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==Phylogeny==
==Phylogeny==
Based on a compilation of the following works.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruggiero MA, Gordon DP, Orrell TM, Bailly N, Bourgoin T, Brusca RC, Cavalier-Smith T, Guiry MD, Kirk PM | display-authors = 6 | title = A higher level classification of all living organisms | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = e0119248 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25923521 | pmc = 4418965 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 | bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1019248R | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | date=2016| author = Silar, Philippe| title = Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes| url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01263138|pages=1–462 |journal=HAL Archives-ouvertes }}</ref><ref name="Cavalier-Smith 2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences | journal = Protoplasma | volume = 255 | issue = 1 | pages = 297–357 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 28875267 | pmc = 5756292 | doi = 10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Strassert JF, Jamy M, Mylnikov AP, Tikhonenkov DV, Burki F | title = New Phylogenomic Analysis of the Enigmatic Phylum Telonemia Further Resolves the Eukaryote Tree of Life | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 757–765 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30668767 | pmc = 6844682 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msz012 }}</ref>


{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
|label1='''TSAR'''
|label1='''TSAR'''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Telonemia]]
|1=[[Telonemia]] <!--image needed-->
|label2='''SAR'''/
|label2='''SAR'''/
|sublabel2='''Harosa'''
|sublabel2='''Harosa'''
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|label1=[[Rhizaria]]
|1=[[Rhizaria]] [[File:Sticholonche.png|50px]]
|1={{Clade
|1=[[Phytomyxea]] <small>Engler & Prantl 1897 em. Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Vampyrellida]] <small>West 1901 emend. Hess et al. 2012</small> ([[Vampyrellidea]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2017</small>)
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Filosa]] <small>Leidy 1879 s.s.</small>
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Marimyxia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2017</small>
|2=[[Retaria]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2002 s.s.</small>
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Halvaria]]
|label2=[[Halvaria]]
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|label1=[[Alveolata]]
|1=[[Alveolata]] [[File:Ceratium furca.jpg|90px]]
|2=[[Stramenopile]]s [[File:Cafeteria roenbergensis atcc50561 Protsville (cropped).jpg|50px]]
|1={{Clade
|1=[[Ciliophora]] <small>Doflein 1901 stat. n. Copeland 1956</small> (ciliates)
|2=[[Myzozoa]] <small>Cavalier-Smith and Chao 2004</small> (including [[dinoflagellate]]s and [[Apicomplexa]])
}}
|label2=[[Stramenopile]]s
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Platysulcidae]] <small>Shiratori, Nkayama & Ishida 2015</small>
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Sagenista]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 1995 stat. n. 2006</small>
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Bicosoecid|Bikosea]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013</small>
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Placidozoa]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013</small>
|label2=[[Gyrista]]
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Bigyromonadea]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 1998</small>
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Oomycota]] <small>Arx 1967</small>
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Hyphochytriomycota]] <small>Whittaker 1969</small>
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Pirsoniales]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 1998</small>
|2=[[Ochrophyta]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 1986</small> (brown, golden & yellow algae; [[diatom]]s)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

Revision as of 15:01, 20 March 2023

"TSAR" redirects here. Not to be confused with Tsar.

SAR
Temporal range: 736–0 Ma[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: TSAR
Clade: SAR
Burki et al., 2007
Infrakingdoms
Synonyms
  • Harosa Cavalier-Smith, 2010

The SAR supergroup, also just SAR or Harosa, is a clade of Eukaryotes that includes stramenopiles (heterokonts), alveolates, and Rhizaria.[2][3][4][5] The name is an acronym derived from the first letters of each of these clades; it has been alternatively spelled "RAS".[6][7] The term "Harosa" (at the subkingdom level) has also been used.[8] The SAR supergroup is a node-based taxon.[6]

Note that as a formal taxon, "Sar" has only its first letter capitalized, while the earlier abbreviation, SAR, retains all uppercase letters. Both names refer to the same group of organisms, unless further taxonomic revisions deem otherwise. Members of the SAR supergroup were once included under the separate supergroups Chromalveolata (Chromista and Alveolata) and Rhizaria, until phylogenetic studies confirmed that stramenopiles and alveolates diverged with Rhizaria.[9] This apparently excluded haptophytes and cryptomonads, leading Okamoto et al. (2009) to propose the clade Hacrobia to accommodate them.[10]

Phylogeny

TSAR

See also

References

  1. ^ Laura Wegener Parfrey, Daniel J G Lahr, Andrew H Knoll, Laura A Katz (16 August 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624–9. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10813624P. doi:10.1073/PNAS.1110633108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989. Wikidata Q24614721.
  2. ^ Archibald JM (January 2009). "The puzzle of plastid evolution". Current Biology. 19 (2): R81-8. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.067. PMID 19174147. S2CID 51989.
  3. ^ Burki F, Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge M, Skjaeveland A, Nikolaev SI, Jakobsen KS, Pawlowski J (August 2007). Butler G. (ed.). "Phylogenomics reshuffles the eukaryotic supergroups". PLOS ONE. 2 (8): e790. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..790B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000790. PMC 1949142. PMID 17726520.
  4. ^ Hampl V, Hug L, Leigh JW, Dacks JB, Lang BF, Simpson AG, Roger AJ (March 2009). "Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups"". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (10): 3859–64. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.3859H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0807880106. PMC 2656170. PMID 19237557.
  5. ^ Frommolt R, Werner S, Paulsen H, Goss R, Wilhelm C, Zauner S, et al. (December 2008). "Ancient recruitment by chromists of green algal genes encoding enzymes for carotenoid biosynthesis". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (12): 2653–67. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn206. PMID 18799712.
  6. ^ a b Adl SM, Simpson AG, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, et al. (September 2012). "The revised classification of eukaryotes". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–93. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233.
  7. ^ Baldauf SL (2008). "An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of eukaryotes" (PDF). Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 46 (3): 263–273. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.08060 (inactive 31 December 2022). S2CID 512766. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-20.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2022 (link)
  8. ^ Cavalier-Smith T (June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biology Letters. 6 (3): 342–5. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948. PMC 2880060. PMID 20031978.
  9. ^ Dawkins R, Wong Y (2016). Ancestor's Tale. pp. 573–577. ISBN 978-0544859937.
  10. ^ Burki F (May 2014). "The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 6 (5): a016147. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016147. PMC 3996474. PMID 24789819.
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