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Ponton or pontoon styling is an automotive design genre that spanned roughly from the 1930s-1960s, when pontoon-like bodywork enclosed the full width and uninterrupted length of a car body — eliminating previously distinct running boards and articulated fenders.^[1] The integrated fenders of an automobile with ponton styling may also be called Pontoon fenders, and the overall trend may also be known as envelope styling. ^[2]^[3]

Now largely archaic, the term Ponton describes the markedly bulbous, slab-sided configuration of postwar European cars, including those of Mercedes-Benz, Opel, Auto Union, DKW, Borgward,^[4] Lancia, Fiat, Rover, Renault, and Volvo—as well as similar designs from North America and Japan, sometimes — in its most exaggerated usage — called the "bathtub" look in the U.S.^[5]

The term derives from the French and German word ponton, meaning 'pontoon'.^[6] The Langenscheidt German–English dictionary defines Pontonkarrosserie as "all-enveloping bodywork, straight-through side styling, slab-sided styling."^[7]

1928 Hanomag Kommissbrot

1923 Bugatti Type 32 'Tank'

1923 Auto Union streamliner replica

1936 BMW 328 Mille Miglia

1946 Pininfarina Cisitalia 202

1946 Crosley CC Sedan

1947 Frazer Manhattan

Origin of the trend

In 1921, Hungarian aerodynamicist Paul Jaray requested a patent for a streamlined car with an evenly shaped lower body, that covers the wheels and runs parallel to the floor space. A year later he presented his first running prototype with such a body, the "Ley T6",^[8] and in 1923 Auto Union presented a streamliner concept car, designed by Jaray.

Another of the first known cars with a ponton body is the Bugatti Type 32 "Tank" which participated in the 1923 French Grand Prix at Tours.

In 1922 the Romanian engineer Aurel Persu filed a patent application for an "aerodynamically-shaped automobile with the wheels mounted inside the aerodynamic body" having a drag coefficient of only 0.22 and received it in Germany in 1924. Named the Persu Streamliner the car was built in Germany by Persu, with the help of several local companies.^[9] During his research Persu established that the most adequate aerodynamic shape was that of a water droplet falling to the ground.

In 1924, Fidelis Böhler designed one of the first production cars with a ponton body, the Hanomag 2/10.^[10] The car's body resembled a loaf of bread earning it the sobriquet of "Kommissbrot"—a coarse whole grain bread as issued by the army.^[11] The economical car was produced from 1924 to 1928. Böhler built the core body around two side-by-side passenger seats. He dispensed with running boards and integrated the fenders in the body to save on weight."^[12] The inexpensive car became popular with consumers in Germany.^[10]

In 1935, Vittorio Jano, working with the brothers Gino and Oscar Jankovitz, created a one-off mid-engine prototype on an Alfa Romeo 6C 2300 chassis,^[13] which Jano had shipped to Fiume in 1934. The brothers Jankovitz had been close friends with designer Paul Jaray,^[13] and the prototype, called the Alfa Romeo Aerodinamica Spider, featured ponton styling^[13]—an especially early and clear example of the bulbous, uninterrupted forms that would come to characterize the genre.

In 1937, Pinin Farina designed a flowing ponton-style body for the Lancia Aprilia berlinetta aerodynamica coupé,^[14] and also the open body on the 1940 Lancia Aprilia Cabriolet.^[15]

The 1946 Cisitalia 202 coupé, which Farina designed from sketches by Cisitalia's Giovanni Savonuzzi, was the car that "transformed postwar automobile design" according to New York's Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). MoMA acquired an example for its permanent collection in 1951, noting that the car's "hood, body, fenders, and headlights are integral to the continuously flowing surface, rather than added on.^[16] Rounded, flowing forms, with unbroken horizontal lines between the fenders—the style had identified as "the so-called Ponton Side Design" became "the new fashion in Europe".^[17]

Two of the first American cars with fresh post-war styling, that adopted the new envelope body style, were the 1946 Frazer / Kaiser, and the 1946 Crosley CC series.^[18] The Howard "Dutch" Darrin-designed Frazer won the Fashion Academy of New York Gold Medal for design achievement, and was said to have been the inspiration for the 1949 Borgward Hansa 1500, Germany's first sedan in the ponton style.^[19]

In the Soviet Union, the GAZ-M20 Pobeda came into production in 1946.^[20] This was about one month after the first 1946 Kaiser rolled off the production line.

In Britain, the Standard Vanguard went on sale in 1947.^[20] The 1947 Studebaker Champion, designed by Virgil Exner and Roy Cole featured an innovative rear end that "surprised Americans who smiled and asked :which way is it going?"^[17]^[21] However, the design is sometimes erroneously attributed to Raymond Loewy.^[17]

In 1948, the Czechoslovakian Tatra 600 began production, a large, rear-engine design using an aeroplane inspired body style.

Ford and General Motors followed the trend with their own designs from 1949.^[17] Ford examples are the Ford Taunus (Germany) and the Ford Zephyr (United Kingdom}). General Motors examples are the Vauxhall Velox (United Kingdom).- and the Opel Kapitän (Germany).

Post-WWII examples

One of the earliest completely new styled cars that were introduced after World War II in the United States were the 1949 Nash models. Popular Science magazine described the new "pontoon" Nashes as "the most obvious departure from previous designs."^[22] They "carried the fender less pontoon-body, fast-back shape further than the competition."^[23] This Nash design became a "family appearance" for their automobiles that also included the Nash-Healey.^[24] The 1952 redesign of the two-seat sports car took on an "even closer family appearance" to the redesigned Nash models by featuring "pontoon-type fenders fore and aft."^[24] The new styling also moved the headlights "from the pontoon fenders to the grille."^[25]

The term is also used in reference to Mercedes-Benz models from 1953 to 1962. For example, a book about the marque refers to "the Ponton", the "Ponton saloon", "Ponton 220", "Ponton 220S and SE coupes and cabriolets", and "the Ponton models".^[26]

A General Motors document refers to the 1953 Olympia Record as "the first Opel with a full-width, or ponton, body shell".^[27]

The Volkswagen Beetle carried articulated running boards and fenders, but the subsequent Volkswagen Type 3 became known for its ponton styling; in the Netherlands the Volkswagen Type 3 (1961–1974) 2-door notchback sedan was referred to as the Ponton. ^[28]^[29]

In a reference work on alternative-energy vehicles, electrical-engineering academics used the term as a generic for saloon cars with three-box design;^[30] also a 2007 German work on car design and technology mentions a "Rover-Ponton" (ponton-style Rover);^[31] and a French book on art and design also used the term in an automotive context in 1996.^[32]

Ponton fenders

Pontoon fenders

1937 Cord 812 with the earlier type of pontoon fender

1939 Buick Y-Job concept car

Pontoon fenders are a type of automobile fender, or "wings" as they are more usually called in the United Kingdom.

