List of LGBTI Olympians and Paralympians: Difference between revisions

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|[[Figure skating at the Olympic Games|Figure skating]]
|[[Figure skating at the Olympic Games|Figure skating]]
|[[1956 Summer Olympics|1956]]
|[[1956 Summer Olympics|1956]]
|Robertson was openly gay. He won a silver medal at the Olympics,<ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 1956 |title=Skater Ronnie Robertson Incensed at Charge of Excessive Expenses |at=sec. Journal Final p. 2 |work=Milwaukee Journal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19560317&id=zQMkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kSUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2985,4179269 |access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref> and semi-retired the following year to open a hotel with his partner, [[Tab Hunter]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunter |first=Tab |url=https://archive.org/details/tabhunterconfide00hunt_0 |title=Tab Hunter Confidential: The Making of a Movie Star |author2=Eddie Muller |publisher=Algonquin Books |year=2005 |isbn=1-56512-548-7 |author-link=Tab Hunter |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>DiStefano, Blase. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061107201628/http://www.outsmartmagazine.com/cms-this_issue/200511--Fab+Tab.html Fab Tab]. OutSmart Magazine</ref>
|<ref name="gaygames" />
|- style="background:#CCF"
|-
| data-sort-value="Kłobukowska, Ewa" | [[File:Ewa Klobukowska (5494508884) CROPPED.jpg|100px]]
| data-sort-value="Kłobukowska, Ewa" | [[File:Ewa Klobukowska (5494508884) CROPPED.jpg|100px]]
|[[Ewa Kłobukowska]]
|[[Ewa Kłobukowska]] {{dagger}}
|{{Flag|Poland}}
|{{Flag|Poland}}
|[[Athletics at the Olympic Games|Athletics]]
|[[Athletics at the Olympic Games|Athletics]]
|[[1964 Summer Olympics|1964]]
|[[1964 Summer Olympics|1964]]
|Kłobukowska won a gold and a bronze medal at the Olympics.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200417173407/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/kl/ewa-klobukowska-1.html Ewa Kłobukowska]. sports-reference.com</ref> She is intersex [[Barr body]]-positive, which would not preclude her from competing in women's sports. An inadequate sex verification test following her Olympic success saw her stripped of her titles and banned from competition; though later corrected, none of her achievements have been reinstated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=R. |last2=Reynard |first2=J. |last3=Lewis |first3=T. |year=2008 |title=Intersex and the Olympic Games |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=101 |issue=8 |pages=395–9 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.080086 |pmc=2500237 |pmid=18687862}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson-Smith |first1=M A |last2=Ferris |first2=E A |year=1991 |title=Gender verification in sport: The need for change? |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=17–20 |doi=10.1136/bjsm.25.1.17 |pmc=1478807 |pmid=1817477}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schultz |first=Jaime |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Olympic Studies |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |others=Stephen Wagg |year=2012 |isbn=9780230367463 |editor=Helen Jefferson Lenskyj |pages=443–60 |chapter=Disciplining Sex: 'Gender Verification' Policies and Women's Sports |access-date=2 March 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buIzAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA449}}</ref><ref>[http://www.olimpijski.pl/pl/bio/976,klobukowska-ewa.html Kłobukowska Ewa]. Polish Olympic Committee</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bartosiak |first=Kacper |date=August 2017 |title=Nie jesteś kobietą". Kto skrzywdził Kłobukowską? |url=https://sport.tvp.pl/33996589/nie-jestes-kobieta-kto-skrzywdzil-klobukowska |website=TVPSPORT}}</ref>
