway system which was itself largely the result of his efforts. The bridge was also the last project designed by Chief Engineer Othmar Ammann, who had also designed most of the other major crossings of New York City, including the George Washington Bridge, the Bayonne Bridge, the Bronx Whitestone Bridge, the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge, and the Throgs Neck Bridge. The plans to build the bridge caused considerable controversy in the neighborhood of Bay Ridge, because many families had settled in homes in the area where the bridge now stands and were forced to relocate.

Verrazano Bridge tower and cables without risers or road bed

Construction on the bridge began August 13, 1959, and the upper deck was opened on November 21, 1964 at a cost of $320 million.[5][6] New York City Mayor Robert F. Wagner cut the ribbon at the opening ceremony, which was attended by over 5,000 people. He was the first person to be driven over the bridge, by Carey Cadillac driver Allbert Wright [7] The lower deck opened on June 28, 1969.[8] The bridge took over the title of the longest suspension bridge in the world (previously held by the Golden Gate Bridge) from 1964 until 1981, when it was eclipsed by the Humber Bridge in England.

Fort Lafayette was an island coastal fortification in New York Harbor, built next to Fort Hamilton at the southern tip of what is now Bay Ridge. It was destroyed as part of the bridge's construction in 1960; the Brooklyn-side bridge pillars now occupy the fort's former foundation.

According to the United States Department of Transportation:

  • Each of the two towers contains 1,000,000 bolts and 3,000,000 rivets.
  • The diameter of each of the four suspension cables is 36 inches (914 mm). Each cable is composed of 26,108 wires amounting to a total of 143,000 miles (230,136 km) in length
  • Because of the height of the towers (693 ft (211 m)*) and their distance apart (4,260 ft (1,298 m)*), the curvature of the Earth's surface had to be taken into account when designing the bridge—the towers are 1+5⁄8 inches (41.275 mm) farther apart at their tops than at their bases.[9]
  • Because of thermal expansion of the steel cables, the bridge roadway is 12 feet (3.66 m) lower in summer than in winter.[10]
Queen Mary 2 RADAR mast clearance.

The bridge is affected by weather more than any other bridge in the city because of its size and isolated location close to the open ocean. It is occasionally closed (either partially or entirely) during strong wind and snow storms.

The RMS Queen Mary 2 was designed with a flatter funnel to pass under the bridge, and has 13 feet (3.96 m) of clearance under the bridge during high tide.[11]

The bridge has fostered more traffic on the Outerbridge Crossing and the Goethals Bridge, both of which connect Staten Island with New Jersey.

In 2009, all 262 of the mercury vapor fixtures in the bridge's necklace lighting were replaced with energy efficient light-emitting diodes.[12]

Naming controversy

The naming of the bridge for Verrazzano was controversial. It was first proposed in 1951 by the Italian Historical Society of America, when the bridge was in the planning stage. After Moses turned down the initial proposal, the society undertook a public relations campaign to re-establish the reputation of the largely forgotten Verrazzano and to promote the idea of naming the bridge for him. The campaign was largely the effort of Society director John N. LaCorte, who in 1954 successfully lobbied New York Governor W. Averell Harriman to proclaim April 17 (the anniversary of Verrazzano's arrival in the harbor) as Verrazano Day. Subsequent efforts by LaCorte resulted in similar proclamations by governors of states along the East Coast. After these successes, LaCorte reapproached the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, but was turned down a second time. The manager of the authority, backed by Moses, said the name was too long and that he had never heard of Verrazzano.[13]

The society later succeeded in lobbying to get a bill introduced in the New York State Assembly that would name the bridge for the explorer. After the introduction of the bill, the Staten Island Chamber of Commerce joined the society in promoting the name. The bill was signed into law in 1960 by Governor Nelson Rockefeller.[14] Although the controversy seemed settled, the naming issue rose again in the last year of construction after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. A petition to name the bridge for Kennedy received thousands of signatures. In response, LaCorte contacted United States Attorney General Robert Kennedy, the president's brother, who told LaCorte that he would make sure the bridge would not be named for his brother (Idlewild Airport, New York's major international airport, was renamed after Kennedy instead).[13]

Even so, the official name was widely ignored by local news outlets at the time of the dedication. Some radio announcers and newspapers omitted any reference to Verrazano, referring to the bridge as the Narrows Bridge, or the Brooklyn-Staten Island Bridge. The society continued its lobbying efforts to promote the name in the following years until the name became firmly established. Today, it is often referred to as just "the Verrazano."[13]

Bridge usage

Coast Guard on anti-terrorism patrol in Upper New York Bay. Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in distance spanning The Narrows between Brooklyn (left) and Staten Island (right).