Originally the term referred to a design prevalent in the United States in the 1930s where front fenders encased a wheel and terminated in a teardrop point, remaining distinct from the running boards or the body of the car. Examples include the Cord 810/812, the Auburn Speedster and several designs by French Carrossiers, notably Figoni et Falaschi.

In 1938, The Buick Y-Job, the auto industry's first concept car was "meant to be a vision of the future of the automobile and test the reaction of customers to the new design with streamline and ponton elements",^[33] displaying a further degree of integration of the pontoon fenders with the main body of the car.

Subsequently, the term pontoon fender took on another more prominent definition, derived from the wartime practice in Germany of adding full-length tread armor along each side of a tank, attached primarily on the top edge—and resembling pontoons. As this roughly coincided with the automobile styling trend where distinct running boards and articulated fenders became less common — with cars carrying integrated front fenders and full-width, full-length bodywork — the fenders took on the "pontoon fender" nickname.

The post-war trend of the markedly round, slab-sided designs became itself known as ponton styling—with many postwar Mercedes-Benz models informally nicknamed the "Ponton".

The British assumed the latter definition, using it in such works as the Beaulieu National Motor Museum Encyclopaedia of the Automobile.

Gallery

Farina-designed 1947 Alfa Romeo 6C 2300 SC
1952 Borgward Hansa 1800
1950 Ford (GB) Consul
1950 Ford (USA) Club Coupe
Russian GAZ-M-20 from 1946
1951 Hudson Hornet coupe
1950–1958 Lancia Aurelia B20
1949 Lincoln Cosmopolitian
The 1949–51 Mercury Eight
1956–1967 Renault Dauphine
1952 Rover 75
1951 Standard Vanguard
1950 Studebaker Champion
Subaru 1500
1961–1974 Volkswagen Type 3, sometimes called "ponton" in the Netherlands
1956–1970 Volvo Amazon

References

^ Prokesch, Alfred (1980). Knaurs grosses Buch vom Auto: Geschichte, Modelle, Technik von A - Z title Ar (in German). Droemer Knaur. ISBN 978-3-85886-089-7.
^ Flink, James J. (1990). The Automobile Age. MIT Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-262-56055-9. Retrieved 23 March 2022 – via Google Books. The Model B-A's "envelope body," a styling feature previously incorporated in the postwar Kaiser-Frazer cars ...
^ Foster, Patrick R. (2013). American Motors Corporation: The Rise and Fall of America's Last Independent Automaker. Motorbooks. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7603-4425-5. Retrieved 23 March 2022 – via Google Books. The new cars featured clean lines with smooth envelope-style bodies on a lengthened 112-inch wheelbase...
^ Braess, Hans-Hermann; Seiffert, Ulrich (2007). Automobildesign und Technik: Formgebung, Funktionalität, Technik. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. p. 248. ISBN 978-3-8348-0177-7.
^ "Queen of the Bathtub Era: The 1949-51 Nash Airflyte". Mac's Motor City Garage. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
^ Haajanen, Lennart W.; Ludvigsen, Karl; Nyden, Bertil (2002). Illustrated Dictionary of Automobile Body Styles. McFarland. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7864-1276-1.
^ Langenscheidt Dictionary Technology and Applied Sciences English-German. Langenscheidt Fachverlag. 2004. p. 1371. ISBN 978-3-86117-233-8. Retrieved 21 February 2014. Pontonkarrosserie
^ Oagana, Alex (22 November 2010). "The Origins of Streamline Design in Cars". AutoEvolution. Archived from the original on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
^ Daniel Patrascu (2011). "Persu - The Rain Drop Car". Retrieved 10 April 2019.
^ ^a ^b de la Rive Box, Rob (2006). The Complete Encyclopedia of Vintage Cars 1886 - 1940. Rebo Publishers. p. 147. ISBN 978-90-366-1517-4.
^ "Company History". Böhler Einbauteile. Archived from the original on 6 December 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
^ Georgano, Nick N. (2000). The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 667. ISBN 978-1-57958-293-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dixon, Mark (December 2008). "Alfa Romeo Aerodinamica Spider". Classic and Performance Car. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
^ "Lancia Aprilia Coupé Introduced 1937". Pininfarina. 2011. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
^ "Lancia Aprilia Cabriolet". infocoches.com. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
^ "Cisitalia. '202' GT Car. 1946 (exhibit description)". Museum Of Modern Art. 2002. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Tumminelli, Paolo (2006). Car Design. teNeues Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-3-8238-4561-4. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
^ Norm Mort (2010). American 'Independent' Automakers: AMC to Willys 1945 to 1960. Veloce Publishing Ltd. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-1-84584-239-0. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
^ Eckermann, Erik; Albrecht, Peter L. (2001). World History of the Automobile. SAE International. pp. 163–164. ISBN 978-0-7680-0800-5.
^ ^a ^b Linde, Arvid (2011). Preston Tucker and Others: Tales of Brilliant Automotive Innovators and Innovations. Veloce Publishing. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-84584-431-8. Retrieved 23 March 2022 – via Google Books.
^ "1950-1951 Studebaker". How Stuff Works. 15 August 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
^ Stevenson, R.P. (November 1948). "New Nash Swallows its Wheels". Popular Science. 153 (5): 114. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
^ Vance, Bill (19 February 2014). "Wheels Classic Cars: 1949-51 Nash Airflyte 'Bathtub'". Chronicle Herald. Canada. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
^ ^a ^b Mitchel, Doug; Collins, Tom (2005). Supercars Field Guide. Krause Publications. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-89689-227-9. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
^ Kozak, Graham (13 November 2013). "Bring a Trailer: 1952 Nash-Healey roadster". Autoweek. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
^ Slade, Tim (2004). Original Mercedes-Benz Coupes, Cabriolets and V-8 Sedans, 1960-1972: The Restorer's Guide. Osceola, WI, USA: Motorbooks International. pp. 17, 19, 23, 24, 24, 26. ISBN 0760319529.
^ "Opel History: An overview of company milestones" (Press release). General Motors. Archived from the original on 20 September 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
^ "The Volkswagen name page". vwbusstop.demon.nl. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
^ "De Volkswagen Type 3: Ponton, TL, Variant". vwtype3.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 21 February 2014.
^ Ehsani, Mehrdad; Gao, Yimin; Gay, Sebastien E.; Emadi, Ali (2004). Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles. CRC Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8493-3154-1. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
^ Braess, Hans-Hermann; Seiffert, Ulrich (2007). Automobildesign und Technik: Formgebung, Funktionalität, Technik. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. pp. 20 and 228. ISBN 978-3-8348-0177-7. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
^ Ed. Barré-Despond, Arlette (1996). Dictionnaire international des arts appliqués et du design. Editions du Regard. p. 18. ISBN 978-2-84105-024-6.
^ Caspers, Markus (2017). Designing Motion: Automotive Designers 1890 to 1990. Birkhäuser. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-3-0356-0784-0. Retrieved 26 February 2018.