|<ref name="gaygames" />
|- style="background:#CCF"
|-
| data-sort-value="Lay, Marion" |
| data-sort-value="Lay, Marion" |
|[[Marion Lay]]
|[[Marion Lay]] {{dagger}}
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|[[Swimming at the Olympic Games|Swimming]]
|[[Swimming at the Olympic Games|Swimming]]
|[[1964 Summer Olympics|1964]], [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968]]
|[[1964 Summer Olympics|1964]], [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968]]
|Lay competed in two Olympic Games, winning a bronze medal in 1968.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 August 1965 |title=From a Swimming Correspondent: Stimulus for Swimmers |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS33909008/GDCS?u=oxfshlib&sid=GDCS&xid=14097c4c |work=[[The Times]] |page=2}}</ref> After competing, Lay came out as a lesbian, and has contributed to supporting LGBT issues in sport, including organizing [[Pride House|Pride Houses]].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 16, 2010 |title=Olympic Pride House: Medalist says "help sport come out" |publisher=[[OutQ (Sirius XM)|OutQ News]] |url=https://outqnews.wordpress.com/2010/02/16/olympic-pride-house-medalist-says-help-sport-come-out/}}</ref>
|<ref name="gaygames" />
|-
|-
| data-sort-value="Nepela, Ondrej" | [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L1129-0018, Ondrej Nepela.jpg|100px]]
| data-sort-value="Nepela, Ondrej" | [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L1129-0018, Ondrej Nepela.jpg|100px]]
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|[[Figure skating at the Olympic Games|Figure skating]]
|[[Figure skating at the Olympic Games|Figure skating]]
|[[1964 Summer Olympics|1964]], [[1972 Summer Olympics|1972]]
|[[1964 Summer Olympics|1964]], [[1972 Summer Olympics|1972]]
|Nepela competed at two Olympic Games, winning a gold medal in 1972.<ref name="gaygames" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Register olympionikov zo Slovenska |trans-title=List of Olympians from Slovakia |url=http://www.olympic.sk/userfiles/files/register_nasich_olympionikov.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705231440/http://www.olympic.sk/userfiles/files/register_nasich_olympionikov.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2016 |access-date=31 May 2014 |publisher=[[Slovak Olympic Committee]] |page=28 |language=sk}}</ref> He was gay and, in 1973, had a brief relationship with Canadian figure skater [[Toller Cranston]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cranston |first=Toller |title=When Hell Freezes Over: Should I Bring My Skates? |author2=Martha Lowder Kimball |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |year=2000 |isbn=0-7710-2337-5}}</ref> In 1989 he died from complications relating to [[AIDS]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Athletes with HIV/AIDS: Ondrej Nepela |url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2013/12/athletes-with-hiv-aids/ondrej-nepela |website=Complex: Making Culture Pop}}</ref>
|<ref name="gaygames" />
|-
|-
