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Last Generation (climate movement)

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Last Generation
Established2021
TypeNGO
FocusClimate activism
Direct action
Websiteletztegeneration.org
RemarksGerman translation: Letzte Generation
Letzte Generation (political association)
Parlament aufmischen – Stimme der Letzten Generation
PresidentHenning Jeschke
Membership (2024)41
European Parliament
0 / 720
Road blocks at Berlin Central station (2022)

The Last Generation (German: Letzte Generation, pronounced [ˈlɛt͡stə ˌɡeːnəʁaˈt͡sjoːn], Italian: Ultima Generazione) is a group of climate change activists using forms of direct action which is mostly active in Germany, Italy and Poland. It describes itself as an "alliance" and was formed in 2021 from participants in the Hungerstreik der letzten Generation [de] ("last generation hunger strike"). The term was chosen because they considered themselves to be the last generation before tipping points in the earth's climate system would be reached.[1] The Austria section of Last Generation announced in August 2024 that it would end its activities under that name.[2]

The group has staged direct non-violent actions including numerous road blockades (276 in Germany over the course of 2022)[3] and used paint to vandalise yachts, notorious paintings, buildings, restaurants and private jets. Protests in Germany were mainly focused on car usage and traffic policy, while those in Italy focused on cultural assets.[4]

The civil disobedience methods of the group have met with mixed reactions from the public,[5] including expressions of outrage[6][7] and threats of violence.[8] They have also received criticism for their disruptive nature.[9][10][11][12]

Goals and views

[edit]
Activists from the Last Generation bring speed limit 100 km/h signs to the German Ministry of Transport.

The group states that there is a climate emergency and that the cost of solving it should be borne by those with high income. The group further demands a debt cut and payments to states of the Global South as compensation for climate change,[13] the introduction of a general speed limit of 100 km/h on the autobahn,[14][15][16] and a permanent 9-Euro-Ticket.[15] It claims that the German government is knowingly breaking its own climate protection goals.[17]

In early 2023, the group declared the Democratic process to be unfit for dealing with the climate crisis and demanded the implementation of "Society councils" to work out emergency measures. The members of those councils should be selected by sortition from various backgrounds and age classes. Existing conventional political institutions would be obliged to implement the councils' decisions exactly as agreed.[18][19]

In January 2024, the group announced that it would no longer stage road blockades, shifting instead to what it called "disobedient public assemblies" and increase protests at facilities such as oil pipelines, energy company headquarters and airports.[20][21]

A month later, the group announced its intention to contest the 2024 EU Parliament elections in Germany.[22][23] It obtained 0.3% of the German vote and thus no seats. It also fell short of the 0.5% required to obtain German public funding for political parties.[24][25] The group did not run in Austria,[26] Italy,[27] or Poland.[28]

History of actions

[edit]
A Freiburg emergency doctor uses solving agent to remove the palm of a Last Generation activist from street asphalt. The back of the activist's hand shows text about the glue (2022).
A young Letzte Generation activist with his hand caked in cyanoacrylate glue and sand following removal by the Berlin police using acetone solvent (2023)

At the beginning of the movement, besides road blockades, the group also frequently distributed food from dumpsters for free. Both methods were used in early 2022 to support their demand for a law against food loss and waste.[6][29]

The Last Generation performed about 370 actions between January and October 2022.[30][31]

In October 2022, two Last Generation activists threw mashed potatoes at a Monet painting behind glass, titled Haystacks, part of a collection founded by Hasso Plattner, a German billionaire, at the Museum Barberini in Potsdam, Germany.[32] Plattner had reportedly paid €111 million for the painting in 2019.[33] The painting was left undamaged. However, the museum stated that the frame was damaged, and estimated that its restoration would incur a five-figure cost in euros.[34] In November 2022, the Last Generation threw soup at 'The Sower' by Vincent van Gogh, also behind glass, at the Palazzo Bonaparte in Rome, Italy. The painting, which was on loan from the Dutch Kröller-Müller Museum, suffered no damage,[35][36][37] like another van Gogh painting targeted by a similar protest by Just Stop Oil two weeks earlier in London;[38] high-profile stunts involving artwork were seen as a common element of the two groups.[39]