[1] Prokesch, Alfred (1980). Knaurs grosses Buch vom Auto: Geschichte, Modelle, Technik von A - Z title Ar (in German). Droemer Knaur. ISBN 978-3-85886-089-7.

[2] Flink, James J. (1990). The Automobile Age. MIT Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-262-56055-9. Retrieved 23 March 2022 – via Google Books. The Model B-A's "envelope body," a styling feature previously incorporated in the postwar Kaiser-Frazer cars ...

[3] Foster, Patrick R. (2013). American Motors Corporation: The Rise and Fall of America's Last Independent Automaker. Motorbooks. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7603-4425-5. Retrieved 23 March 2022 – via Google Books. The new cars featured clean lines with smooth envelope-style bodies on a lengthened 112-inch wheelbase...

[4] Braess, Hans-Hermann; Seiffert, Ulrich (2007). Automobildesign und Technik: Formgebung, Funktionalität, Technik. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. p. 248. ISBN 978-3-8348-0177-7.

[5] "Queen of the Bathtub Era: The 1949-51 Nash Airflyte". Mac's Motor City Garage. Retrieved 23 August 2022.

[6] Haajanen, Lennart W.; Ludvigsen, Karl; Nyden, Bertil (2002). Illustrated Dictionary of Automobile Body Styles. McFarland. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7864-1276-1.

[langen-7] Langenscheidt Dictionary Technology and Applied Sciences English-German. Langenscheidt Fachverlag. 2004. p. 1371. ISBN 978-3-86117-233-8. Retrieved 21 February 2014. Pontonkarrosserie

[8] Oagana, Alex (22 November 2010). "The Origins of Streamline Design in Cars". AutoEvolution. Archived from the original on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2022.

[9] Daniel Patrascu (2011). "Persu - The Rain Drop Car". Retrieved 10 April 2019.

[box-147-10] Rive Box, Rob (2006). The Complete Encyclopedia of Vintage Cars 1886 - 1940. Rebo Publishers. p. 147. ISBN 978-90-366-1517-4.

[11] "Company History". Böhler Einbauteile. Archived from the original on 6 December 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2015.

[12] Georgano, Nick N. (2000). The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 667. ISBN 978-1-57958-293-7.

[Aerodinamica-13] Dixon, Mark (December 2008). "Alfa Romeo Aerodinamica Spider". Classic and Performance Car. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014.

[14] "Lancia Aprilia Coupé Introduced 1937". Pininfarina. 2011. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2015.

[15] "Lancia Aprilia Cabriolet". infocoches.com. Retrieved 21 February 2014.

[16] "Cisitalia. '202' GT Car. 1946 (exhibit description)". Museum Of Modern Art. 2002. Retrieved 21 February 2014.

[Tumminelli-17] Tumminelli, Paolo (2006). Car Design. teNeues Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-3-8238-4561-4. Retrieved 21 February 2014.

[Mort2010-18] Norm Mort (2010). American 'Independent' Automakers: AMC to Willys 1945 to 1960. Veloce Publishing Ltd. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-1-84584-239-0. Retrieved 12 August 2013.

[19] Eckermann, Erik; Albrecht, Peter L. (2001). World History of the Automobile. SAE International. pp. 163–164. ISBN 978-0-7680-0800-5.

[Linde-20] Linde, Arvid (2011). Preston Tucker and Others: Tales of Brilliant Automotive Innovators and Innovations. Veloce Publishing. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-84584-431-8. Retrieved 23 March 2022 – via Google Books.

[21] "1950-1951 Studebaker". How Stuff Works. 15 August 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2022.

[22] Stevenson, R.P. (November 1948). "New Nash Swallows its Wheels". Popular Science. 153 (5): 114. Retrieved 10 September 2016.

[23] Vance, Bill (19 February 2014). "Wheels Classic Cars: 1949-51 Nash Airflyte 'Bathtub'". Chronicle Herald. Canada. Retrieved 10 September 2016.

[Supercars-24] Mitchel, Doug; Collins, Tom (2005). Supercars Field Guide. Krause Publications. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-89689-227-9. Retrieved 10 September 2016.

[25] Kozak, Graham (13 November 2013). "Bring a Trailer: 1952 Nash-Healey roadster". Autoweek. Retrieved 10 September 2016.

[26] Slade, Tim (2004). Original Mercedes-Benz Coupes, Cabriolets and V-8 Sedans, 1960-1972: The Restorer's Guide. Osceola, WI, USA: Motorbooks International. pp. 17, 19, 23, 24, 24, 26. ISBN 0760319529.

[27] "Opel History: An overview of company milestones" (Press release). General Motors. Archived from the original on 20 September 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2017.

[28] "The Volkswagen name page". vwbusstop.demon.nl. Retrieved 21 February 2014.

[29] "De Volkswagen Type 3: Ponton, TL, Variant". vwtype3.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 21 February 2014.

[30] Ehsani, Mehrdad; Gao, Yimin; Gay, Sebastien E.; Emadi, Ali (2004). Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles. CRC Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8493-3154-1. Retrieved 4 July 2015.

[31] Braess, Hans-Hermann; Seiffert, Ulrich (2007). Automobildesign und Technik: Formgebung, Funktionalität, Technik. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. pp. 20 and 228. ISBN 978-3-8348-0177-7. Retrieved 4 July 2015.

[32] Ed. Barré-Despond, Arlette (1996). Dictionnaire international des arts appliqués et du design. Editions du Regard. p. 18. ISBN 978-2-84105-024-6.