In 2008, about 190,000 vehicles used the bridge per day on average.[2]

As of December 2011, the one-way toll (paid westbound into Staten Island only) in cash is $13 per car or $5.50 per motorcycle. E-ZPass users with transponders issued by the New York E-ZPass Customer Service Center pay $9.60 per car or $4.18 per motorcycle; a five-axle truck pays $70, or $47.26 with NY E-ZPass. Holders of transponders issued elsewhere get no discount.[15]

From 1964 to 1986, the toll was collected in both directions[16] until Staten Island residents concerned about pollution from idling vehicles called for one way tolls. However, as of 2011 some of the eastbound toll booths are still in place, requiring drivers to slow down. While the high cost of the toll between Brooklyn and Staten Island has always been an issue for residents, some[who?] favor the toll because they see it as a way to curb population growth on Staten Island. Each of the four bridges to the Island is tolled.

In 2010, eight of the unused Brooklyn-bound toll booths were removed in the first phase of a project to improve traffic flow at the toll plaza; the remaining three Brooklyn-bound toll booths will be subsequently removed during the second phase of the construction project.[17]

As the bridge was not built with a pedestrian walkway, non-motorized transportation is limited to using bridge during special events such as the New York City Marathon and Five Boro Bike Tour.[18] Recently, residents living on both ends of the bridge have lobbied for pedestrian access. In October 2003, Mayor Michael Bloomberg promised to look into establishing the long-awaited pedestrian and bicycle access.[19]

The bridge has been called New York's "most dangerous bridge." [20]

Signs at both ends of the bridge forbid photography and video taping; however, it is not certain if the signs are intended to stop people from stopping on the bridge or ban photography and videography even from moving cars.

Primary individuals involved

The sign on the bridge indicating the boundary line of the two boroughs it links
Role Name
Senior partner Othmar Herrmann Ammann
Chief engineer Milton Brumer
Project engineers Herb Rothman, Frank L. Stahl
Design engineer Leopold H. Just
Engineer of construction John West Kinney

In popular culture

  • The bridge's opening is fictionalized as the "Amerigo--Columbus Bridge" in the 1966 "The Bookworm Turns" episode of Batman using news footage of the actual bridge opening.
  • The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is an important location in the popular 1977 film Saturday Night Fever.[7]
  • The bridge and its proximity to the open ocean also feature prominently at the end of the 2009 film Against the Current.
  • In the special edition of the film The Abyss, the bridge is surrounded by a giant tsunami.
  • The bridge is featured in the final shot of the Terrence Malick film The Tree of Life.
  • Capone, a rapper from Queens and one half of the duo Capone-N-Noreaga (CNN), raps on the song T.O.N.Y.: "I did it for the love of cash your honor, traffickin' across the Verrazano, coke dealin', marijuana"

See also

References

  1. ^ "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge (I-278)". Retrieved 2007-05-28.
  2. ^ a b "Appendix C ­ AADT Values for Select Toll Facilities", 2008 Traffic Data Report for New York State (PDF), New York State Department of Transportation, retrieved 2009-12-30 {{citation}}: soft hyphen character in |chapter= at position 12 (help)
  3. ^ "Bridge & Tunnel Crossing charges". Metropolitan Transit Authority. Retrieved 2011-10_10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  4. ^ "After 10 NYC Marathons, Bridge Boss is Running Home". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 3, 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-27.
  5. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (August 14, 1959). "Bridge Is Started Across Narrows". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  6. ^ Talese, Gay (November 22, 1964). "Verrazano Bridge Opened to Traffic". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  7. ^ a b Fertig, Beth (November 21, 2004). "Verrazano Bridge Turns 40". WNYC. Retrieved 2011-07-02.
  8. ^ Schumach, Murray (June 29, 1969). "2d Level of Verrazano Bridge Opens 11 Years Ahead of Plan". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  9. ^ "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge". MTA Bridges & Tunnels. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  10. ^ Guide to Civil Engineering Projects In and Around New York City (2nd ed.). Metropolitan Section, American Society of Civil Engineers. 2009. pp. 36–37.
  11. ^ Barron, James (April 18, 2004). "This Ship Is So Big, The Verrazano Cringes". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  12. ^ "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge LED Necklace Lights Add "Green" Sparkle to New York Harbor Entrance" (Press release). MTA Bridges & Tunnels. October 29, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  13. ^ a b c "Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge". Italian Historical Society of America. Retrieved 2011-07-02.
  14. ^ "Verrazano It Is, in Bridge's Name; Governor Signs Disputed Designation Into Law". The New York Times. March 10, 1960. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
  15. ^ "Toll Information". MTA Bridges & Tunnels. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  16. ^ "Verrazano-Narrows Toll Plaza Improvement" (Press release). MTA Bridges & Tunnels. January 26, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  17. ^ "New Traffic Pattern at Brooklyn-bound Verrazano Toll Plaza Begins Wed., June 2nd – Removal of Last Two Unused Toll Booths Will Complete This Phase of Construction Work" (Press release). MTA Bridges & Tunnels. May 28, 2010. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
  18. ^ "Verrazano Bridge". Transportation Alternatives. Retrieved 2011-07-02.
  19. ^ Tobol, Sarah (June 29, 2007). "Long-Denied Verrazano Bridge Walkway Plan Picks Up Steam". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  20. ^ "Verrazano called NY's most dangerous bridge". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved 2011-11-20.

External links

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