Last Generation also blockaded highways, such as in Berlin.[40] In February 2023, motorists attempted to remove Last Generation protesters from a motorway near the event venue ICC Berlin, with one car driver running over a protester's foot. The police were at the scene[41] and initiated criminal proceedings against the driver, on suspicion of simple bodily harm.[42]

In April 2023, the group protested at the Berlin ePrix, a Formula E electric car race, by gluing themselves to the track and support vehicles right before the start.[43] That same month, the use by police of pain compliance techniques to disperse a Letzte Generation road blockade came under public and legal scrutiny in Germany.[44][8]

An Aztec airplane of the type vandalised by Letzte Generation in Berlin in May 2023

In May 2023, Letzte Generation spray-painted a Piper PA-23 'Aztec' private airplane at Berlin airport,[45][46] causing an estimated 72,000 euros worth of damage to the aircraft.[47] In the same month, in Vienna, an emergency patient died in congestion caused by the group. A speaker of the group stated that it had made the mistake of not informing the ambulance service centre.[48]

On 23 May 2023, two activists from the group poured mud over themselves outside the Senate building in Rome to protest fossil fuel use. They also drew attention to the devastating effects of floods linked to climate change, such as those which had recently hit the Emilia-Romagna region. The group had previously poured charcoal-based liquid into the Trevi Fountain in Rome and glued themselves to a piece of art in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.[49]

In June 2023, shortly after an announcement by the group that it would soon carry out a string of actions specifically targeting "the rich", who in their view contributed overproportionately to climate change,[50] sprayed orange paint onto a private jet (reported as make Cessna CJ1) in Sylt,[51] as well as several buildings.[52] The same month, it spray-painted the Lady M, a 30-metre private yacht of a German company owner on the German Baltic coast.[53]

Two activists from the Last Generation group in Italy were detained in 13 February 2024 after they stuck several photographs of flooding on Botticelli's painting The Birth of Venus displayed at the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.[54] They demanded a €20 billion fund to help climate disaster victims.[55]

On 3 March 2024, two Polish activists interrupted a concert at the National Philharmonic celebrating the 80th birthday of conductor Antoni Wit and the 60th anniversary of his artistic career.[56]

On 18 May 2024, six climate activists entered Munich Airport using bolt cutters to cut through the fence in two locations,[57] and glued themselves to the access routes leading to runways. During the two-hour disruption, some 60 flights were canceled and 14 re-routed.[21] On 24 and 25 July, groups of Last Generation activists entered Cologne Bonn Airport and Frankfurt Airport by cutting fences, reaching respectively the runway and apron and causing hours-long interruptions in both cases.[57] Further protests took place in mid-August at Berlin Brandenburg Airport, Stuttgart Airport, Nürnberg Airport and Cologne Bonn Airport, without runways being entered. Flight operations in Nürnberg and Cologne Bonn were briefly suspended.[58]

In August 2024, Last Generation Austria announced in a letter to its supporters that it would dissolve, saying that it no longer saw a "perspective of success" and accusing the government of having acted the previous two years with "complete incompetence" in climate protection matters.[2][59]

Criminal accusations and sentences

[edit]
First note from the Munich General Prosecutor's Office, describing the group as 'criminal'. That wording was later removed.

In May 2023, a Bavarian court approved an investigation against the Last Generation because of "suspicion of criminal association".[60] Some 170 police officers conducted raids on flats around Germany, shutting down the group's website, and freezing accounts linked to the group.[61] The investigation was being led by the Bavarian central office for combating extremism and terrorism.[62] The authorities claimed the group was using the website to raise funds for "further criminal acts", stating at least 1.4 million euros had been collected.[63] Two of the group's members were alleged to have planned an attack on an oil pipeline in Bavaria.[64] On 25 June 2023, the Munich public prosecutor's office confirmed that German investigators have been tapping and monitoring several communications from the climate activist group, following revelations in the German press about the case.[65] The police raids ordered in Bavaria were assessed by media as having greatly increased the profile of the group internationally.[66] In September 2024, the German Society for Civil Rights filed a complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court against the secret wiretapping of the press hotline run by Last Generation, arguing that press freedom had been seriously compromised.[67]