| data-sort-value="Waddell, Tom" |
| data-sort-value="Waddell, Tom" |
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|[[Athletics at the Olympic Games|Athletics]]
|[[Athletics at the Olympic Games|Athletics]]
|[[1968 Summer Olympics|1968]]
|[[1968 Summer Olympics|1968]]
|Several years after competing at the Olympic Games, Waddell founded the "Gay Olympics", renamed the [[Gay Games]]. He died of AIDS shortly after this.<ref name="SI">[https://vault.si.com/vault/702723#&gid=ci0258bfa7500f26ef&pid=702723---028---image ''Sports Illustrated'', July 27, 1987. ''The Death Of An Athlete'', by Dick Schaap] Retrieved 24 January 2021</ref>
|<ref name="gaygames" />
|- style="background:#CCF"
|-
| data-sort-value="Chatfield, Mark" |
| data-sort-value="Chatfield, Mark" |
|[[Mark Chatfield]]
|[[Mark Chatfield]] {{dagger}}
|{{flag|United States}}
|{{flag|United States}}
|[[Swimming at the Olympic Games|Swimming]]
|[[Swimming at the Olympic Games|Swimming]]
|[[1972 Summer Olympics|1972]]
|[[1972 Summer Olympics|1972]]
|Chatfield came out after retiring from sport, saying he remained closeted for fear of being removed from the team, and then unretired to compete in the Gay Games in 1994.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/26/nyregion/marathon-and-ceremony-bring-gay-games-to-close.html Marathon and Ceremony Bring Gay Games to Close]</ref>
|<ref name="gaygames" />
|-
|-
| data-sort-value="Prijdekker, Peter" | [[File:Peter Prijdekker 1971.jpg|100px]]
| data-sort-value="Prijdekker, Peter" | [[File:Peter Prijdekker 1971.jpg|100px]]
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|[[Swimming at the Olympic Games|Swimming]]
|[[Swimming at the Olympic Games|Swimming]]
|[[1972 Summer Olympics|1972]]
|[[1972 Summer Olympics|1972]]
|As well as the Olympics, Prijdekker competed at the Gay Games, though he was banned from his swim team after his partner died of AIDS.<ref>[http://www.redtopswim.com/coachespeter.html Coaches: Peter Prijdekker]. redtopswim.com</ref><ref>[http://www.redtopswim.com/ Welcome to Red Top Swim]. redtopswim.com</ref><ref>Kathy Marks (3 November 2002). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/sydney-stays-aloof-as-gay-games-kick-off-603179.html Sydney stays aloof as Gay Games kick off]. The Independent.</ref>
|<ref name="gaygames" />
|- style="background:#CCF"
|-
| data-sort-value="Baxter, Betty" |
| data-sort-value="Baxter, Betty" |
|[[Betty Baxter]]
|[[Betty Baxter]] {{dagger}}
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|[[Volleyball at the Summer Olympics|Volleyball]]
|[[Volleyball at the Summer Olympics|Volleyball]]
|[[1976 Summer Olympics|1976]]
|[[1976 Summer Olympics|1976]]
|After competing, Baxter became a volleyball coach, but was fired when newspapers outed her as a lesbian. She then helped to organize the Gay Games.<ref>"Gay sports figures discuss homophobia ; 'What I do in my bedroom is my business'". ''[[Toronto Star]]'', June 22, 1999.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeigler |first=Cyd |date=2011-08-30 |title=Moment #34: Canadian volleyball coach Betty Baxter fired amidst rumors she is a lesbian |url=https://www.outsports.com/2011/8/30/4051752/moment-34-canadian-volleyball-coach-betty-baxter-fired-amidst-rumors |access-date=2019-09-16 |website=Outsports}}</ref><ref>"Vancouver hosts the third and largest Gay Games". ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', August 6, 1990.</ref>
|
|-
|-
| data-sort-value="Cranham, Scott" |
| data-sort-value="Cranham, Scott" |

