Vladikavkaz
Vladikavkaz
Владикавказ | |
|---|---|
| Other transcription(s) | |
| • Ossetic | Дзæуджыхъæу |
 | |
 Coat of arms | |
Location of Vladikavkaz  | |
  Vladikavkaz Location of Vladikavkaz  Vladikavkaz Vladikavkaz (North Ossetia–Alania) | |
| Coordinates: 43°2′24″N 44°40′39″E / 43.04000°N 44.67750°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | North Ossetia–Alania[1] |
| Founded | May 6, 1784[2] |
| City status since | 1860 |
| Government | |
| • Body | Assembly of Representatives |
| • Head | Sergey Dzantiyev |
| Area | |
• Total | 291 km2 (112 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 692 m (2,270 ft) |
| Population | |
• Total | 311,693 |
• Estimate (2018)[4] | 306,258 (−1.7%) |
| • Rank | 60th in 2010 |
| • Density | 1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi) |
| • Subordinated to | Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction[1] |
| • Capital of | Republic of North Ossetia–Alania[5] |
| • Capital of | Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction[1] |
| • Urban okrug | Vladikavkaz Urban Okrug[6] |
| • Capital of | Vladikavkaz Urban Okrug[6] |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK  [7]) |
| Postal code(s)[8] | 362000 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 8672 |
| OKTMO ID | 90701000001 |
| City Day | First Sunday of July |
| Website | vladikavkaz-osetia |
Vladikavkaz (Russian: Владикавка́з, IPA: [vlədʲɪkɐˈfkas], lit. ruler of the Caucasus; Template:Lang-os, Dzæwdžyqæw, lit. Dzaug's settlement) is the capital city of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the republic at the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains, situated on the Terek River. Population: 311,693 (2010 Census);[3] 315,068 (2002 Census);[9] 300,198 (1989 Soviet census).[10] Vladikavkaz is one of the most populous cities in the North Caucasus.
The city is an industrial and transportation center. Manufactures include processed zinc and lead, machinery, chemicals, clothing, and food products.
History
The city was founded in 1784[2] as a fortress during the Russian conquest of the Caucasus and was for many years the main Russian military base in the region. The Georgian Military Highway, crossing the mountains, was constructed in 1799 to link the city with Georgia to the south, and in 1875 a railway was built to connect it to Rostov-on-Don and Baku in Azerbaijan. Vladikavkaz has become an important industrial center for the region, with smelting, refining, chemicals and manufacturing industries.
The city is one of the largest in the Russian controlled Caucasus, along with Grozny, and was the capital of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, a Soviet Republic established after the annexation of the Mountainous Republic of the North Caucasus. The puppet state existed from 1921-1924, and was part of and in some cases incorporated the modern day territories of Chechnya, North Ossetia, and Kabardino-Balkaria.
From 1931 to 1944 and from 1954 to 1990, its name in both Russian and Ossetic languages was Ordzhonikidze (Орджоники́дзе) (after Sergo Ordzhonikidze, a Georgian Bolshevik), and from 1944 to 1954 it was officially called Dzaudzhikau (Дзауджика́у) in Russian and Dzæwdžyqæw (Дзæуджыхъæу) in Ossetic. Vladikavkaz resumed its old Russian name, in 1990, shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union; the official Ossetic name was reverted to Dzæwdžyqæw.
Vladikavkaz was fought over in both the Russian Civil War and World War II. In February 1919, the anti-Communist Volunteer Army under General Anton Denikin seized the city, before being expelled by the Red Army in March 1920. In November 1942, the forces of Nazi Germany tried unsuccessfully to seize the city but were repelled.
In 1999, 2008, and 2010, Vladikavkaz was a target of bombings.
On November 26, 2008, Vitaly Karayev, the mayor of Vladikavkaz was killed by an unknown gunman.[11] On December 31, 2008, his successor, Kazbek Pagiyev, was also killed by unknown gunmen.[12]
Administrative and municipal status
Vladikavkaz is the capital of the republic.[5] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with six rural localities, incorporated as Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction is incorporated as Vladikavkaz Urban Okrug.[6]
Transportation
The city is served by the bus network (marshrutkas). There are also tram (since 1904) and trolleybus (since 1977) networks. There is also a railway terminal in Vladikavkaz.
The city is served by Beslan Airport located 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) from the city.
The Georgian Military Road, which is a part of European route E117, starts in Vladikavkaz and it connects the city with the South Caucasus.
Ethnic groups
Ethnic groups in the city (2002 data):[citation needed]
Sports
FC Alania Vladikavkaz is an association football club based in Vladikavkaz, who won the Russian Premier League in 1995.
Notable structures
In Vladikavkaz, there is a guyed TV mast, 198-meter (650 ft) tall, built in 1961, which has six crossbars with gangways in two levels running from the mast structure to the guys.
Religion
The city's primary religion is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which is followed by Russians, Georgians, and some of the Ossetians. The rest of the Ossetian population adheres to the next largest religion, Ossetian Folk Religion, which nationwide is followed by 29% of the population. The remainder follow Protestantism, Islam, Armenian Orthodoxy, and other beliefs.