[33] Caspers, Markus (2017). Designing Motion: Automotive Designers 1890 to 1990. Birkhäuser. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-3-0356-0784-0. Retrieved 26 February 2018.

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 [[File:1959 Renault Frégate Transfluide.jpg|thumb|1959 [[Renault Frégate]], a typical postwar design with ponton styling]]
-'''Ponton''' or '''pontoon''' styling is an automotive design genre that spanned roughly from the 1930s-1960s, when pontoon-like bodywork enclosed the full width and uninterrupted length of a car body &mdash; eliminating previously distinct [[running board]]s and articulated [[Fender (vehicle)|fenders]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Alfred |last=Prokesch |title=Knaurs grosses Buch vom Auto: Geschichte, Modelle, Technik von A - Z title Ar|language=de |publisher=Droemer Knaur |year=1980 |isbn=9783858860897}}</ref> The integrated fenders of an automobile with ponton styling may also be called ''Pontoon fenders,'' and the overall trend may also be known as ''envelope styling.'' <ref>{{cite book |last1=Flink |first1=James J. |title=The Automobile Age |date=1990 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9780262560559 |page=246 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7WtKH-9ha4MC&dq=envelope+styling+automobiles&pg=PA246 |quote=The Model B-A's "envelope body," a styling feature previously incorporated in the postwar Kaiser-Frazer cars ... |via=Google Books |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Patrick R. |title=American Motors Corporation: The Rise and Fall of America's Last Independent Automaker |date=2013 |publisher=Motorbooks |isbn=9780760344255 |page=67 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CyBFAgAAQBAJ&dq=envelope+styling+automobile&pg=PA67 |quote=The new cars featured clean lines with smooth envelope-style bodies on a lengthened 112-inch wheelbase... |via=Google Books |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref>
+'''Ponton''' or '''pontoon''' styling is an automotive design genre that spanned roughly from the 1930s-1960s, when pontoon-like bodywork enclosed the full width and uninterrupted length of a car body &mdash; eliminating previously distinct [[running board]]s and articulated [[Fender (vehicle)|fenders]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Alfred |last=Prokesch |title=Knaurs grosses Buch vom Auto: Geschichte, Modelle, Technik von A - Z title Ar|language=de |publisher=Droemer Knaur |year=1980 |isbn={{Format ISBN|9783858860897}}}}</ref> The integrated fenders of an automobile with ponton styling may also be called ''Pontoon fenders,'' and the overall trend may also be known as ''envelope styling.'' <ref>{{cite book |last1=Flink |first1=James J. |title=The Automobile Age |date=1990 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn={{Format ISBN|9780262560559}} |page=246 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7WtKH-9ha4MC&dq=envelope+styling+automobiles&pg=PA246 |quote=The Model B-A's "envelope body," a styling feature previously incorporated in the postwar Kaiser-Frazer cars ... |via=Google Books |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Patrick R. |title=American Motors Corporation: The Rise and Fall of America's Last Independent Automaker |date=2013 |publisher=Motorbooks |isbn={{Format ISBN|9780760344255}} |page=67 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CyBFAgAAQBAJ&dq=envelope+styling+automobile&pg=PA67 |quote=The new cars featured clean lines with smooth envelope-style bodies on a lengthened 112-inch wheelbase... |via=Google Books |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref>
-Now largely archaic, the term ''Ponton'' describes the markedly bulbous, slab-sided configuration of [[World War II|postwar]] European cars, including those of [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[Opel]], [[Auto Union]], [[DKW]], [[Borgward]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Braess |first1=Hans-Hermann |last2=Seiffert |first2=Ulrich| title=Automobildesign und Technik: Formgebung, Funktionalität, Technik |publisher=Vieweg+Teubner Verlag |year=2007 |isbn=9783834801777 |page=248}}</ref> [[Lancia]], [[Fiat]], [[Rover Company|Rover]], [[Renault]], and [[Volvo]]—as well as similar designs from North America and Japan, sometimes &mdash; in its most exaggerated usage &mdash; called the "bathtub" look in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macsmotorcitygarage.com/queen-of-the-bathtub-era-the-1949-51-nash-airflyte/ |title=Queen of the Bathtub Era: The 1949-51 Nash Airflyte |website=Mac's Motor City Garage |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref>
+Now largely archaic, the term ''Ponton'' describes the markedly bulbous, slab-sided configuration of [[World War II|postwar]] European cars, including those of [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[Opel]], [[Auto Union]], [[DKW]], [[Borgward]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Braess |first1=Hans-Hermann |last2=Seiffert |first2=Ulrich| title=Automobildesign und Technik: Formgebung, Funktionalität, Technik |publisher=Vieweg+Teubner Verlag |year=2007 |isbn={{Format ISBN|9783834801777}} |page=248}}</ref> [[Lancia]], [[Fiat]], [[Rover Company|Rover]], [[Renault]], and [[Volvo]]—as well as similar designs from North America and Japan, sometimes &mdash; in its most exaggerated usage &mdash; called the "bathtub" look in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macsmotorcitygarage.com/queen-of-the-bathtub-era-the-1949-51-nash-airflyte/ |title=Queen of the Bathtub Era: The 1949-51 Nash Airflyte |website=Mac's Motor City Garage |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref>
-The term derives from the [[French language|French]] and [[German language|German]] word ''ponton'', meaning 'pontoon'.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Haajanen |first1=Lennart W.|last2=Ludvigsen |first2=Karl |last3=Nyden |first3=Bertil |title=Illustrated Dictionary of Automobile Body Styles |publisher=McFarland |year=2002 |isbn=9780786412761 |page=109}}</ref> The [[Langenscheidt]] German–English dictionary defines ''Pontonkarrosserie'' as "all-enveloping bodywork, straight-through side styling, slab-sided styling."<ref name="langen">{{cite book|quote=Pontonkarrosserie |title=Langenscheidt Dictionary Technology and Applied Sciences English-German |year=2004 |publisher=Langenscheidt Fachverlag |page=1371 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JXdZIiq2wdEC&q=ponton+styling&pg=PA1371 |isbn=9783861172338 |access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref>