In September 2023, a 41-year-old female activist was sentenced to eight months in jail after she was found guilty of coercion, attempted coercion, and resisting law enforcement officers. She had taken part in three street blockades, in two of which she had glued herself to the street. This was the heaviest sentence that members of Last Generation had received to that date.[68]

On 23 April 2024, three climate activists aged between 22 and 64 were handed suspended eight-month prison sentences by a Berlin district court for having spray-painted the Brandenburg Gate in September 2023. Their defence lawyers said that the activists would appeal the verdict.[69]

In July 2024, a female 32-year-old activist was sentenced to 16 months in jail for participation in five street blockades, and spray-painting of the main office of the Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport and an outlet of luxury fashion house Gucci. The verdict was not immediately legally binding.[70] In August 2024, a male 65-year-old activist was sentenced to a 22-month prison term without parole after having been found guilty of coercion, attempted coercion and resisting law enforcement officers. The sentencing covered 40 street blockades, during some of which the defendant had glued himself to the street. Early on in the proceedings, which began in November 2023, the court had made a plea bargain proposal under which a one-year suspended prison sentence was offered to the man in exchange for a confession, but the defence had not agreed to this. In a press release, Last Generation said that the defendant intended to appeal his sentence, which was not immediately legally binding.[71][72]

Funding

[edit]

According to its own statements, the group is mainly financed by donations or crowdfunding. In early 2022 it released a transparency report, according to which in 2021 it had received more than 900,000 euros in donations and spent around 535,000 euros.[73]

In late 2022, the Axel Springer newspaper Welt am Sonntag published a story, according to which Last Generation pays some activists up to 1,300 euros per month. The money is paid out by an organisation called "Wandelbündnis" in Berlin, but originates from the Climate Emergency Fund in the United States.[74]

Last Generation (Germany, Austria, and Italy) are part of the A22 network funded by the Climate Emergency Fund,[75][76] together with Renovate Switzerland, Dernière Rénovation [fr] in France, Just Stop Oil in the UK (Stopp oljeletinga [no] in Norway), and other groups in Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, and the US.[75]

Controversy

[edit]

Two Last Generation activists did not appear in court in Bad Cannstatt, Baden-Württemberg state in early 2023. They were on trial for blocking a federal highway in late 2022. News reports stated that they had flown to Bali, Indonesia on holiday. However, Last Generation issued a statement pointing out that their members had actually travelled to Thailand and that this had been agreed to by the court. They booked the flights as private individuals, not as activists, the group said. These two things should be treated differently, the statement went on.[77][78] A court spokesperson denied that the absence had been agreed upon. One of the two activists, a male, was sentenced to two months jail upon his return. In the July 2024 gluing action at Frankfurt airport, a participant said he was that person.[79]

Reception

[edit]

Media observers saw in mid-2023 the crossing of red lines during the actions of Last Generation as a strategy to draw attention.[66]

By mid-2023, the term Klimakleber (climate gluers) for members of Last Generation had become increasingly used by the German public and the media, with opinions differing about whether it was pejorative.[80] The term was also seen by some media as having ridiculing connotations.[81]