Revision as of 02:22, 7 April 2022

† Came out after competing

‡ Posthumously identified as LGBT

Athlete Country Sport Games Notes
Fritzi Löwy †  Austria Swimming 1928 Described as "reportedly bisexual" in her lifetime, Löwy remained single.[1]
Otto Peltzer  Germany Athletics 1928, 1932 Peltzer was openly gay.[2] In the 1930s, he was arrested by the Nazis for his homosexuality. Sentenced to 18 months in prison, he was released early on the condition that he renounce his involvement in sports. He did but, ultimately, was imprisoned in Mauthausen concentration camp until its liberation in 1945.[3][4][5][6]
Babe Didrikson Zaharias †  United States Athletics 1932 Won two gold medals and one silver medal in one Olympic Games.[7][8] Though she did not identify her sexuality, Didrikson Zaharias was described as a lesbian. As her marriage deteriorated in the 1950s, she became intimate with Betty Dodd, who moved into Didrikson's home towards the end of her life.[9][10][11][12]
Stanisława Walasiewicz (a.k.a. Stella Walsh) ‡  Poland Athletics 1932, 1936 Won a gold medal in 1932 and a silver medal in 1936. An autopsy discovered that Walsh was intersex; it was determined she likely did not know, and her achievements have not been expunged.[13][14][15][16][17]
Heinrich Ratjen †  Germany Athletics 1936 Ratjen's sex characteristics were ambiguous from birth. Though he was raised as female, and for many years competed as "Dora Ratjen" (including at the Olympics), he said he was conscious that he was biologically male from childhood. In 1938, he was arrested and held in Hohenlychen Sanatorium for a year, being examined by SS doctors who found Ratjen to have some intersex characteristics (not just male genitalia). Upon release, he was ordered to stop participating in sport and to assume a male identity. In later life, however, Ratjen (likely erroneously) claimed that the Nazis had ordered him to pose as female in order to bring sporting glory to the nation at their home Olympics.[18][19][20]
Susan McGreivy †  United States Swimming 1956 Following her Olympics competition, McGreivy became a lesbian activist. She also helped to defend the Gay Games in front of the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee.[21][22]
Ronald Robertson  United States Figure skating 1956 Robertson was openly gay. He won a silver medal at the Olympics,[23] and semi-retired the following year to open a hotel with his partner, Tab Hunter.[24][25]
Ewa Kłobukowska †  Poland Athletics 1964 Kłobukowska won a gold and a bronze medal at the Olympics.[26] She is intersex Barr body-positive, which would not preclude her from competing in women's sports. An inadequate sex verification test following her Olympic success saw her stripped of her titles and banned from competition; though later corrected, none of her achievements have been reinstated.[27][28][29][30][31]
Marion Lay †  Canada Swimming 1964, 1968 Lay competed in two Olympic Games, winning a bronze medal in 1968.[32] After competing, Lay came out as a lesbian, and has contributed to supporting LGBT issues in sport, including organizing Pride Houses.[33]
Ondrej Nepela  Czechoslovakia Figure skating 1964, 1972 Nepela competed at two Olympic Games, winning a gold medal in 1972.[34][35] He was gay and, in 1973, had a brief relationship with Canadian figure skater Toller Cranston.[36] In 1989 he died from complications relating to AIDS.[37]
Tom Waddell  United States Athletics 1968 Several years after competing at the Olympic Games, Waddell founded the "Gay Olympics", renamed the Gay Games. He died of AIDS shortly after this.[38]