+The term derives from the [[French language|French]] and [[German language|German]] word ''ponton'', meaning 'pontoon'.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Haajanen |first1=Lennart W.|last2=Ludvigsen |first2=Karl |last3=Nyden |first3=Bertil |title=Illustrated Dictionary of Automobile Body Styles |publisher=McFarland |year=2002 |isbn={{Format ISBN|9780786412761}} |page=109}}</ref> The [[Langenscheidt]] German–English dictionary defines ''Pontonkarrosserie'' as "all-enveloping bodywork, straight-through side styling, slab-sided styling."<ref name="langen">{{cite book|quote=Pontonkarrosserie |title=Langenscheidt Dictionary Technology and Applied Sciences English-German |year=2004 |publisher=Langenscheidt Fachverlag |page=1371 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JXdZIiq2wdEC&q=ponton+styling&pg=PA1371 |isbn={{Format ISBN|9783861172338}} |access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref>
 {{multiple image |direction=vertical |width=220 |header=
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 Another of the first known cars with a ponton body is the [[Bugatti Type 32]] "Tank" which participated in the 1923 French Grand Prix at Tours.
-In 1922 the [[Romanians|Romanian]] engineer [[Aurel Persu]] filed a patent application for an “aerodynamically-shaped automobile with the wheels mounted inside the aerodynamic body” having a drag coefficient of only 0.22 and received it in Germany in 1924. Named the ''Persu Streamliner'' the car was built in Germany by Persu, with the help of several local companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/persu-the-rain-drop-car-31151.html |title=Persu - The Rain Drop Car|author=Daniel Patrascu |year=2011 |access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref> During his research Persu established that the most adequate aerodynamic shape was that of a water droplet falling to the ground.
+In 1922 the [[Romanians|Romanian]] engineer [[Aurel Persu]] filed a patent application for an "aerodynamically-shaped automobile with the wheels mounted inside the aerodynamic body" having a drag coefficient of only 0.22 and received it in Germany in 1924. Named the ''Persu Streamliner'' the car was built in Germany by Persu, with the help of several local companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/persu-the-rain-drop-car-31151.html |title=Persu - The Rain Drop Car|author=Daniel Patrascu |year=2011 |access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref> During his research Persu established that the most adequate aerodynamic shape was that of a water droplet falling to the ground.
-In 1924, Fidelis Böhler designed one of the first production cars with a ponton body, the [[Hanomag 2 / 10 PS|Hanomag 2/10]].<ref name="box-147">{{cite book|first=Rob |last=de la Rive Box |title=The Complete Encyclopedia of Vintage Cars 1886 - 1940 |page=147 |publisher=Rebo Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=978-9036615174}}</ref> The car's body resembled a loaf of [[bread]] earning it the [[sobriquet]] of "[[Kommissbrot]]"—a coarse whole grain bread as issued by the army.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.boehlergmbh.de/english/unternehmen/historie.html |publisher=Böhler Einbauteile |title=Company History |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091206115540/http://www.boehlergmbh.de/english/unternehmen/historie.html |archive-date=6 December 2009 |access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> The economical car was produced from 1924 to 1928. Böhler built the core body around two side-by-side passenger seats. He dispensed with [[running board]]s and integrated the fenders in the body to save on weight."<ref>{{cite book |last=Georgano |first=Nick N. |title=The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |year=2000 |page=667 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bxMUKaqcUPoC&q=Fidelis+Böhler&pg=PA667 |isbn=978-1-57958-293-7}}</ref> The inexpensive car became popular with consumers in Germany.<ref name="box-147"/>
+In 1924, Fidelis Böhler designed one of the first production cars with a ponton body, the [[Hanomag 2 / 10 PS|Hanomag 2/10]].<ref name="box-147">{{cite book|first=Rob |last=de la Rive Box |title=The Complete Encyclopedia of Vintage Cars 1886 - 1940 |page=147 |publisher=Rebo Publishers |year=2006 |isbn={{Format ISBN|978-9036615174}}}}</ref> The car's body resembled a loaf of [[bread]] earning it the [[sobriquet]] of "[[Kommissbrot]]"—a coarse whole grain bread as issued by the army.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.boehlergmbh.de/english/unternehmen/historie.html |publisher=Böhler Einbauteile |title=Company History |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091206115540/http://www.boehlergmbh.de/english/unternehmen/historie.html |archive-date=6 December 2009 |access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> The economical car was produced from 1924 to 1928. Böhler built the core body around two side-by-side passenger seats. He dispensed with [[running board]]s and integrated the fenders in the body to save on weight."<ref>{{cite book |last=Georgano |first=Nick N. |title=The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |year=2000 |page=667 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bxMUKaqcUPoC&q=Fidelis+Böhler&pg=PA667 |isbn=978-1-57958-293-7}}</ref> The inexpensive car became popular with consumers in Germany.<ref name="box-147"/>
-In 1935, [[Vittorio Jano]], working with the brothers Gino and Oscar Jankovitz, created a one-off mid-engine prototype on an [[Alfa Romeo 6C|Alfa Romeo 6C 2300]] chassis,<ref name="Aerodinamica">{{cite web|title=Alfa Romeo Aerodinamica Spider |publisher=Classic and Performance Car |first=Mark |last=Dixon |date=December 2008 |url= http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/233224/alfa_romeo_aerodinamica_spider.html |access-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130507034253/http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/233224/alfa_romeo_aerodinamica_spider.html |archive-date=7 May 2013}}</ref> which Jano had shipped to [[Rijeka|Fiume]] in 1934. The brothers Jankovitz had been close friends with designer Paul Jaray,<ref name="Aerodinamica"/> and the prototype, called the [[Alfa Romeo 6C#Aerodinamica Spyder|Alfa Romeo Aerodinamica Spider]], featured ''ponton'' styling<ref name="Aerodinamica"/>—an especially early and clear example of the bulbous, uninterrupted forms that would come to characterize the genre.
+In 1935, [[Vittorio Jano]], working with the brothers Gino and Oscar Jankovitz, created a one-off mid-engine prototype on an [[Alfa Romeo 6C|Alfa Romeo 6C 2300]] chassis,<ref name="Aerodinamica">{{cite web|title=Alfa Romeo Aerodinamica Spider |publisher=Classic and Performance Car |first=Mark |last=Dixon |date=December 2008 |url= http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/233224/alfa_romeo_aerodinamica_spider.html |access-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130507034253/http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/233224/alfa_romeo_aerodinamica_spider.html |archive-date=7 May 2013}}</ref> which Jano had shipped to [[Rijeka|Fiume]] in 1934. The brothers Jankovitz had been close friends with designer Paul Jaray,<ref name="Aerodinamica"/> and the prototype, called the [[Alfa Romeo 6C#Aerodinamica Spyder|Alfa Romeo Aerodinamica Spider]], featured ''ponton'' styling<ref name="Aerodinamica"/>—an especially early and clear example of the bulbous, uninterrupted forms that would come to characterize the genre.