In 2022, the Association for the German Language chose "Climate-terrorist" as Un-word of the year 2022. The expression was used in public discourse to discredit activists and their protests for more climate protection, the jury justified their choice. Members of Last Generation were titled as Climate-terrorists. Some politicians spoke about a "Climate-RAF" or "Green RAF", the acronym referring to German post-war terrorist group Red Army Faction.[82] The term "Green RAF" was used by climate activist Tadzio Müller in a December 2021 interview.[82][83] In a December 2022 interview, Müller, who is not himself part of the Last Generation,[84] expressed his regret about his use of the term.[82]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Wittenberg, Lucie (2023-05-25). ""Zeitenwende" der Klimabewegung? Was nach den Razzien bei der Letzten Generation passieren könnte". Deutschlandfunk (in German). Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  2. ^ a b Löwenstein, Stephan (2024-08-06). "Letzte Generation in Österreich verkündet ihr Aus" [Last Generation in Austria announces its end]. FAZ (in German). Retrieved 2024-08-06.
  3. ^ Kühn, Timm (2022-12-27). "Verdacht auf kriminelle Vereinigung: Selbstanklage für den Klimaschutz". Die Tageszeitung: taz (in German). ISSN 0931-9085. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
  4. ^ Pieper, Oliver (2023-05-29). "Europe grapples with crackdowns on Last Generation protests". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
  5. ^ Connolly, Kate (2023-05-24). "German police stage nationwide raids against climate activists". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
  6. ^ a b Naujokat, Anita (2022-02-04). "Klimaaktivisten kleben sich auf der Straße fest". Sueddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 2023-12-27.
  7. ^ "German Last Generation group not a threat to democracy". Deutsche Welle. 2022-11-17. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  8. ^ a b "Schmerzgriffe und Selbstjustiz gegen die "Letzte Generation" – Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung". www.rosalux.de (in German). 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
  9. ^ Aloi, Giovanni (2024-02-06). "After 38 attacks on art, climate protesters have fallen into big oil's trap – it's time to change tack". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-07-05.
  10. ^ Villa, Angelica (2023-04-12). "Italian Politicians Push for Fines on Activists Who Damage Cultural Sites During Climate Protests". ARTnews.com. Retrieved 2024-07-05.
  11. ^ Stole, Bryn (2023-02-03). "Glue-ten Tag!". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2024-07-05.
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  39. ^ McGuinness, Damien (2023-05-23). "Germany, where car is king but protesters won't let you drive". BBC News. Retrieved 2024-07-28.
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  45. ^ Himmelspach, Pablo (2023-05-06). ""Letzte Generation" verwechselt Propellerflieger mit Privatjet". Nordkurier (in German). Retrieved 2023-07-23.
  46. ^ Scholz, Dieter (2023-05-10). "Peinliche Klimaaktion: Die Details zum besprühten Flugzeug am BER". www.airliners.de. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
  47. ^ "Interview mit René Byrholt, einem der sechs Eigentümer der dänischen Piper Aztec, die am Flughafen BER das Ziel einer Farbattacke der "Letzten Generation" wurde". aopa.de (in German). 2023-08-02. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  48. ^ Dittrich, Robin (2023-05-17). "Rettungswagen blockiert: Mann stirbt während Klimastreik – "Letzte Generation" räumt Fehler ein". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). Retrieved 2023-05-24.
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  51. ^ "Aktivisten beschmieren Privatjet: So hoch ist der Schaden". T-online. 2023-06-10. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
  52. ^ NDR. "Farbattacke auf Sylter Hotel: "Letzte Generation"-Mitglieder wieder frei". www.ndr.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-07-08.
  53. ^ Binde, Nico (2023-06-23). "Letzte Generation: Anschlag auf Yacht von Pinneberger Unternehmerin (85)". www.abendblatt.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-07-09.
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  55. ^ "Why Protesters Targeted Botticelli's 'Birth of Venus'". TIME. 2024-02-14. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  56. ^ "Aktywistki przerwały koncert w Filharmonii Narodowej. „Nasz świat płonie, przedstawienie nie może trwać"". oko.press (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-07-21.
  57. ^ a b Franke, Martin; Tinç, Timur (2024-07-26). "250 Flugausfälle nach Blockade-Aktion" [250 flight cancellations after blockade action]. FAZ (in German). Retrieved 2024-07-27.
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  67. ^ Lück, Benjamin (2024). "Wiretapping of the Last Generation violates freedom of the press". Gesellschaft für Freiheitsrechte (GFF). Berlin, Germany. Retrieved 2024-10-09. English version. The GFF website provides the key legal documents too.
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  84. ^ "German police swoop on Last Generation climate activists". Deutsche Welle. 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
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