Mark Chatfield †  United States Swimming 1972 Chatfield came out after retiring from sport, saying he remained closeted for fear of being removed from the team, and then unretired to compete in the Gay Games in 1994.[39]
Peter Prijdekker  Netherlands Swimming 1972 As well as the Olympics, Prijdekker competed at the Gay Games, though he was banned from his swim team after his partner died of AIDS.[40][41][42]
Betty Baxter †  Canada Volleyball 1976 After competing, Baxter became a volleyball coach, but was fired when newspapers outed her as a lesbian. She then helped to organize the Gay Games.[43][44][45]
Scott Cranham  Canada Diving 1976 [34]
Toller Cranston  Canada Figure skating 1976 [34]
John Curry  Great Britain Figure skating 1976 [34]
Randy Gardner  United States Figure skating 1976 [34]
Caitlyn Jenner  United States Athletics 1976
Greg Louganis  United States Diving 1976, 1984, 1988 [34][46][47]
Brian Pockar  Canada Figure skating 1980 [48]
Rafael Polinario  Cuba Swimming 1980 [49]
Greg Duhaime  Canada Athletics 1984 [49]
Sabine Braun  Germany Athletics 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996 [49]
Gigi Fernández  United States Tennis 1984, 1992, 1996 [49][46]
Bruce Hayes  United States Swimming 1984 [49][46]
Edel Therese Høiseth  Norway Speed skating 1984, 1988, 1992, 1998 [48]
Robert McCall  Canada Figure skating 1984, 1988 [48]
Holly Metcalf  United States Rowing 1984 [49]
Brian Orser  Canada Figure skating 1984, 1988 [48]
Beate Peters  Germany Athletics 1984, 1988 [49]
Brian Boitano  United States Figure skating 1988 [48][47]
Sherry Cassuto  United States Rowing 1988 [49]
Robert Dover  United States Equestrian 1988, 1992, 1996 [49][50][51][52][53][47]
Patrick Jeffrey  United States Diving 1988, 1996 [49][51]
Brian Marshall  Canada Athletics 1988 [49]
Jana Novotná  Czech Republic Tennis 1988, 1992, 1996 [49]
Inger Pors Olsen  Denmark Rowing 1988, 1996 [49]
Craig Rogerson  Australia Diving 1988, 1992 [49]
Petra Rossner  Germany Cycling 1988, 1992 [49]
File:Mark Tewksbury 1995 stamp of Nicaragua.jpg Mark Tewksbury  Canada Swimming 1988, 1992 [49]
Dan Veatch  United States Swimming 1988 [49]
Stacy Wilson  Canada Ice hockey 1988 [48]
Irene de Kok  Netherlands Judo 1992 [49]
Joan Guetschow  United States Cross-country skiing, Biathlon 1992 [48]
Carl Hester  Great Britain Equestrian 1992 [54][49][55][56][57]
Mark Leduc  Canada Boxing 1992 [49]
Conchita Martínez  Spain Tennis 1992, 1996 [49]
Blyth Tait  New Zealand Equestrian 1992, 1996 [49]
Carole Thate  Netherlands Hockey 1992, 1996 [49]
Anja Andersen  Denmark Handball 1996 [49]
Camilla Andersen  Denmark Handball 1996 [49]
Judith Arndt  Germany Cycling 1996 [49][57]
Kajsa Bergqvist  Sweden Athletics 1996 [49]
Natalie Cook  Australia Beach volleyball 1996 [49][57]
Edinanci da Silva  Brazil Judo 1996 [49]
Michelle Ferris  Australia Cycling 1996 [49]
Daniel Kowalski  Australia Swimming 1996 [49]
Linda Medalen  Norway Football 1996 [49]
Bente Nordby  Norway Football 1996 [49]
David Pichler  United States Diving 1996 [49][51]
Guenter Seidel  Germany Equestrian 1996 [49][47]
Jimmy Sjodin  Sweden Diving 1996 [49]
Rennae Stubbs  Australia Tennis 1996 [49]
Pia Sundhage  Sweden Football 1996 [49]
Sheryl Swoopes  United States Basketball 1996 [49]
Lisa-Marie Vizaniari  Australia Athletics 1996 [49]
Nancy Drolet  Canada Ice hockey 1998 [48]
Stine Brun Kjeldaas  Norway Snowboarding 1998 [48]
Marieke Wijsman  Netherlands Speed skating 1998 [48]
Chris Witty  United States Speed skating 1998 [49][51][53][48]