-In 1937, [[Pinin Farina]] designed a flowing ponton-style body for the [[Lancia Aprilia]] ''berlinetta aerodynamica'' coupé,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pininfarina.com/index/storiaModelli/modelli.html?scheda.php?id=62&cmp=anno&ord=desc&sl=0&ids=a2b136ece7c4528a8ef7ba5e63579766 |title=Lancia Aprilia Coupé Introduced 1937 |publisher=Pininfarina |year=2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110521152050/http://www.pininfarina.com/index/storiaModelli/modelli.html?scheda.php%3Fid=62&cmp=anno&ord=desc&sl=0&ids=a2b136ece7c4528a8ef7ba5e63579766 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |access-date=4 July 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and also the open body on the 1940 Lancia Aprilia Cabriolet.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.infocoches.com/fotos/lancia/1940-Aprilia-Cabriolet/2/54918/ |title=Lancia Aprilia Cabriolet |website=infocoches.com |access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref>
+In 1937, [[Pinin Farina]] designed a flowing ponton-style body for the [[Lancia Aprilia]] ''berlinetta aerodynamica'' coupé,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pininfarina.com/index/storiaModelli/modelli.html?scheda.php?id=62&cmp=anno&ord=desc&sl=0&ids=a2b136ece7c4528a8ef7ba5e63579766 |title=Lancia Aprilia Coupé Introduced 1937 |publisher=Pininfarina |year=2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110521152050/http://www.pininfarina.com/index/storiaModelli/modelli.html?scheda.php%3Fid=62&cmp=anno&ord=desc&sl=0&ids=a2b136ece7c4528a8ef7ba5e63579766 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |access-date=4 July 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and also the open body on the 1940 Lancia Aprilia Cabriolet.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.infocoches.com/fotos/lancia/1940-Aprilia-Cabriolet/2/54918/ |title=Lancia Aprilia Cabriolet |website=infocoches.com |access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref>
-The 1946 [[Cisitalia]] 202 coupé, which Farina designed from sketches by Cisitalia’s Giovanni Savonuzzi, was the car that "transformed postwar automobile design" according to New York's [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA). MoMA acquired an example for its permanent collection in 1951, noting that the car's "hood, body, fenders, and headlights are integral to the continuously flowing surface, rather than added on.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.moma.org/exhibitions/2002/autobodies/cisitalia.html |title=Cisitalia. '202' GT Car. 1946 (exhibit description) |publisher=Museum Of Modern Art |year=2002 |access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> Rounded, flowing forms, with unbroken horizontal lines between the fenders—the style had identified as "the so-called Ponton Side Design" became "the new fashion in Europe".<ref name=Tumminelli>{{cite book|last=Tumminelli |first=Paolo |title=Car Design |publisher=teNeues Publishing |year=2006 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Plwd2uG8ZAQC&q=Ponton+design+auto&pg=PA30 |page=30 |isbn=9783823845614 |access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref>
+The 1946 [[Cisitalia]] 202 coupé, which Farina designed from sketches by Cisitalia's Giovanni Savonuzzi, was the car that "transformed postwar automobile design" according to New York's [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA). MoMA acquired an example for its permanent collection in 1951, noting that the car's "hood, body, fenders, and headlights are integral to the continuously flowing surface, rather than added on.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.moma.org/exhibitions/2002/autobodies/cisitalia.html |title=Cisitalia. '202' GT Car. 1946 (exhibit description) |publisher=Museum Of Modern Art |year=2002 |access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> Rounded, flowing forms, with unbroken horizontal lines between the fenders—the style had identified as "the so-called Ponton Side Design" became "the new fashion in Europe".<ref name=Tumminelli>{{cite book|last=Tumminelli |first=Paolo |title=Car Design |publisher=teNeues Publishing |year=2006 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Plwd2uG8ZAQC&q=Ponton+design+auto&pg=PA30 |page=30 |isbn={{Format ISBN|9783823845614}} |access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref>
-Two of the first American cars with fresh post-war styling, that adopted the new envelope body style, were the 1946 [[Frazer (automobile)|Frazer]] / [[Kaiser Motors|Kaiser]], and the 1946 [[Crosley|Crosley CC series]].<ref name="Mort2010">{{cite book|author=Norm Mort|title=American 'Independent' Automakers: AMC to Willys 1945 to 1960|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yZo8GKToqqcC&pg=PA8 |access-date=12 August 2013|year=2010|publisher=Veloce Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-84584-239-0|pages=8–}}</ref> The [[Howard "Dutch" Darrin]]-designed Frazer won the Fashion Academy of New York Gold Medal for design achievement, and was said to have been the inspiration for the 1949 [[Borgward Hansa 1500]], Germany's first sedan in the ponton style.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eckermann |first1=Erik |last2=Albrecht |first2=Peter L. |year=2001 |title=World History of the Automobile |pages=163–164 |publisher=SAE International |isbn=9780768008005}}</ref>
+Two of the first American cars with fresh post-war styling, that adopted the new envelope body style, were the 1946 [[Frazer (automobile)|Frazer]] / [[Kaiser Motors|Kaiser]], and the 1946 [[Crosley|Crosley CC series]].<ref name="Mort2010">{{cite book|author=Norm Mort|title=American 'Independent' Automakers: AMC to Willys 1945 to 1960|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yZo8GKToqqcC&pg=PA8 |access-date=12 August 2013|year=2010|publisher=Veloce Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-84584-239-0|pages=8–}}</ref> The [[Howard "Dutch" Darrin]]-designed Frazer won the Fashion Academy of New York Gold Medal for design achievement, and was said to have been the inspiration for the 1949 [[Borgward Hansa 1500]], Germany's first sedan in the ponton style.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eckermann |first1=Erik |last2=Albrecht |first2=Peter L. |year=2001 |title=World History of the Automobile |pages=163–164 |publisher=SAE International |isbn={{Format ISBN|9780768008005}}}}</ref>
-In the Soviet Union, the [[GAZ-M20 Pobeda]] came into production in 1946.<ref name="Linde">{{cite book |last1=Linde |first1=Arvid |title=Preston Tucker and Others: Tales of Brilliant Automotive Innovators and Innovations |date=2011 |publisher=Veloce Publishing |isbn=9781845844318 |page=123 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xI-tmz8mClwC&dq=%22Standard+Vanguard%22+pontoon+body&pg=PA123 |via=Google Books |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> This was about one month after the first 1946 Kaiser rolled off the production line.