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Vladikavkaz is twinned with:
Asheville, North Carolina, United States
Kardzhali, Bulgaria
Makhachkala, Russia- Nalchik, Russia
Ardahan, Turkey
Gallery
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| Hotel Imperial | Mira avenue amid Stolovaya mountain | Armenian Church, 1868 | State academic Russian theatre named after E. Vakhtangov, 1869 | The corner of Gorky street and Mira Avenue |
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| State theatre of Opera and ballet of North Ossetia-Alania | North Ossetian state art Museum named after M. Tuganov | St. George's Cathedral | The angle of Kuibyshev street and Mira Avenue | The Church Of The Nativity Of The Virgin, 1815 |
Climate
Vladikavkaz experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with warm, wet summers and cold, drier winters (though very mild for Russia).
| Climate data for Vladikavkaz | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.6 (67.3) |
23.0 (73.4) |
30.3 (86.5) |
34.0 (93.2) |
35.0 (95.0) |
38.0 (100.4) |
37.5 (99.5) |
39.2 (102.6) |
38.2 (100.8) |
33.5 (92.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.1 (80.8) |
39.2 (102.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) |
3.2 (37.8) |
7.7 (45.9) |
14.8 (58.6) |
19.4 (66.9) |
23.2 (73.8) |
25.7 (78.3) |
25.4 (77.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
15.1 (59.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
4.3 (39.7) |
14.3 (57.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.9 (28.6) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
3.0 (37.4) |
9.5 (49.1) |
14.1 (57.4) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.1 (68.2) |
15.6 (60.1) |
9.8 (49.6) |
3.6 (38.5) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
9.2 (48.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.6 (21.9) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
5.1 (41.2) |
9.6 (49.3) |
13.5 (56.3) |
16.1 (61.0) |
15.7 (60.3) |
11.2 (52.2) |
5.7 (42.3) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
5.1 (41.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.2 (−17.0) |
−27.8 (−18.0) |
−22.0 (−7.6) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
7.5 (45.5) |
6.0 (42.8) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−25.0 (−13.0) |
−27.8 (−18.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 31 (1.2) |
34 (1.3) |
54 (2.1) |
85 (3.3) |
140 (5.5) |
175 (6.9) |
109 (4.3) |
89 (3.5) |
75 (3.0) |
60 (2.4) |
46 (1.8) |
31 (1.2) |
929 (36.5) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 11 (4.3) |
17 (6.7) |
11 (4.3) |
15 (5.9) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
7 (2.8) |
10 (3.9) |
10 (3.9) |
81 (31.8) |
| Average precipitation days | 6 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 14 | 14 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 106 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79 | 79 | 78 | 74 | 76 | 76 | 74 | 75 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 80 | 78 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 111.6 | 120.4 | 127.1 | 144.0 | 186.0 | 201.0 | 220.1 | 210.8 | 153.0 | 130.2 | 111.0 | 102.3 | 1,817.5 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[13] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: World Meteorological Organisation (UN) [14] | |||||||||||||
Notable people
- Valery Gazzaev (1954) — Russian football manager and former footballer
- Valery Gergiev (1953) — Russian conductor and opera company director
- Issa Pliyev (1903-1979)— Soviet military commander, twice Hero of the Soviet Union
- Lado Davidov (1924-1987) — Soviet soldier, Hero of the Soviet Union
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d e Law #34-RZ
- ^ a b c d e Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 75. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ a b Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania
- ^ a b c Law #10-RZ
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ "Europe | Southern Russia mayor gunned down". BBC News. November 26, 2008. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
- ^ "Itar-Tass". Itar-Tass. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
- ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved September 8, 2007.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service – Wladikavkaz". United Nations. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
Sources
- Верховный Совет Республики Северная Осетия. 12 ноября 1994 г. «Республика Северная Осетия-Алания. Конституция.», в ред. Конституционного Закона №5-РКЗ от 4 декабря 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Конституцию Республики Северная Осетия–Алания». Вступил в силу 7 декабря 1994 г. Опубликован: брошюрой "Конституция Республики Северная Осетия–Алания". (Supreme Council of the Republic of North Ossetia. November 12, 1994 Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. Constitution., as amended by the Constitutional Law #5-RKZ of December 4, 2013 On Amending the Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. Effective as of December 7, 1994.).
- Закон №34-РЗ от 9 июля 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Северная Осетия-Алания», в ред. Закона №44-РЗ от 12 ноября 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Приложение к Закону Республики Северная Осетия–Алания "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Северная Осетия–Алания" и Закон Республики Северная Осетия–Алания "Об установлении границ муниципального образования Алагирский район, наделении его статусом муниципального района, образовании в его составе муниципальных образований — городского и сельских поселений"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Северная Осетия", №148(24949), 16 августа 2007 г. (Law #34-RZ of July 9, 2007 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, as amended by the Law #44-RZ of November 12, 2013 On Amending the Appendix to the Law of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania" and the Law of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of Alagirsky District, Granting It the Status of a Municipal District, Establishing Municipal Formations—Urban and Rural Settlements—Within Its Structure". Effective as of the official publication date.).
- Закон №10-РЗ от 5 марта 2005 г. «Об установлении границ муниципального образования город Владикавказ, наделении его статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №34-РЗ от 19 июля 2006 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Северная Осетия-Алания "Об установлении границ муниципального образования город Владикавказ, наделении его статусом городского округа"». Вступил в силу 1 марта 2005 г. Опубликован: "Северная Осетия", №43 (24344), 15 марта 2005 г. (Law #10-RZ of March 5, 2005 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladikavkaz and On Granting It Urban Okrug Status, as amended by the Law #34-RZ of July 19, 2006 On Amending the Law of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladikavkaz and On Granting It Urban Okrug Status". Effective as of March 1, 2005.).
External links
Media related to Vladikavkaz at Wikimedia Commons
Vladikavkaz travel guide from Wikivoyage- . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
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