2000 Summer Olympics

2002 Winter Olympics

2004 Summer Olympics

2006 Winter Olympics

2008 Summer Olympics

2010 Winter Olympics

2012 Summer Olympics

2012 Summer Paralympics

2014 Winter Olympics

2016 Summer Olympics

football)[54][56][60]

2016 Summer Paralympics

2018 Winter Olympics

2018 Winter Paralympics

Cindy Ouellet, the only LGBT athlete at 2018 Paralympic games

2020 Summer Olympics

2020 Summer Paralympics

2022 Winter Olympics

Athlete Country Sport Reference
Erin Ambrose Canada Canada Ice hockey [114]
Filippo Ambrosini Italy Italy Figure skating [114]
Kevin Aymoz France France Figure skating [114]
Megan Bankes Canada Canada Biathlon [114]
Ebba Berglund Sweden Sweden Ice hockey [114]
Andrew Blaser United States United States Skeleton [114]
Brittany Bowe United States United States Speed skating

(Flag bearer)

[114][115]
Belle Brockhoff Australia Australia Ice hockey [114]
Jason Brown United States United States Figure skating [114]
Alex Carpenter United States United States Ice hockey [114]
Guillaume Cizeron France France Figure skating [114]
Emily Clark Canada Canada Ice hockey [114]
Mélodie Daoust France France Ice hockey [114]
Makayla Gerken Schofield United Kingdom Great Britain Skiing [114]
Lewis Gibson United Kingdom Great Britain Figure skating [114]
Amber Glenn United States United States Figure skating (reserve) [114]
Daniela Iraschko-Stolz Austria Austria Ski jumping [114]
Brianne Jenner Canada Canada Ice hockey [114]
Gus Kenworthy United Kingdom Great Britain Skiing [114]
Anna Kjellbin Sweden Sweden Ice hockey [114]
Aneta Lédlová Czech Republic Czech Republic Ice hockey [114]
Timothy LeDuc United States United States Figure skating [114]
Jamie Lee Rattray Canada Canada Ice hockey [114]
Kim Meylemans Belgium Belgium Skeleton [114]
Bruce Mouat United Kingdom Great Britain Curling [114]
Sandra Naeslund Sweden Sweden Skiing [114]
Sarka Pancochova Czech Republic Czech Republic Snowboarding [114]
Paul Poirier Canada Canada Figure skating [114]
Simon Proulx-Sénécal Armenia Armenia Figure skating [114]
Eric Radford Canada Canada Figure skating [114]
Jill Saulnier Canada Canada Ice hockey [114]
Ronja Savolainen Finland Finland Ice hockey [114]
Nicole Silveira Brazil Brazil Skeleton [114]
Lara Wolf Austria Austria Skiing [114]
Ireen Wüst Netherlands The Netherlands Speedskating [114]
Micah Zandee-Hart Canada Canada Ice hockey [114]