+In the Soviet Union, the [[GAZ-M20 Pobeda]] came into production in 1946.<ref name="Linde">{{cite book |last1=Linde |first1=Arvid |title=Preston Tucker and Others: Tales of Brilliant Automotive Innovators and Innovations |date=2011 |publisher=Veloce Publishing |isbn={{Format ISBN|9781845844318}} |page=123 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xI-tmz8mClwC&dq=%22Standard+Vanguard%22+pontoon+body&pg=PA123 |via=Google Books |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> This was about one month after the first 1946 Kaiser rolled off the production line.
-In Britain, the [[Standard Vanguard]] went on sale in 1947.<ref name="Linde"/> The 1947 [[Studebaker Champion#Third generation|Studebaker Champion]], designed by [[Virgil Exner]] and Roy Cole featured an innovative rear end that "surprised Americans who smiled and asked :which way is it going?"<ref name=Tumminelli/><ref>{{cite web |authors=Auto Editors of ''Consumer Guide'' |title=1950-1951 Studebaker |date=15 August 2007 |website=auto.howstuffworks.com |url= https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1950-1951-studebaker.htm |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> However, the design is sometimes erroneously attributed to [[Raymond Loewy]].<ref name=Tumminelli/>
+In Britain, the [[Standard Vanguard]] went on sale in 1947.<ref name="Linde"/> The 1947 [[Studebaker Champion#Third generation|Studebaker Champion]], designed by [[Virgil Exner]] and Roy Cole featured an innovative rear end that "surprised Americans who smiled and asked :which way is it going?"<ref name=Tumminelli/><ref>{{cite web |title=1950-1951 Studebaker |date=15 August 2007 |website=How Stuff Works |url= https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1950-1951-studebaker.htm |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> However, the design is sometimes erroneously attributed to [[Raymond Loewy]].<ref name=Tumminelli/>
 In 1948, the Czechoslovakian [[Tatra 600]] began production, a large, rear-engine design using an aeroplane inspired body style.
@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 [[File:Mercedes 180 2 v sst.jpg|thumb|1954 [[Mercedes-Benz W120|Mercedes-Benz 180]], a "Ponton" model]]
-One of the earliest completely new styled cars that were introduced after World War II in the United States were the 1949 [[Nash Motors|Nash]] models. ''[[Popular Science]]'' magazine described the new "pontoon" Nashes as "the most obvious departure from previous designs."<ref>{{cite journal|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fiYDAAAAMBAJ&q=Nash+pontoon+fender&pg=PA114 |page=114 |journal=Popular Science |date=November 1948 |title=New Nash Swallows its Wheels |first=R.P. |last=Stevenson |volume=153 |issue=5 |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> They "carried the fender less pontoon-body, fast-back shape further than the competition."<ref>{{cite news|url= http://thechronicleherald.ca/wheelsnews/1188273-wheels-classic-cars-1949-51-nash-airflyte-bathtub |title=Wheels Classic Cars: 1949-51 Nash Airflyte 'Bathtub' |first=Bill |last=Vance |date=19 February 2014 |newspaper=Chronicle Herald |location=Canada |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> This Nash design became a "family appearance" for their automobiles that also included the [[Nash-Healey]].<ref name="Supercars"/> The 1952 redesign of the two-seat sports car took on an "even closer family appearance" to the redesigned Nash models by featuring "pontoon-type fenders fore and aft."<ref name="Supercars">{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ln5Fje8myOAC&q=Nash+pontoon+fender&pg=PA143 |page=143 |title=Supercars Field Guide |first1=Doug |last1=Mitchel |first2=Tom |last2=Collins |isbn=9780896892279 |publisher=Krause Publications |year=2005 |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> The new styling also moved the headlights "from the pontoon fenders to the grille."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://autoweek.com/article/car-life/bring-trailer-1952-nash-healey-roadster |first=Graham |last=Kozak |title=Bring a Trailer: 1952 Nash-Healey roadster |work=Autoweek |date=13 November 2013 |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref>
+One of the earliest completely new styled cars that were introduced after World War II in the United States were the 1949 [[Nash Motors|Nash]] models. ''[[Popular Science]]'' magazine described the new "pontoon" Nashes as "the most obvious departure from previous designs."<ref>{{cite journal|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fiYDAAAAMBAJ&q=Nash+pontoon+fender&pg=PA114 |page=114 |journal=Popular Science |date=November 1948 |title=New Nash Swallows its Wheels |first=R.P. |last=Stevenson |volume=153 |issue=5 |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> They "carried the fender less pontoon-body, fast-back shape further than the competition."<ref>{{cite news|url= http://thechronicleherald.ca/wheelsnews/1188273-wheels-classic-cars-1949-51-nash-airflyte-bathtub |title=Wheels Classic Cars: 1949-51 Nash Airflyte 'Bathtub' |first=Bill |last=Vance |date=19 February 2014 |newspaper=Chronicle Herald |location=Canada |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> This Nash design became a "family appearance" for their automobiles that also included the [[Nash-Healey]].<ref name="Supercars"/> The 1952 redesign of the two-seat sports car took on an "even closer family appearance" to the redesigned Nash models by featuring "pontoon-type fenders fore and aft."<ref name="Supercars">{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ln5Fje8myOAC&q=Nash+pontoon+fender&pg=PA143 |page=143 |title=Supercars Field Guide |first1=Doug |last1=Mitchel |first2=Tom |last2=Collins |isbn={{Format ISBN|9780896892279}} |publisher=Krause Publications |year=2005 |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> The new styling also moved the headlights "from the pontoon fenders to the grille."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://autoweek.com/article/car-life/bring-trailer-1952-nash-healey-roadster |first=Graham |last=Kozak |title=Bring a Trailer: 1952 Nash-Healey roadster |work=Autoweek |date=13 November 2013 |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref>
 The term is also used in reference to Mercedes-Benz models from 1953 to 1962. For example, a book about the marque refers to "the Ponton", the "Ponton saloon", "Ponton 220", "Ponton 220S and SE coupes and cabriolets", and "the Ponton models".<ref>{{Slade-OMBCCV8S|pages=17, 19, 23, 24, 24, 26}}</ref>
-A General Motors document refers to the 1953 Olympia Record as "the first Opel with a full-width, or ponton, body shell".<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://media.gm.com/intl/opel/en/download/doc/history/opel_historie_all_wpics.doc |publisher=General Motors |title=Opel History: An overview of company milestones |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090920184705/http://media.gm.com/intl/opel/en/download/doc/history/opel_historie_all_wpics.doc |archive-date=20 September 2009 |access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref>
+A General Motors document refers to the 1953 Olympia Record as "the first Opel with a full-width, or ponton, body shell".<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://media.gm.com/intl/opel/en/download/doc/history/opel_historie_all_wpics.doc |publisher=General Motors |title=Opel History: An overview of company milestones |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090920184705/http://media.gm.com/intl/opel/en/download/doc/history/opel_historie_all_wpics.doc |archive-date=20 September 2009 |access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref>
 The [[Volkswagen Beetle]] carried articulated running boards and fenders, but the subsequent [[Volkswagen Type 3]] became known for its ponton styling; in the Netherlands the [[Volkswagen Type 3]] (1961–1974) 2-door notchback sedan was referred to as ''the Ponton.'' <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.vwbusstop.demon.nl/vwnamepage/index.html |title=The Volkswagen name page |website=vwbusstop.demon.nl |access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.vwtype3.nl/ |title=De Volkswagen Type 3: Ponton, TL, Variant |website=vwtype3.nl |language=nl |access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref>
-In a reference work on alternative-energy vehicles, electrical-engineering academics used the term as a generic for [[saloon car]]s with [[Three-box styling|three-box design]];<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ehsani |first1=Mehrdad |last2=Gao |first2=Yimin |last3=Gay |first3=Sebastien E. |last4=Emadi |first4=Ali |title=Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles |publisher=CRC Press |year=2004 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a76NLkq-QwIC&q=ponton+design+automobile&pg=PA26 | isbn=9780849331541 |page=26 |access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> also a 2007 German work on car design and technology mentions a "[[Rover Company|Rover]]-Ponton" (ponton-style Rover);<ref>{{cite book|last1=Braess |first1=Hans-Hermann |last2=Seiffert |first2=Ulrich|title=Automobildesign und Technik: Formgebung, Funktionalität, Technik | publisher=Vieweg+Teubner Verlag |year=2007 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qDWlB7usQwcC&q=ponton+design+automobile&pg=PA20 |pages=20 and 228|isbn=9783834801777 |access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> and a French book on art and design also used the term in an automotive context in 1996.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ed. Barré-Despond |first=Arlette |title=Dictionnaire international des arts appliqués et du design |publisher=Editions du Regard |page=18 |year=1996 |isbn=9782841050246}}</ref>
+In a reference work on alternative-energy vehicles, electrical-engineering academics used the term as a generic for [[saloon car]]s with [[Three-box styling|three-box design]];<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ehsani |first1=Mehrdad |last2=Gao |first2=Yimin |last3=Gay |first3=Sebastien E. |last4=Emadi |first4=Ali |title=Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles |publisher=CRC Press |year=2004 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a76NLkq-QwIC&q=ponton+design+automobile&pg=PA26 | isbn={{Format ISBN|9780849331541}} |page=26 |access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> also a 2007 German work on car design and technology mentions a "[[Rover Company|Rover]]-Ponton" (ponton-style Rover);<ref>{{cite book|last1=Braess |first1=Hans-Hermann |last2=Seiffert |first2=Ulrich|title=Automobildesign und Technik: Formgebung, Funktionalität, Technik | publisher=Vieweg+Teubner Verlag |year=2007 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qDWlB7usQwcC&q=ponton+design+automobile&pg=PA20 |pages=20 and 228|isbn={{Format ISBN|9783834801777}} |access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> and a French book on art and design also used the term in an automotive context in 1996.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ed. Barré-Despond |first=Arlette |title=Dictionnaire international des arts appliqués et du design |publisher=Editions du Regard |page=18 |year=1996 |isbn={{Format ISBN|9782841050246}}}}</ref>
 {{-}}
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 Originally the term referred to a design prevalent in the United States in the 1930s where front fenders encased a wheel and terminated in a teardrop point, remaining distinct from the running boards or the body of the car. Examples include the [[Cord 810/812]], the [[Auburn Automobile|Auburn Speedster]] and several designs by [[France|French]] Carrossiers, notably [[Figoni et Falaschi]].
-In 1938, The [[Buick Y-Job]], the auto industry's first [[concept car]] was "meant to be a vision of the future of the automobile and test the reaction of customers to the new design with streamline and ponton elements",<ref>{{cite book|last=Caspers |first=Markus |title=Designing Motion: Automotive Designers 1890 to 1990 |year=2017 |publisher=Birkhäuser |isbn=9783035607840 |pages=96–97|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=B9UXDQAAQBAJ&q=Y-Job+was+meant+to+be+a+vision+of+the+future+of+the+automobile+and+test+the+reaction+of+customers+to+the+new+design+with+streamline+and+ponton+elements&pg=PA97 |access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref> displaying a further degree of integration of the pontoon fenders with the main body of the car.
+In 1938, The [[Buick Y-Job]], the auto industry's first [[concept car]] was "meant to be a vision of the future of the automobile and test the reaction of customers to the new design with streamline and ponton elements",<ref>{{cite book|last=Caspers |first=Markus |title=Designing Motion: Automotive Designers 1890 to 1990 |year=2017 |publisher=Birkhäuser |isbn={{Format ISBN|9783035607840}} |pages=96–97|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=B9UXDQAAQBAJ&q=Y-Job+was+meant+to+be+a+vision+of+the+future+of+the+automobile+and+test+the+reaction+of+customers+to+the+new+design+with+streamline+and+ponton+elements&pg=PA97 |access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref> displaying a further degree of integration of the pontoon fenders with the main body of the car.
 Subsequently, the term pontoon fender took on another more prominent definition, derived from the wartime practice in [[Germany]] of adding full-length tread armor along each side of a tank, attached primarily on the top edge—and resembling pontoons. As this roughly coincided with the automobile styling trend where distinct running boards and articulated fenders became less common — with cars carrying integrated front fenders and full-width, full-length bodywork — the fenders took on the "pontoon fender" nickname.