See also

References

  1. ^ Karen Propp. Swimmers Against the Tide. Lilith, Summer 2011. Archived 28 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Riordan, James; Arnd Krüger (1999). International Politics of Sport in the Twentieth Century. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-419-21160-8.
  3. ^ Herzer, Manfred: Dr. Otto Peltzer – "Ein Pädophiler überlebt den Nazi-Terror," in: Capri. Zeitschrift für schwule Geschichte, Nr. 27 (December 1999), pp. 32–47
  4. ^ Otto Peltzer. sports-reference.com
  5. ^ Otto the Strange – the Champion who defied the Nazis, The Observer Sport Monthly, July 2008 No 101
  6. ^ Running Cultures: Racing in Time and Space, author John Bale 2003 ISBN 0-7146-5535-X pp. 111–112
  7. ^ "Record of Achievement". babedidriksonzaharias.org. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2007.
  8. ^ "Babe Didrikson". Sports Reference Olympics. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  9. ^ Cayleff, Susan E. (1996). Babe: The Life and Legend of Babe Didrikson Zaharias. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06593-4.
  10. ^ Stein, Mark, ed. (2004). "Didrikson, Mildred Ella". Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered History in America. Vol. 1. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 304–306.
  11. ^ Gianoulis, Tina. "Didrikson, Mildred "Babe" (1911–1956)" (PDF). glbtq Archives. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  12. ^ "The History of LGBTQ Women in the Olympics". Autostraddle. August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
  13. ^ Matt Tullis (27 June 2013). "Who was Stella Walsh?: The story of the intersex Olympian". SB Nation – via Associated Press (corporate author).
  14. ^ "Coroner's report says Stella Walsh 'lived and died' a woman". United Press International. 23 January 1981. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  15. ^ Renata Gorczyńska (15 November 2002). "Co ma wirus do płci" [What does the virus do to have sex]. Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Vol. 266. Archived from the original on 24 July 2003. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  16. ^ "Ex-Olympian Stella Walsh legally a woman". Sarasota Journal. February 12, 1981. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  17. ^ "Stella: Fontana woman recalls races vs. 'Polish Flyer'". The San Bernardino County Sun. February 10, 1981. p. 39. Retrieved August 23, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
  18. ^ Berg, Stefan (15 September 2009). "How Dora the Man Competed in the Woman's High Jump". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  19. ^ Wallechinsky, David (2012). The Book of Olympic Lists. p. 19. ISBN 978-1845137731.
  20. ^ "Track & Field: Preserving la Difference", Time, 16 September 1966, retrieved 18 March 2011
  21. ^ Finding aid to the Susan McGreivy papers, 1975-1990 Coll2012.138
  22. ^ Russian #LGBTSports Federation among those honored by Federation of Gay Games Legacy Awards; Olympic athlete and civil rights advocate Susan McGreivy and LGBT sports pioneer Jean-Nickolaus Tretter also to be honored
  23. ^ "Skater Ronnie Robertson Incensed at Charge of Excessive Expenses". Milwaukee Journal. 17 March 1956. sec. Journal Final p. 2. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  24. ^ Hunter, Tab; Eddie Muller (2005). Tab Hunter Confidential: The Making of a Movie Star. Algonquin Books. ISBN 1-56512-548-7.
  25. ^ DiStefano, Blase. Fab Tab. OutSmart Magazine
  26. ^ Ewa Kłobukowska. sports-reference.com
  27. ^ Ritchie, R.; Reynard, J.; Lewis, T. (2008). "Intersex and the Olympic Games". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 101 (8): 395–9. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.080086. PMC 2500237. PMID 18687862.
  28. ^ Ferguson-Smith, M A; Ferris, E A (1991). "Gender verification in sport: The need for change?". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 25 (1): 17–20. doi:10.1136/bjsm.25.1.17. PMC 1478807. PMID 1817477.
  29. ^ Schultz, Jaime (2012). "Disciplining Sex: 'Gender Verification' Policies and Women's Sports". In Helen Jefferson Lenskyj (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Olympic Studies. Stephen Wagg. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 443–60. ISBN 9780230367463. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  30. ^ Kłobukowska Ewa. Polish Olympic Committee
  31. ^ Bartosiak, Kacper (August 2017). "Nie jesteś kobietą". Kto skrzywdził Kłobukowską?". TVPSPORT.
  32. ^ "From a Swimming Correspondent: Stimulus for Swimmers". The Times. 16 August 1965. p. 2.
  33. ^ "Olympic Pride House: Medalist says "help sport come out"". OutQ News. February 16, 2010.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "The History of LGBT Participation in the Olympics" (PDF). Gaygames.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  35. ^ "Register olympionikov zo Slovenska" [List of Olympians from Slovakia] (PDF) (in Slovak). Slovak Olympic Committee. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  36. ^ Cranston, Toller; Martha Lowder Kimball (2000). When Hell Freezes Over: Should I Bring My Skates?. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-2337-5.
  37. ^ "Athletes with HIV/AIDS: Ondrej Nepela". Complex: Making Culture Pop.
  38. ^ Sports Illustrated, July 27, 1987. The Death Of An Athlete, by Dick Schaap Retrieved 24 January 2021
  39. ^ Marathon and Ceremony Bring Gay Games to Close
  40. ^ Coaches: Peter Prijdekker. redtopswim.com
  41. ^ Welcome to Red Top Swim. redtopswim.com
  42. ^ Kathy Marks (3 November 2002). Sydney stays aloof as Gay Games kick off. The Independent.
  43. ^ "Gay sports figures discuss homophobia ; 'What I do in my bedroom is my business'". Toronto Star, June 22, 1999.
  44. ^ Zeigler, Cyd (2011-08-30). "Moment #34: Canadian volleyball coach Betty Baxter fired amidst rumors she is a lesbian". Outsports. Retrieved 2019-09-16.
  45. ^ "Vancouver hosts the third and largest Gay Games". The Globe and Mail, August 6, 1990.
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